知母皂苷通过调节NF-κB-iNOS-NO信号通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞功能

目的研究知母皂苷(SAaB)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞功能的影响,以及对NF-κB-诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)-NO信号通路的调节。方法以LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞构建体外炎症细胞模型,采用Griess法和ELISA法分别检测SAaB干预下,RAW264.7炎症细胞中的NO、iNOS、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6)的含量;Western blot检测RAW264.7细胞NF-κB p65蛋白的表达水平。结果 RAW264.7细胞在LPS(10 mg·L~(-1))诱导下,NO、iNOS、TNF-α、IL-6的含量以及NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平与正常对照组比较均明显增高。SAaB(0.3、3、30 mg·L~(-1))可明显降低RAW264.7炎症细胞中NO、iNOS、TNF-α和IL-6的含量(P<0.01),且明显下调NF-κB p65的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)。结论 SAaB可通过调节NF-κB-iNOS-NO信号通路,抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞功能。     

丹皮酚对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响

目的观察丹皮酚对体外培养的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法采用神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫荧光染色法鉴定星形胶质细胞;实验分为对照组,模型组和2.5、5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚组,0.5 mg·L-1脂多糖(LPS)诱导炎症反应。采用ELISA法测定培养液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;采用Western blot检测细胞IκBα蛋白表达和磷酸化水平及胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著增加(P<0.01),胞浆IκBα蛋白表达受抑(P<0.01),IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.01);5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚能减少LPS活化的星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),增加胞浆IκBα蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),抑制LPS上调的IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论丹皮酚能抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,IκBα/NF-κB信号通路可能参与了丹皮酚对星形胶质细胞炎症反应的抑制作用。     

雷公藤次碱通过调控TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6信号通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应

目的 探讨雷公藤次碱抗炎活性及其作用机制。方法 用细胞计数盒-8 (CCK-8)法考察雷公藤次碱对小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞RAW 264.7 增殖活性的影响,用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测雷公藤次碱对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的RAW264.7细胞分泌细胞因子一氧化氮（NO）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、 肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）的影响,用免疫印迹法考察雷公藤次碱对白介素受体相关激酶（IRAK）、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白6（TRAF6）、核因子κB抑制因子α（IκBα）、核因子κB（NF-κB p65）、分裂原激活的蛋白激酶p38（p38）、c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）、细胞外调节蛋白激酶（ERK）在LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中的表达及其磷酸化的影响。结果 雷公藤次碱在25、50、100 μmol/L浓度下对RAW264.7细胞无显著毒性,并可显著抑制细胞因子NO、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6含量。免疫印迹法检测结果显示雷公藤次碱可显著抑制IRAK及TRAF6的表达;显著抑制ERK、P38和JNK的磷酸化;抑制IκBα的降解,降低NF-κB p65的核转运水平。结论 雷公藤次碱具有体外抗炎活性,其作用机制可能介导TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6信号通路。     

竹节参齐墩果烷皂苷对RAW264.7巨噬细胞SIRT1活性影响及抗炎作用研究

目的探讨竹节参齐墩果烷皂苷(chikusetsu oleanane saponin,COS)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞的SIRT1活性影响及抗炎作用。方法Griess法测定一氧化氮(NO)释放量;免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)蛋白表达;免疫荧光分析COS对细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)和沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator1,SIRT1)核转运的作用。结果 COS在25~300 mg·L~(-1)与1 mg·L~(-1)LPS共培养时,对RAW264.7细胞生长无明显影响;与LPS组相比,COS能有效抑制NO释放和抑制TNF-α、IL-1β的分泌;还能抑制NF-κB的核移位,上调SIRT1的表达。结论 COS对LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞炎症具有保护作用,其保护机制可能是COS上调SIRT1表达,促进NF-κB去乙酰化作用,从而抑制NF-κB的核移位,减少TNF-α、IL-1β等炎症因子的产生。     

豆蔻明对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/iNOS信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨豆蔻明(cardamonin,CDN)对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路的调节作用。方法利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞建立炎性细胞模型并分组:正常对照组(Vehicle组)、模型组(LPS组)和药物处理组(LPS+CDN组);CCK-8方法检测细胞活力,Griess法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量,RT-PCR检测诱导型NO合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-ɑ、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,Western blot检测i NOS、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)phosphorylated(p)-p65、inhibitorκBα(IκBα)和p-IκBα的蛋白表达。结果1~50μmol·L~(-1)豆蔻明对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性,但可以剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的NO分泌和i NOS、COX-2、MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的mRNA表达,25μmol·L-1豆蔻明可下调LPS诱导的i NOS、TLR4、My D88、p-NF-κB p65和p-IκBα蛋白表达及抑制IκBα降解。结论豆蔻明通过抑制TLR4/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路从而抑制NO的产生。     

淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ通过调节IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路抑制脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应

目的研究ICSⅡ对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的作用。方法体外分离新生SD大鼠脑皮质组织提取原代星形胶质细胞并进行培养。将星形胶质细胞分为空白组、空白+ICSⅡ高浓度组、模型组、模型+ICSⅡ低浓度组、模型+ICSⅡ中浓度组、模型+ICSⅡ高浓度组、模型+地塞米松组。ICSⅡ(5,10,20μmol·L-1)或DSMX(1μmol·L-1)预处理星形胶质细胞1 h后,继续与LPS共同作用24 h。采用MTT法检测ICSⅡ作用于星形胶质细胞的安全浓度范围,确定安全浓度后再观察ICSⅡ对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的影响;采用ELISA法检测星形胶质细胞中TNF-α,IL-1β,NO,Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42的水平;采用Western蛋白免疫印迹技术检测COX-2,i NOS,IκB-α,NF-κB(p65)(胞核),NF-κB(p65)(胞质)和BACE1的蛋白表达,以及NF-κB(p65)、IKK-α和IKK-β磷酸化水平;采用分子对接技术模拟ICSⅡ与BACE1蛋白的结合。结果 ICSⅡ(0～50μmol·L-1)对星形胶质细胞无毒性作用。模型组较空白组星形胶质细胞中TNF-α,IL-1β和NO水平均显著上升(P<0.05);细胞炎症通路蛋白COX-2,i NOS,NF-κB(p65)(胞核)及BACE1表达升高(P<0.05);IκB-α和NF-κB(p65)(胞质)表达显著降低(P<0.05);NF-κB(p65),IKK-α和IKK-β的磷酸化水平明显上升(P<0.05)。给予ICSⅡ能够明显降低TNF-α,IL-1β和NO水平(P<0.05)。此外,ICSⅡ显著下调炎症相关蛋白COX-2,i NOS,NF-κB(胞核)及BACE1的表达(P<0.05),明显上调NF-κB(胞质)和IκB-α蛋白表达(P<0.05)。同时,明显降低NF-κB(p65),IKK-α和IKK-β的磷酸化水平(P<0.05),对LPS诱导的IκB-α降解、NF-κB活化及细胞核易位均具有显著的抑制作用。结论本研究条件下,ICSⅡ通过调节IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路发挥其对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症损伤的保护作用。     

狐臭柴茎挥发油体外抗炎活性及基于NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路作用机制的研究

目的:探究狐臭柴茎挥发油的体外抗炎活性及其作用机制。方法:通过水蒸气蒸馏法制备狐臭柴茎挥发油,采用GC-MS对其化学成分进行分析。通过Griess法和ELISA法测定挥发油对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞上清液中一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平的影响;qRT-PCR检测iNOS、COX-2、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β mRNA的表达;Western blot测定挥发油对iNOS、COX-2、NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路蛋白的影响。结果:从挥发油中共鉴定出74种化学成分,其中主要的化学成分是茅术醇(13.50%)。挥发油显著抑制NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌(P＜0.01),同时降低了促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β)和促炎酶(iNOS和COX-2)的mRNA表达水平(P＜0.01)。Western blot研究表明挥发油能下调NF-κB信号通路细胞核p65蛋白表达、p65和IκBα磷酸化(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。此外,还降低了MAPKs信号通路p38、JNK和ERK蛋白的磷酸化(P＜0.01)。结论:狐臭柴茎挥发油对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症模型具有较好的抗炎效果,其内在的分子机制与下调NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路有关。     

马鞭草苷对口腔扁平苔藓免疫反应的抑制作用及机制

目的 探讨马鞭草苷对口腔扁平苔藓（OLP）免疫反应的抑制作用及机制。方法 用脂多糖（LPS）体外刺激角质形成细胞系HaCaT细胞构建OLP炎症模型,CCK-8法检测细胞活力;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（PCR）法检测细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的基因表达变化;蛋白质印迹法检测细胞中核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)和p-NF-κB p65蛋白的表达变化。结果 在HaCaT细胞中,LPS刺激抑制细胞活力,并诱导TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6基因的表达上调,以及NF-κB p65和p-NF-κB p65蛋白的表达上调;20 mg/L马鞭草苷作用24 h可减轻LPS诱导的HaCaT细胞损伤、抑制炎症因子的表达和NF-κB p65信号通路的活化;同时,经G蛋白偶联受体18(GRP18)抑制剂O1918预处理后,马鞭草苷的保护作用显著减弱。结论 马鞭草苷可以通过激活GPR18受体抑制NF-κB信号通路的活化,进而降低炎症因子的表达和减轻OLP口腔黏膜炎症反应。     

香青兰总黄酮对RAW264.7巨噬细胞泡沫化及炎症反应的调控作用北大核心CSCD

目的研究香青兰总黄酮(total flavonoids of Dracocephalum moldavica L.,TFDM)对氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞(RAW264.7)泡沫化及炎症的影响,进一步阐明TFDM抗动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的作用机制。方法体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,采用ox-LDL刺激诱导使其成为泡沫细胞,TFDM(25、50、100 mg·L^(-1))及辛伐他汀(10μmol·L^(-1))进行干预,油红O染色法观察胞内脂滴的聚集情况,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,活性氧试剂盒测定ROS的生成,实时荧光定量PCR测定细胞中NF-κB、NLRP3、caspase-1、IL-18和IL-1βmRNA的表达,免疫蛋白印迹法检测巨噬细胞中IκBα、NF-κB p65、NLRP3、pro-caspase-1、caspase-1、IL-1β以及IL-18蛋白的表达,ELISA法检测TNF-α和IL-10的表达。结果TFDM可以减少泡沫巨噬细胞的形成,降低炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18和TNF-α的表达,增加抑炎因子IL-10的表达;并且下调NF-κB p65、NLRP3、pro-caspase-1、caspase-1蛋白的表达,上调IκBα的蛋白表达。结论TFDM能够减轻巨噬细胞的泡沫化,抑制炎症因子的表达,从而可能延缓动脉粥样硬化的发展进程。其作用机制可能是通过抑制NF-κB途径,减少ox-LDL诱导的RAW264.7细胞中炎症介质的产生。     

丹参酮II-A通过调控TLR4/IκBα/NFκB信号通路抑制LPS诱导的细胞炎症

目的建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)炎症模型,探究丹参酮II-A(Tan IIA)的抗炎活性及其机制。方法CCK-8法测定Tan IIA对细胞活力的影响;迁移小室测定Tan IIA对LPS诱导细胞迁移能力作用;ELISA法测定细胞上清液中小鼠肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factoralpha,TNF-α)、白介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、IL^-1β、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein,MCP-1)的含量;Western blot法检测基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP-2)、MMP-9、Toll样受体-4(TLR4)、IκB-α、p-IκB-α、NFκB和p-NFκB蛋白的表达。结果Tan IIA对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞培养液中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL^-1β和MCP-1的分泌有明显的抑制作用;明显下调MMP-2、MMP-9、TLR4、p-IκB-α和p-NFκB的蛋白的表达,抑制IκB-α磷酸化和NFκB的入核和活化。结论Tan IIA可通过抑制MMP-2和MMP-9的表达以及TLR4/κB-α/NF-κB信号通路,调控TNF-α、IL-6、IL^-1β等炎症因子的释放而发挥抗炎活性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.