骨质疏松的影像学与骨密度诊断专家共识

随着我国进入老年化社会,骨质疏松症已经成为严重威胁老年人健康的常见疾病之一。骨质疏松表现为骨量减少,易发生骨折,影像学检查包括X线片、CT、MRI、核医学检查和骨密度测量,在骨质疏松症的防治中发挥重要作用。骨质疏松症防治涉及多学科和多专业合作,但目前缺乏统一的共识,影响学科发展和规范临床服务,为此由来自放射、骨科、内分泌、影像技术和核医学专业专家组成的共识专家组,在充分复习国际指南、共识、文献以及国内最新研究成果的基础上,结合我国医疗实际情况,针对骨质疏松的影像学和骨密度检查技术、诊断标准和鉴别诊断形成共识,为临床医务工作者在骨质疏松的影像学与骨密度临床应用方面提供科学、具体的指导,促进我国骨质疏松的影像学与骨密度诊断规范化发展。     

中国人骨质疏松症诊断标准专家共识（第三稿• 2014版）

中国老年学学会骨质疏松委员会组织专家在2000年第二稿的基础上,复习了近年来国际国内在骨质疏松症诊断方面的研究进展,结合中国人群特点和中国骨质疏松症防治实际情况,制定本共识为各级医疗机构开展骨质疏松症诊疗工作提供参考。骨密度测量在骨质疏松症诊断中有重要作用,可以参照WHO-2.5 SD的标准,也可以根据中国人群的实际情况采用中国老年学学会骨质疏松委员会(OCCGS)建议的-2.0SD或者骨量下降25%作为诊断标准。并提出了在使用DXA骨密度诊断时需要注意DXA的局限性,避免漏诊。根据近年来定量CT研究的成果,首次在共识中建议采用国际临床骨密度学会(ISCD)和美国放射学院(ACR)推荐的腰椎QCT骨密度低于80 mg/cm3作为骨质疏松的诊断标准。首次建议在骨质疏松诊断中的FRAX应用。脆性骨折作为骨质疏松症诊断标准的重要性,并推荐综合影像检查诊断脆性骨折和鉴别诊断。强调了骨生化检查的作用。     

中医药防治原发性骨质疏松症专家共识（2020）

中国老年学和老年医学学会骨质疏松分会中医药专家委员会通过文献检索和评价,结合医师问卷调查,经专家组讨论、征求中医药专委会委员意见和咨询中医骨伤科界名老专家建议,对《中医药防治原发性骨质疏松症专家共识（2015）》进行了详实修订。2020版共识内容包括：临床表现和诊断、中医学的病因病机、治则、辨证施治、临床推荐意见、临床疗效评价和监测、治未病与健康管理等,增加了临床表现腰膝酸软、骨密度测量临床指征、骨质疏松脆性骨折诊断标准、骨质疏松症风险评估、中医病因、针灸治疗和中医证候分级量化评分标准等内容。本共识突出中医药的特色和优势,坚持中西医并重,传承精华,守正创新,旨在为临床医师防治原发性骨质疏松症和科学研究提供参考。     

基于双向转诊模式下骨质疏松患者骨密度动态变化及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨基于双向转诊模式下原发性骨质疏松(osteoporosis, OP)患者骨密度动态变化及其影响因素。方法 对常熟市某基层骨质疏松防治站开展辖区内的1 700例(女性≥50周岁，男性≥65周岁)原发性骨质疏松症易感人群的筛查，通过病史询问、体格检查、量表评估、实验室及影像学检查等筛选骨质疏松高危人群。将2018年12月至2019年5月筛选出的329例骨质疏松高危人群纳入对照组，转入上级医院进一步明确诊断及治疗；将2019年6月至2019年11月筛选出的327例骨质疏松高危人群纳入双向转诊组，经常熟市第二人民医院骨质疏松症区域防治指导中心确诊、制定治疗方案或骨质疏松骨折术后再返回基层进行长期随访管理。入组时明确诊断为骨质疏松的患者共280例，占总筛查人群比例为16.47%(280/1 700),其中对照组125例，双向转诊组155例。采用重复测量方差分析比较两组2年内患者骨密度动态变化情况。同时根据骨密度水平将双向转诊组分为非OP组101例和OP组54例，采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析双向转诊模式下骨质疏松症患者骨密度动态变化的影响因素。结果 随访2年，双向转诊组各时...     

骨质疏松症影像学检查的进展

骨质疏松症是以骨量减少、骨组织微细结构被破坏、骨强度下降、骨脆性增加、极易发生骨折为特征的全身性骨骼疾病.随着老龄人口的增加,骨质疏松成为了一个严峻的公共健康问题.二维双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)是目前临床上检查骨质疏松症的主要手段.近年来,影像学技术进展迅速,特别是三维定量计算机断层扫描(QCT)为进一步检测松质骨及皮质骨骨密度、骨微结构、骨几何特性与其他生物力学参数,探索骨质疏松症的病理生理过程,敏感地进行临床诊断、监控病程变化与疗效提供了技术支持.放射影像学技术与生物力学有限元模型相结合,有利于评价骨强度和骨的力学性能.     

腰椎脂肪定量MR （IDEAL-IQ）技术在骨质疏松症中的应用

目的 初步研究MR（IDEAL-IQ）技术测量的腰椎椎体骨髓脂肪分数（FF）在骨质疏松症临床诊断中的应用价值。方法 收集2018年6月至2018年11月在我院同时行腰椎脂肪定量MR检查与双能X线骨密度检查的患者,测量椎体（L1~4）脂肪分数和骨密度(常规用T值),进行Spearman相关分析。根据T值,将患者分为骨量正常组、骨量减少组和骨质疏松组。用单因素方差分析FF值在3组间的差异,用Mann-Whitney非参数检验分析每两组间差异,最后基于受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）分析FF值对骨质疏松症的诊断效能。结果 总共收集病例55例,其中47例纳入数据分析。脂肪分数（FF）与骨密度值呈负相关（r= –0.66,P<0.05）,随着椎体骨密度的增高,脂肪分数降低。骨质疏松组与其他两组之间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,骨量减少组与正常组之间的P值为0.1,差异没有统计学意义,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.79,选择阈值48.05%来诊断骨质疏松症,灵敏度为0.871,特异性为0.625。结论 MR IDEAL-IQ技术通过快速精准评估腰椎椎体骨髓脂肪含量的变化,能够为骨质疏松症的诊断提供有价值的信息。     

辽宁地区绝经后妇女骨质疏松症知识问卷调查分析

目的了解辽宁地区绝经后妇女对骨质疏松症知识的认知情况,为开展有地域针对性地骨质疏松宣教和防治工作提供依据。方法对2011年7月至2012年7月在沈阳军区总医院就诊的绝经后妇女进行骨质疏松症知识问卷(osteoporosis knowledge tests,OKT)调查,并测定跟骨超声骨密度。结果 267名受试者骨质疏松症知识问卷平均得分(12.83±4.41)分,其中危险因素得分(5.14±2.73)分、运动知识得分(2.86±1.52)分、钙知识得分(4.87±1.62)分。年龄高、学历低、居住于乡镇、诊断为骨质疏松症者问卷得分较低。电视广播媒体为获取骨质疏松症知识的主要来源,多数受试者不重视专业骨质疏松宣教及骨密度筛查。坚持规律运动及补钙的人群比例较低。结论辽宁地区绝经后妇女骨质疏松症知识匮乏,专业人员应加大宣教力度,开展定期宣教,建立骨质疏松防治计划手册,督导个体完成骨质疏松长期防治计划。     

中国定量CT（QCT）骨质疏松症诊断指南（2018）

骨密度测量在骨质疏松症防治中具有重要作用,定量CT（quantitative computed tomography,QCT）因其成像技术优势,近年来在骨质疏松症的临床和科研以及健康管理中的应用越来越广。为了更好地规范QCT在骨质疏松症诊疗和健康管理中的应用,中国老年学和老年医学学会、中华医学会健康管理分会联合11个学术团体,组织全国多中心QCT大数据研究,组织全国著名的专家对近年来国内外QCT的研究进展和临床文献进行认真复习,并重点结合中国国内研究的最新数据和研究成果,参考国际临床骨密度学会、美国放射学院和中国老年学和老年医学学会骨质疏松分会制定了QCT诊断标准。为临床医务工作者在QCT临床应用方面提供科学、具体的指导,促进老年骨质疏松症的规范诊疗。     

医学影像学在骨质疏松症诊断中的应用价值

原发性骨质疏松症是以骨量减少、骨的微观结构退化为特征,致使骨的脆性增加以及易于发生骨折的一种全身性骨骼疾病.其骨的转换表现出从高转换到低转换的特点.诊断骨质疏松的方法很多,在放射学方面主要包括影像学诊断,骨密度诊断及影像诊断方法等.本文主要就医学影像学在骨质疏松症诊断中的应用,以及对骨质疏松症的诊断价值做一综述与展望.     

成年男性骨质疏松症的病例筛选与防治对策探讨

目的 探讨重庆地区中老年男性骨质疏松症的病例筛选、诊断以及对本地区中老年男性骨质疏松与骨质疏松性骨折的防治措施。方法 对180例不同程度出现常见的骨质疏松症状的40岁以上成年男性，使用双能X线骨密度仪（DXA）进行骨密度（BMD）测定。按年龄段（10年）分组统计BMD值，观察各年龄段骨质疏松与骨折发生情况。结合 病史及受检人群的社会、行为因素与疾病情况进行分析，提出病例筛选、诊断与防治措施。结果 重庆地区40岁以上的男性患者，出现常见的骨质疏松症状，或X片有骨质疏松改变，进行DXA检查骨质疏松症患者（T-score≤-2．5SD）的检出率较高。40岁到69岁期间的患骨质疏松症的男性人群，骨质疏松性骨折的发病随年龄段上升呈缓慢增加趁势，70岁以后的骨质疏松症患者骨折发生率明显增加（P〈0．01）。男性人群中存在日常膳食钙摄人量低、活动锻炼少、嗜烟酒等不良行为因素影响较普遍；部分人患有可能影响骨代谢异常的重叠性疾病。结论 40岁以后的成年男性临床出现常见的骨质疏松症状，X片检查提示骨质疏松改变，如果DXA骨密度测定T值低于-2．5SD，诊断为骨质疏松症较为客观。除高龄的因素外，成年男性人群中膳食钙含量低，缺少运动，不良嗜好，患影响骨代谢的疾病及环境因素等，都可能加快中老年男性骨矿物质的丢失过早患骨质疏松症。保持健康的生活、饮食习惯与针对性的药物治疗都是重要的防治措施。     

Bone imaging: Traditional techniques and their interpretation

Patients with osteoporosis have to be diagnosed at an early stage to prevent fractures, the worst complication of this disease. Currently, measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) are used most frequently in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is defined on the basis of BMD measurements that are compared with those of a healthy, young, female population. The best established techniques to measure BMD are dual x-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and proximal femur and quantitative computed tomography of the lumbar spine. Conventional radiographs are not suited to assess bone mass, but they are important in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of osteoporotic fractures. Quantitative ultrasound and structure analysis, based on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, are newer techniques in the diagnosis of osteoporosis that also focus on the assessment of bone structure.     

Interpreting the DXA analysis: When should you hold off on spinal fusion?

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the standard assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) and is used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and monitoring the effectiveness of osteoporosis treatment. Its results are predictive of both vertebral compression fractures and vertebral screw pullout strength. Though low BMD and the presence of osteoporosis are associated with failure of spinal instrumentation and junctional kyphosis, DXA scans are not universally obtained prior to spinal fusions, and there exists no consensus on T-score thresholds for determining if spinal fusions are a reasonable option in patients with diminished bone quality.     

Standards for performing DXA in individuals with secondary causes of osteoporosis.

This document addresses skeletal health assessment in individuals with secondary causes of osteoporosis. Recommendations are based on consensus of the Canadian Panel of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and invited international experts. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing in these populations is performed in conjunction with careful evaluation of the disease state contributing to bone loss and increased fragility fracture risk, as well as assessment of other contributing risk factors for fracture. The presence of secondary causes of bone loss may further increase the risk of fracture independently of BMD and may necessitate earlier pharmacologic intervention. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is indicated in the initial workup of secondary causes of osteoporosis. The BMD fracture risk relationship is not known for individuals with chronic renal failure (CRF). The BMD testing in this population may be normal in the presence of skeletal fragility, and quantitative bone histomorphometry is better at evaluating skeletal status than BMD in CRF. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a valuable tool in assessing skeletal health in individuals with secondary causes of osteoporosis.     

骨转换标志物在糖尿病中的研究进展

随着糖尿病和骨质疏松症在我国的广泛流行,糖尿病性骨质疏松症已成为糖尿病患者致死、致残的重要原因,严重影响患者的生活质量,并给个人、社会带来沉重负担。1型糖尿病患者骨密度降低,骨折风险增加;2型糖尿病患者骨密度常增高或正常,但骨折风险也是增加的,这不能仅靠双能X线骨密度来解释。骨转换标志物具有灵敏度高、特异性强、稳定性好等优点,近年来在糖尿病中得到广泛研究,如骨碱性磷酸酶、1型原胶原N-端前肽、1型胶原交联C-末端肽、骨钙素、骨保护素、脱氧吡啶啉等。骨转换标志物反映骨吸收和骨形成的具体变化情况,反映骨强度,较骨密度更早的反映骨量变化,大量临床研究发现,它为临床早期发现和诊断糖尿病性骨质疏松症,评估糖尿病患者骨折风险提供了新思路。联合检测骨转换标志物和骨密度,更全面、合理的评估骨转换,及时发现高危人群,更有利于糖尿病性骨质疏松症患者的早期诊断及治疗,预防骨折的发生。本文将对骨转换标志物在糖尿病中的研究进展作一综述。     

非骨密度DXA测量对骨折风险的预测——骨小梁评分（TBS）：ISCD 2015官方共识（第四部分）

DXA测量骨密度(BMD)是诊断和治疗骨质疏松症的金标准,但是BMD只能解释60%～80%的骨强度,除BMD外还有众多其他骨骼特征与骨强度和骨折风险相关。且可以通过先进的影像技术获得这些骨骼特征。但是与传统的DXA相比较,这些技术的费用较高且获取不易。因此,在标准DXA测量基础和临床风险因素上,发展能够提升骨折预测的非侵入性检查技术来满足临床实践要求是一个重要的挑战。为此,骨小梁评分(trabecular bone score),一个从腰椎DXA图像衍生而来的灰阶结构指数被研究出来。ISCD专题工作组的目的是复习相关证据并提出如何在临床工作中使用TBS的建议。在临床中应用TBS来进行骨折风险评估、指导治疗、治疗监测和使用,以及在关于更高骨折风险的情况下如何使用TBS被一一列出。我们通过专家组对工作组的建议和证据进行了仔细的评审后推出了此官方立场。     

The Role of Secondary Imaging Techniques for Assessing Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Ankle Fractures

Elderly ankle fractures in the elderly represent a substantial healthcare burden. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, there is emerging research regarding secondary imaging techniques to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the role of secondary imaging techniques for measuring BMD in elderly ankle fractures. A literature search was undertaken using relevant search terms. Articles were screened for suitability and data extracted where studies met inclusion criteria and were of sufficient quality. Eight studies were included in the systematic review. Computed tomography (CT) may have a role in preoperative surgical planning, provide an explanation for injury patterns in elderly patients, and may be correlated with clinical outcomes. High-resolution peripheral quantitative CT may be better suited than DXA for the assessment of ankle fractures due to the resolution of the image and its ability to distinguish between bone compartments, as well as provide a more accurate estimation of bone quality. Quantitative ultrasound has shown promise as a tool for measuring BMD in patients with osteoporosis, but is not able to detect osteoporosis in patients with ankle fractures. This paper helps define the role of each modality in the spectrum of care in the evaluation of osteoporosis as it pertains to elderly ankle fractures.     

TBS在监测及诊断骨质疏松方面的应用价值

利用DXA（dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,双能X线吸收法）测得的单位面积骨密度值（areal bone mineral density,BMD）是诊断骨质疏松的金标准。骨质疏松患者骨量减少的同时通常存在骨微结构的退化,表现为骨小梁数量减少、间距增加以及骨小梁间连接性下降,而BMD仅能显示骨量的变化,不能提供关于骨结构的信息。因此,仅靠BMD来诊断或排除骨质疏松是不全面的。骨小梁分数（trabecular bone score,TBS）是一种可由DXA图像获得的反映图像上灰阶变化的结构参数,能有效评估骨的微结构、描述骨的质量。本文将从TBS的检测方法、与其他检测骨折风险指标之间的关系以及TBS的有效性和不足等方面来介绍TBS在监测及诊断骨质疏松方面的应用价值。     

Imaging Technologies for Assessment of Skeletal Health in Men

Conventional radiography can detect most fractures, evaluate their healing, and visualize characteristic skeletal abnormalities for some metabolic bone diseases. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is used to measure areal bone mineral density (BMD) in order to diagnose osteoporosis, estimate fracture risk, and monitor changes in BMD over time. Vertebral fracture assessment by DXA can diagnose vertebral fractures with less ionizing radiation, greater patient convenience, and lower cost than conventional radiography. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measures volumetric BMD separately in cortical and trabecular bone compartments. High resolution peripheral QCT and high resolution magnetic resonance imaging are noninvasive research tools that assess the microarchitecture of bone. The use of these technologies and others has been associated with special challenges in men compared with women, provided insights into differences in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in men and women, and enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of action of osteoporosis treatments.     

A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis

In 1994, the World Health Organization published diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis. Since then, many new technologies have been developed for the measurement of bone mineral at multiple skeletal sites. The information provided by each assessment will describe the clinical characteristics, fracture risk and epidemiology of osteoporosis differently. Against this background, there is a need for a reference standard for describing osteoporosis. In the absence of a true gold standard, this paper proposes that the reference standard should be based on bone mineral density (BMD) measurement made at the femoral neck with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This site has been the most extensively validated, and provides a gradient of fracture risk as high as or higher than that of many other techniques. The recommended reference range is the NHANES III reference database for femoral neck measurements in women aged 20-29 years. A similar cut-off value for femoral neck BMD that is used to define osteoporosis in women can be used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in men - namely, a value for BMD 2.5 SD or more below the average for young adult women. The adoption of DXA as a reference standard provides a platform on which the performance characteristics of less well established and new methodologies can be compared.     

用骨强度概念探索骨密度测量的诊断指标

30多年来，医学上一直用骨矿密度（BMD,g/cm^2）诊断骨质疏松，骨质疏松引起骨折，骨折由骨强度减低引起，体重是骨强度的重要决定因素。 本引入体重评价BMC（g）和BMD两个指标。结果，体重与BMC的相关明显强于与BMD的相关，证明男女之间的BMC差由体重引起，男女间相同体重配对的BMC没有差异，所以在评价骨的 力学强度上体重标准化后BMC优于BMC指标。