基于X线及超声乳腺影像报告和数据系统构建机器学习模型预测乳腺癌分子分型

目的 观察基于X线及超声的乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）选取影像学特征构建的机器学习模型预测乳腺癌分子分型的可行性。方法 回顾性分析200例经病理的浸润性乳腺癌，根据免疫组织化学结果分为Luminal组（n=109）与非Luminal组（n=91），组内按7 ：3比例随机分为训练亚组及测试亚组。采集11个临床信息，并提取24个影像学特征，建立4种机器学习模型，通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价各模型预测不同分子分型乳腺癌的效能，比较各模型曲线下面积（AUC）的差异。结果 测试组随机森林（RF）、极端梯度提升（XGBoost）、逻辑回归（LR）及支持向量机（SVC）模型判断不同分子分型乳腺癌的敏感度分别为74.10%、74.10%、77.80%和70.40%，特异度分别为63.60%、51.50%、57.60%和60.60%，准确率分别为68.30%、61.70%、66.70%和65.00%；其中RF模型判断Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌的AUC值最大（AUC=0.70，P<0.05），但与其他模型间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 RF模型预测不同分子分型乳腺癌的效能较好。     

不同病理分型乳腺癌的三维超声VOCAL参数比较

目的 探讨不同病理分子分型乳腺癌三维超声的虚拟器官计算机辅助分析软件（VOCAL）参数差异。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的66例乳腺癌患者术前三维容积超声资料,采用VOCAL进行参数分析,获取平均灰阶值（MG）、平均能量值（MP）、血管指数（R）、血流血管指数（VFI）,比较乳腺癌不同病理分子分型（Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2过表达型、基底样型）VOCAL参数的差异。结果 MG值在基底样型最低,HER-2过表达型最高,4型两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;MP在基底样型最低,Luminal B型最高,4型间两两比较差异亦有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;R值在Luminal A型最低,Luminal B型最高,其在HER-2过表达型与基底样型、HER-2过表达型与Luminal A型、基底样型与Luminal B型、Luminal B型与Luminal A型间差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;VFI在HER-2过表达型与基底样型、HER-2过表达型与Luminal B型、HER-2过表达型与Luminal A型、基底样型与Luminal B型、Luminal B型与Luminal A型差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 不同病理分子分型乳腺癌结节三维超声VOCAL参数具有一定差异。     

分子亚型乳腺癌的超声特征对照研究

目的对照分析4种分子亚型乳腺癌的超声特征。方法 107例有明确病理诊断结果的乳腺癌患者中,病灶的免疫组化结果显示Luminal A-like型16例(Luminal A组)、Luminal B-like型52例(Luminal B组)、HER-2过表达型27例(HER-2组)、三阴型12例(三阴组)。对比分析超声征象。结果 Luminal A组的病理分级以Ⅰ~Ⅱ级为主,另外3组均以Ⅱ~Ⅲ级为主。三阴组与Luminal A组、Luminal B组在纵横比、肿瘤形态、边缘毛刺征、后方回声方面存在显著性差异(P<0.05),与HER-2组在纵横比、内部钙化方面存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。HER-2组与Luminal A组、Luminal B组在边缘毛刺征、肿瘤边界、内部钙化方面具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Luminal A组与Luminal B组的所有超声征象均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同分子亚型乳腺癌有各自典型的超声征象,但Luminal A-like型与Luminal B-like型的超声征象差异较小,超声检查仅能初步判定是否为Luminal型乳腺癌。     

40岁以下青年乳腺癌超声表现与分子亚型的关系

目的 探讨40岁以下青年乳腺癌的超声图像特征与分子亚型间的关系。方法 回顾性分析136例(144个病灶)40岁以下青年乳腺癌的超声图像特征,并分析其与分子亚型的关系。结果 ①本组青年乳腺癌多表现为中高级别(107/109,98.17%)的浸润性导管癌(111/144,77.08%);②Luminal A型占58.12%(68/117),Luminal B型11.97%(14/117),HER2过表达型13.68%(16/117),三阴型16.24%(19/117);③以低回声(121/132,91.67%)、肿块形式(132/144,91.67%)出现是本组青年乳腺癌最常见的超声征象;三阴型乳腺癌出现微钙化的概率小(7/19,36.84%,P=0.006),多表现为形态规则(14/19,73.68%,P=0.001)、体积较大 、边界清晰(13/19,68.42%,P=0.158)、后方无声衰减(19/19,100%,P=0.358)的肿块;HER2过表达型表现为非肿块的比例高(4/16,25.00%,P=0.040),且75.00%(9/12)的HER2过表达型肿块出现微钙化(P=0.824);与其他两型比较,Luminal型多表现为乏血供、小体积形式(P均<0.05),且出现微钙化比例相对较大(Luminal A:70.31%,Luminal B:63.64%),但与非Luminal型比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.056)。结论 青年乳腺癌具较高侵袭性,其超声图像特征与分子亚型有一定关系。     

基于MRI影像组学鉴别浸润性与非浸润性乳腺癌

目的 探讨基于MRI影像组学鉴别浸润性与非浸润性乳腺癌的价值。方法 回顾性分析100例接受乳腺常规MR和动态增强扫描的乳腺癌患者（75例浸润性、25例非浸润性），将其分为训练组（n=70）和验证组（n=30）。提取病灶纹理特征，采用最小绝对缩减和变量选择算子（LASSO）回归对训练组纹理特征进行降维，建立影像组学标签。比较浸润性与非浸润性乳腺癌临床、病理及影像学特征，以多因素Logistic回归分析建立影像组学模型，采用ROC曲线评价模型的诊断效能。结果 共提取3 132个影像学特征，经LASSO回归降维获得19个价值较高者，建立影像组学标签。浸润性与非浸润性乳腺癌之间，训练组和验证组毛刺、基底细胞角蛋白（CK5/6）、瘤细胞增殖因子（Ki-67）和影像组学标签差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05），训练组时间-强度曲线（TIC）类型差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），验证组TIC类型差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。训练组CK5/6、Ki-67和影像组学标签为浸润性乳腺癌的独立危险因素（P均<0.05）；以其构建影像组学模型，在训练组和验证组鉴别浸润性乳腺癌的AUC分别为0.97和0.85，均优于CK5/6、Ki-67和影像组学标签。结论 基于MRI影像组学模型鉴别浸润性与非浸润性乳腺癌效果较好。     

不同分子分型乳腺癌超声弹性特征

目的 应用声触诊组织量化成像（VTIQ）技术观察不同分子分型乳腺癌超声弹性特征。方法 对101例术前乳腺癌患者行常规超声及VTIQ检查，观察肿块边缘带、中央区及周围组织弹性特征，测量其剪切波速度最大值（SWV_max），分析不同分子分型乳腺癌的超声弹性特征。结果 Luminal型弹性特征多为边缘优势型，人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）过表达型主为中央优势型，三阴性多为均匀型（P<0.05）。各分子分型肿瘤边缘带SWV_max Luminal A > Luminal B > HER-2过表达 > 三阴性（P<0.05），中央区SWV_max差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。肿瘤周围组织SWV_max差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 乳腺癌弹性特征及SWV_max与其分子分型相关，肿瘤边缘带弹性特征尤为重要，可在一定程度上反映不同分子分型乳腺癌的生物学特点。术前VTIQ有助于制定治疗方案及评估预后。     

DWI评价乳腺浸润性导管癌生物学特征

目的 探讨DWI评估乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC）生物学特征的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的87个乳腺浸润性导管癌的DWI数据,测量ADC值,评价并比较ADC值在不同腋窝淋巴结状态、组织学级别及分子学分型间的差异,并分析ADC值与腋窝淋巴结状态、组织学级别及分子学分型的相关性。结果 淋巴结阳性病灶ADC值低于淋巴结阴性病灶（P=0.035）,高级别乳腺癌ADC值低于中级别、低级别乳腺癌（P=0.021、0.002）,ADC值在不同分子分型间差异无统计学意义。ADC值与组织学分级呈低度负相关（r_s=-0.357,P=0.001）,与腋窝淋巴结转移及分子分型呈弱的负相关（r_s=-0.227,P=0.034;r_s=-0.093,P<0.001）。结论 DWI能够反映乳腺浸润性导管癌的生物学特征。     

Logistic回归分析乳腺癌常规超声征象与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系

目的 采用Logistic回归分析乳腺癌常规超声征象与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。方法 收集820例女性乳腺癌共874个乳腺原发病灶的超声声像图,根据发生腋窝淋巴结转移与否分为转移组（n=334）和未转移组（n=540）;对比2组乳腺癌病灶的超声特征（位置、形态、边界、边缘、有无钙化、最大径、纵横比、内部回声、后方回声及Alder血流分级）;采用组间差异有统计学意义的参数建立Logistic回归模型,分析其预测淋巴结转移的价值。结果 转移组与未转移组乳腺癌病理类型及原发病灶最大径、纵横比、内部回声、边界和Adler血流分级差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。根据原发病灶最大径>2 cm、纵横比 ≤ 1、内部回声不均、边界不清及Adler血流Ⅱ~Ⅲ级预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的AUC分别为0.571、0.571、0.512、0.588及0.579;联合以上5个超声特征构建预测模型,以0.407为截断值时,AUC为0.696,大于单一特征（P均<0.05）,且与病理学结果的一致性尚可（Kappa=0.702）。结论 根据乳腺癌常规超声征象构建的Logistic联合模型可预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移;原发病灶最大径>2 cm、纵横比 ≤ 1、内部回声不均匀、边界不清晰及Adler血流Ⅱ~Ⅲ级提示转移风险较高。     

钙化及非钙化乳腺导管内原位癌超声特征及其雌激素受体和人表皮生长因子受体-2表达

目的 探讨钙化与非钙化乳腺导管内原位癌（DCIS）超声表现及其雌激素受体（ER）、人表皮生长因子受体-2（Her-2）表达的差异。方法 回顾性分析148例经手术病理证实的乳腺DCIS患者的超声征象,根据超声是否检出微钙化分为钙化组（n=66）和非钙化组（n=82）,比较2组声像图特征和ER、Her-2表达阳性率的差异。结果 钙化组与非钙化组DCIS在是否探及肿块、导管扩张、弹性成像评分差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,而边缘毛刺、后方回声、阻力指数及纵横比差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。钙化组DCIS患者ER阳性表达率为42.42%（28/66）,非钙化组为69.51%（57/82）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;钙化组DCIS患者Her-2阳性表达率为30.30%（20/66）,非钙化组为14.63%（12/82）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.02）。结论 钙化与非钙化DCIS超声表现存在差异,非钙化DCIS患者ER阳性表达率高,钙化DCIS患者Her-2阳性表达率高,提示伴钙化的DCIS更具侵袭性。     

经颅超声中缝核显像诊断卒中后抑郁

目的 观察经颅超声（TCS）中缝核显像诊断卒中后抑郁（PSD）的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入195例疑诊PSD的缺血性脑卒中患者,因声窗条件较差排除21例,将纳入的174例依据临床系统评估及量表评分分为PSD组（n=141）和非PSD组（n=33）,比较组间基本资料及临床量表评分差异;根据组间中缝核回声改变情况,分析TCS诊断PSD的效能,评价PSD组患者汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分与中缝核回声分级的相关性。结果 组间患者性别、HAMD和汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评分差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。PSD组中缝核回声异常比例明显高于非PSD组（75.89%vs.9.09%,P<0.01）。根据中缝核回声异常诊断PSD的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为75.89%、90.91%及78.74%。PSD组患者HAMD评分等级与中缝核回声分级呈负相关（R=－0.58,P<0.01）。结论 TCS可定性和半定量评估并辅助诊断PSD。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.