3D-STI技术联合SYNTAX评分在评价复杂冠心病中的价值

[摘要]目的 探讨实时三维斑点追踪（RT3D-STI）技术联合冠状动脉SYNTAX评分（SS）在评价复杂冠心病患者左室心肌功能中的价值。方法 78例复杂冠心病患者根据SS收集我院拟行冠状动脉造影术（CAG）患者141例，根据CAG影结果分为复杂冠心病组（三支主要冠状动脉和/或左主干狭窄>50%，n=78），非复杂冠心病组（单支/双支主要冠状动脉狭窄>50%，n=30）和对照组（冠状动脉狭窄≤50%，n=33），根据SS将复杂冠心病组分为低分亚组（SS<23，n=26），中分亚组（23≤SS<33，n=25）及高分亚组（SS≥33，n=27）。，应用3D-STI技术获取左心室整体纵向、径向、圆周、三维应变（GLS、GRS、GCS、G3DS）及各节段纵向、径向、圆周、三维应变（LS、RS、CS、3DS），计算平均基底段LS、RS、CS、3DS，中间段LS、RS、CS、3DS，心尖段LS、RS、CS、3DS，行组间比较分析获取相应测值，比较各组间的差异。结果 ①三组间整体、平均节段应变呈减小趋势（P<0.05）。2.三亚组的GLS、GRS、GCS、G3DS呈减小趋势（P<0.05），基底段LS、3DS，中间段LS、RS、CS、3DS，心尖段LS、RS、CS、3DS呈减小趋势LS-BAS、3DS-BAS、LS-MID、RS-MID、CS-MID、3DS-MID、LS-AP、RS-AP、CS-AP、（P<0.05）。②ROC曲线分析示GLS、GCS、GRS、G3DS对不同程度复杂冠心病有一定检测价值，以G3DS及GLS曲线下面积最大。③相关性分析示复杂冠心病组GLS、GCS、GRS、G3DS与冠状动脉SS呈负相关（r=-0.548，-0.366，-0.411，-0.556，P均<0.05）。④重复性检验：3D-STI参数在观察者内及观3DS-AP呈减小趋势（P<0.05）。3.ROC曲线分析：GLS、GCS、GRS、G3DS对不同程度复杂冠心病有一定检测价值，以G3DS及GLS曲线下面积最大。 4.相关性分析：复杂冠心病组GLS、GCS、GRS、G3DS与冠状动脉SS呈负相关（r=-0.548，-0.366，-0.411，-0.556，P均<0.05）。.察者间测量有良好的一致性。结论 RT3D-STI技术可在一定程度上反应复杂冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变程度，联合SYNTAX评分在复杂冠心病的诊断和指导治疗上有一定的积极意义。     

实时三维斑点追踪成像技术评价无节段性室壁运动异常的不同程度冠状动脉病变患者的心肌应变

目的 探讨实时三维斑点追踪成像（RT3D-STI）技术评价不同程度冠状动脉病变患者左心室心肌应变的价值。方法 收集超声结果提示无节段性室壁运动异常（RWMA）的冠心病患者109例,并根据冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果分为：对照组（n=30）、单支病变组（n=34）、多支病变组（n=45）。应用RT3D-STI技术获得左心室整体纵向应变（GLS）、整体周向应变（GCS）、整体面积应变（GAS）、整体径向应变（GRS）及左心室射血分数（LVEF）等,比较各参数的组间差异,并分析不同应变参数间及其与LVEF的相关性。结果 随着冠状动脉病变程度的加重,GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS逐渐减低,单支病变组低于对照组（P均<0.05）,多支病变组低于单支病变组（P均<0.05）,GAS组间差异较显著。GLS、GCS、GAS与GRS相关系数分别为-0.874、-0.848、-0.906,GAS与GRS相关关系更为密切;GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS与LVEF的相关系数分别为-0.684、-0.657、-0.717、0.672,GAS与LVEF相关性最好。结论 RT3D-STI技术参数能够定量评价无节段性室壁运动异常的不同程度冠状动脉病变患者心肌应变,测量准确性及可重复性高,新参数GAS更具优势。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者治疗后左心室整体收缩功能改变

目的 应用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）并发左心功能不全患者治疗后左心室整体收缩功能改变。方法 收集合并左心功能不全的重度OSAHS患者40例,随机分成试验组（n=20）和对照组（n=20）,对试验组患者给予持续气道内正压通气（CPAP）治疗,对照组给予常规抗心力衰竭药物治疗;于治疗前及治疗后3个月分别行3D-STI检查,获得左心室整体纵向应变（GLS）、整体径向应变（GRS）、整体圆周应变（GCS）及整体面积应变（GAS）,比较治疗前后上述指标的变化。结果 对照组治疗前后仅GLS差异有统计学意义（P=0.045）,而左心室射血分数（LVEF）、GRS、GCS、GAS差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;试验组治疗后LVEF、GLS、GRS、GCS、GAS均较治疗前增大（P均<0.05）;且治疗后试验组LVEF、GLS、GRS、GCS、GAS均高于治疗后对照组（P均<0.05）。结论 CPAP治疗可有效改善OSAHS患者的心功能;3D-STI技术可准确反映OSAHS患者治疗前后左心室整体收缩功能的改变。     

三维斑点追踪成像评价急性一氧化碳中毒患者左心室收缩功能

目的 采用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术评价急性一氧化碳中毒对左心室收缩功能的影响。方法 将109例急性一氧化碳中毒患者（研究组）分为轻（n=36）、中（n=40）及重度（n=33）亚组,于中毒后1 h、1周进行3D-STI检查,并检测碳氧血红蛋白（HbCO）和血清心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）浓度;以105名健康志愿者为对照组。分析研究组与对照组各检测指标的差异及相关性。结果 急性一氧化碳中毒1 h,轻度亚组与对照组整体长轴应变（GLS）、整体面积应变（GAS）、整体圆周应变（GCS）、整体径向应变（GRS）及左心室射血分数（LVEF）差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,轻度亚组HbCO、cTnI均较对照组升高（P均<0.05）,中度亚组GLS、GAS较对照组降低（P均<0.05）,HbCO、cTnI较对照组升高（P均<0.05）;重度亚组GLS、GAS、GCS、GRS、LVEF较对照组降低（P均<0.05）,HbCO、cTnI较对照组升高（P均<0.05）。急性一氧化碳中毒后1周,轻、中度亚组与对照组GLS、GAS、GCS、GRS、LVEF、HbCO及cTnI差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;重度亚组GAS较对照组降低（P<0.05）,cTnI较对照组升高（P<0.05）。急性一氧化碳中毒1 h,研究组血清cTnI与GLS、GAS呈负相关（r=-0.626、-0.640,P均<0.05）。结论 3D-STI可早期诊断急性一氧化碳中毒引起的左心室收缩功能损害;GAS随血清cTnI含量升高而降低,是反映急性一氧化碳中毒左心室功能损害的较好指标。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评估右心双腔间隔起搏对左心室功能的影响

目的 应用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）评估右心双腔间隔起搏对左心室功能的影响。方法 对42例右心双腔间隔起搏患者（起搏器组）和37名健康志愿者（对照组）行3D-STI检查,于心尖四腔切面图像获得左心室总体纵向峰值应变（GLS）、总体周向峰值应变（GCS）、总体径向峰值应变（GRS）、总体面积峰值应变（GAS）及左心室总体拧转（GTw）和左心室整体扭转（GTs）值。比较2组间三维应变参数,并分析GTw、GTs与GLS、GCS、GAS及GRS的相关性。结果 与对照组相比,起搏器组左心室GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS及GTs均明显减低（P均<0.05）;2组间GTw差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对照组GTs与GCS和GRS呈正相关（r=0.45、0.40;P均<0.05）,与GAS、GLS无相关性（P均>0.05）;GTw与GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS均无相关（P均>0.05）。起搏器组GTw、GTs与GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS均无相关（P均>0.05）。结论 右心双腔间隔起搏可损害左心室心肌形变能力,致左心室整体收缩功能隐匿性减低。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价冠状动脉慢血流患者左心室整体收缩功能

目的 采用二维斑点追踪成像（2D-STI）评估冠状动脉慢血流（CSF）患者左心室整体收缩功能。方法 对43例CSF患者（CSF组）及35例一般资料匹配患者（对照组）分别行常规超声心动图检查，应用2D-STI技术获得左心室收缩期峰值整体纵向应变（GLS）、整体径向应变（GRS）、整体圆周应变（GCS）及整体扭转角度峰值（Ptw）。比较2组间二维应变参数，分析与常规超声参数的相关性。结果 CSF组左心室GLS比对照组减低（P<0.05），2组间左心室射血分数（LVEF）、GCS、GRS及Ptw差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；CSF患者GLS与冠状动脉平均心肌梗死溶栓试验帧数（mTFC）呈正相关（r=0.34，P<0.05），且GLS预测CSF的截点值为-18.71%，敏感度81.00%，特异度50.00%。结论 二维应变参数可用于评估CSF患者左心室整体收缩功能。     

三维斑点追踪技术评价冠状动脉病变严重程度

目的 探讨三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术评价冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（简称冠心病）患者冠状动脉病变程度的价值。方法 收集103例疑似冠心病患者,参考冠状动脉造影结果,根据冠状动脉Gensini评分,将其分为病变组（n=79）和正常组（Gensini评分0分,n=24）,病变组又分为轻度（Gensini评分<25分,n=40）、中度（Gensini评分25~50分,n=26）和重度（Gensini评分>50分,n=13）3个亚组。应用3D-STI技术获得左心室三维整体纵向应变（3D-GLS）、三维整体周向应变（3D-GCS）、三维整体面积应变（3D-GAS）和三维整体径向应变（3D-GRS）,比较2组间和3个亚组间的差异。绘制ROC曲线,评价3D-STI参数评价冠状动脉正常或轻度病变（Gensini评分<25分）与中重度病变（Gensini评分≥25分）的效能。结果 病变组3D-GLS、3D-GCS、3D-GAS及3D-GRS均低于正常组（P均<0.05）。病变组内轻度、中度与重度亚组间各应变参数总体差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示,AUC由大到小依次为3D-GLS（0.929）、3D-GCS（0.873）、3D-GRS（0.853）和3D-GAS（0.819）。结论 3D-STI技术用于评价冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度具有一定价值。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评价子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能

目的 采用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术检测子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能。方法 纳入轻度子痫前期患者73例（轻度组）、重度子痫前期患者64例（重度组）和年龄、孕周匹配的健康孕妇60例（对照组）。检测生化指标和常规超声参数,并运用3D-STI测量左心室收缩期整体纵向峰值应变（GLS）、整体径向峰值应变（GRS）、整体环向峰值应变（GCS）和整体面积峰值应变（GAS）,计算面积应变不同步指数（ASDI）。并分析三维应变参数与生化指标及超声参数的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,重度组左心房前后径（LAD）增大,二尖瓣口舒张期流速比值（E/A）减低,Tei指数在对照组、轻度组、重度组依次增高（P均<0.05）。与对照组比较,轻度组|GLS|、|GAS|降低,ASDI增高,重度组|GLS|、|GRS|、|GCS|、|GAS|和ASDI差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。与轻度组比较,重度组GLS、GAS明显降低,ASDI明显增高（P均<0.05）。|GLS|与Tei指数呈负相关（r=-0.471,P=0.036）;|GAS|与LVEF呈正相关（r=0.051,P=0.028）,与Tei指数呈负相关（r=-0.612,P=0.017）;ASDI与心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）呈负相关（r=-0.525,P=0.046）,与Tei指数呈正相关（r=0.489,P=0.037）。结论 子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能明显受损,心肌应变能力下降,3D-STI技术可早期无创评价子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能变化。     

自发性高血压大鼠左心室心肌应变与心肌纤维化程度的相关性

目的 探讨自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）左心室心肌应变与心肌纤维化程度的关系。方法 选取10周龄雄性SHR及Wistar-Kyoto大鼠（WKY）各15只,均随机平均分为3个亚组。12周后每2周行常规超声及二维斑点追踪显像（2DSTE）,于左心室长轴和乳头肌水平短轴切面测量左心室整体纵向应变（GLS）、径向应变（GRS）及周向应变（GCS）峰值。分别于16、20、24周将SHR和WKY各取1个亚组处死,行心脏离体固定、Masson染色,观察心内膜下和心外膜下层心肌胶原容积分数（CVF）、血管周围胶原面积与管腔面积比率（PVCA/LA）。结果 与同周龄WKY相比,SHR的GLS自16周、GRS自18周、GCS自20周显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。SHR的GLS与心内膜下CVF呈正相关（r=0.65,P<0.05）;GLS、GCS与PVCA/LA呈正相关（r=0.65、0.63,P均<0.05）,GRS与PVCA/LA呈负相关（r=-0.59,P<0.05）。结论 2DSTE技术可无创评价大鼠心肌形变,其与心肌纤维化程度具有良好的相关性。     

心血管MR组织追踪技术定量评估肥厚型心肌病右心室心肌应变

目的 探讨心脏MR组织追踪（CMR-TT）技术评价肥厚型心肌病（HCM）右心室功能的可行性及右心室应变与左心室应变的相关性。方法 对32例HCM患者（HCM组）及32名健康志愿者（对照组）行CMR电影序列扫描,测量心功能及左、右心室应变参数。结果 HCM组左心室质量较对照组明显增高（t=11.26,P<0.001）,其余左心功能参数（左心室射血分数、舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积）2组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。与对照组比较,HCM组左心室、右心室整体圆周应变（GCS）、整体径向应变（GRS）和整体纵向应变（GLS）均明显减低（P均<0.05）;除左、右心室基底部径向应变外,HCM组各节段局部应变较对照组减低（P均<0.05）。HCM组右心室GRS与左心室GRS呈正相关（r=0.375,P=0.034）,与左心室GLS呈负相关（r=-0.466,P=0.007）;右心室GCS与左心室GCS、GLS均呈正相关（r=0.531、0.462,P=0.002、0.008）。结论 右心室节段应变、整体应变能敏感地反映HCM右心室心肌收缩功能;HCM患者在左心室射血分数减低前左、右心室心肌收缩功能已存在受损;HCM右心室与左心室心肌收缩功能受损存在一定相关性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.