极地海绵共附生放线菌Streptomyces sp. LHW11-07次生代谢产物研究

目的 对极地海绵共附生放线菌Streptomyces sp. LHW11-07进行次生代谢产物的研究,以期得到结构新颖且具有良好生物活性的小分子化合物。方法 综合运用凝胶柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱、反相中压柱色谱和高效液相色谱等分离手段对Streptomyces sp. LHW11-07发酵产物进行分离和纯化,采用质谱、一维、二维核磁共振等现代波谱方法并结合相关文献调研鉴定它们的结构。结果 从该菌的发酵产物中共分离得到9个单体化合物,分别为cyclo-(L-Tyr-L-Trp) (1)、cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Ser) (2)、cyclo-(D-Tyr-D-Pro) (3)、cyclo-(L-Tyr-L-Phe) (4)、cyclo-(L-Tyr-L-Leu) (5)、albaflavenol B (6)、β-adenosine (7)、N-formylantimyic acid methyl ester (8)和conglobatin A (9)。结论 化合物1和2是首次分离于Streptomyces属放线菌。     

海南红树林内生真菌Fusarium sp. HSL-3次级代谢产物研究

目的 研究海南红树林内生真菌Fusarium sp. HSL-3次级代谢产物,并对其进行抗炎和抗肿瘤活性筛选。方法 采用大米培养基对菌株静置培养,同时采用柱层析色谱法和HPLC对该真菌的次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,并且通过核磁共振及质谱等有机波谱手段,对得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果 共分离得到8个化合物,分别为lateritin(1)、4-carbomethoxy-6-hydroxy-2-quinolone(2)、3,5-dimethoxydihydrofusarubin D(3)、anhydrofusarbin(4)、3,3''-methylene-bis (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde)(5)、crypticin B(6)、vanillyl alcohol(7)和3,4-dihydroxyphenylaceticacid(8),其中化合物2和5为首次从镰刀菌属Fusarium中分离得到。化合物3和5对RAW264.7细胞表现出良好的抗炎活性(化合物3在50 µmol·L^-1时的NO抑制率为87%,化合物5在50 µmol·L^-1时的NO抑制率为71%),而化合物1对非小细胞肺癌细胞A549有显著的细胞毒活性,IC₅₀值为(7.92±0.27)µmol·L^-1。结论 从海南红树林内生真菌Fusarium sp. HSL-3中分离得到的化合物3和5具有较强的抗炎活性,化合物1有显著的抗肿瘤活性。     

紫茎泽兰中的萜类成分研究

目的 对紫茎泽兰中的萜类成分及其药理活性进行研究。方法 采用D101、HP20大孔树脂、硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶色谱、高效液相色谱等多种分离分析手段，MS、¹H-NMR和¹³C-NMR等多种波谱技术以及ECD计算鉴定化合物结构，并采用MTT法对分离得到的单体化合物进行细胞毒活性的筛选。结果 从紫茎泽兰95%乙醇提取物的石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取部位中分离得到10个化合物，分别鉴定为泽兰酮D (1)、thymoquinol 5-O-β-glucopyranoside (2)、thymoquinol2-O-β-glucopyranoside (3)、2R^*,3S^*-toxol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4)、6-甲氧基-山柰酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、万寿菊素-4’-甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7)、eupatonriochromene (8)、demethoxyencecalin (9)、encecalin (10)。化合物10对食管癌细胞的IC₅₀值为178.4 μmol·L^-1。结论 其中化合物1为新化合物，化合物6为首次从泽兰属中分离得到，化合物2，3，7为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。化合物10对食管癌细胞Eca-109具有一定的细胞毒活性。     

海洋拟诺卡菌SCSIO 11492中次生代谢产物的分离及其抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 探索海洋来源的拟诺卡菌(Nocardiopsis sp.) SCSIO 11492的抗肿瘤活性次生代谢产物。 方法 采用硅胶、凝胶、ODS等色谱分离方法对海洋来源的拟诺卡菌SCSIO 11492的发酵粗提物进行分离、纯化,根据次生代谢产物的核磁数据及相关的理化性质确定化合物的结构,最后利用活性测试发现活性成分。 结果 从海洋拟诺卡菌SCSIO 11492中分离纯化得到5个化合物,经鉴定分别为2''-脱氧腺苷(2''-deoxyadenosine,1)、2''-脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷(2''- deoxythymidine,2)、2''-脱氧尿苷(2''-deoxyuidine,3)、尿嘧啶核苷 (uridine,4)、1-O-棕榈酰基-3-O-β-D-半乳糖基甘油酯(1-O-hexadecanoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol,5)。活性测试结果表明化合物5对RAW264.7显示出较好的生长抑制活性(IC₅₀=10.9 μmol/L)。 结论 从海洋拟诺卡菌SCSIO 11492中分离得到5个化合物,均为首次从该属中分离得到。其中化合物5可能是该菌抗肿瘤的活性成分。     

臭灵丹萜类和黄酮化合物

臭灵丹(Laggera pterodonta)为菊科四棱峰属植物，是云南民间抗菌消炎的良药。本文对臭灵丹地上部分的化学成分进行了研究。其地上部分用水煎煮提取，硅胶柱色谱和重结晶等方法进行分离纯化。从该植物中分离得到11个化合物，其结构分别鉴定为：6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-carvotanacetone (1)，臭灵丹酸(2)，1β-hydroxy pterondontic acid (3)，pterodontoside A (4)，臭灵丹二醇(5)，臭灵丹三醇乙(6)，5-hydroxy-3,4′,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone (7)，洋艾素(8)，金腰素乙(9)，槲皮素(10)和β-谷甾醇(11)。化合物1为新的单萜苷，化合物10和11为首次从该植物中发现。应用滤纸扩散法对该植物中的两个化合物2和5的抑菌活性进行检测，结果表明这两个化合物对金黄葡球菌、铜绿假单孢菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、草分支杆菌和环状芽胞杆菌均呈现明显的抑菌活性，但对大肠埃希氏菌均未呈现抑菌活性。     

海绵共附生菌Streptomyces olivaceus LHW2444的分离鉴定及其抗青枯菌活性代谢产物研究

目的 从海绵中分离培养放线菌,筛选具有抗青枯菌活性的菌株,分离鉴定活性代谢产物。方法 以来源于南海西沙永兴岛附近海域的海绵Leucetta chagosensis为实验材料,采用三种选择性分离培养基分离海绵的共附生放线菌,利用16S rRNA序列分析对各菌株进行种属鉴定。对各菌株的发酵提取物进行抗青枯菌活性筛选,采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和高效液相色谱法对筛选到的活性菌株的发酵产物进行分离、纯化,运用核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)等手段,鉴定化合物的结构。采用微量稀释法测定化合物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 分离培养海绵共附生放线菌16株,筛选得到一株具有较好抗青枯菌活性的菌株Streptomyces olivaceus LHW2444,并从该菌株的发酵产物中分离鉴定2个吡咯类化合物、1个苯并二恶茂类化合物、2个吡喃酮类化合物,分别为pyrrole-2-carboxamide(1)、pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid(2)、1,3-benzodioxole-2-one-4-carboxylamide(3)、germicidin B(4)、germicidin C(5),化合物1-5为首次从该种属放线菌分离得到。首次发现pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid对青枯菌具有较强抑制作用,MIC值为8 μg/mL。结论 海绵共附生菌Streptomyces olivaceus LHW2444是潜在的植物青枯病生防菌,pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid是抗青枯菌的活性代谢产物。     

水杨醛缩氨基脲含硅有机锡化合物的合成和抑菌活性测试

目的 合成新型的含硅有机锡化合物,并进行抑菌活性测试。方法 利用4种水杨醛缩氨基脲配体与(Me₃SiCH₂)₂SnCl₂通过常温下的自组装反应合成了4种新型含硅有机锡化合物,利用红外光谱、核磁共振以及X-射线单晶衍射对所得产物的结构进行表征,通过纸片扩散法测试产物的抑菌活性。结果 在化合物1~4中,水杨醛缩氨基脲配体均呈现三齿配体形式与锡原子螯合配位,中心锡原子呈五配位的三角双锥结构。抑菌实验发现3种新合成的水杨醛缩氨基脲含硅有机锡化合物对G⁺菌包括金黄色葡萄球菌、G⁺蜡样芽孢杆菌和真菌蜡蚧轮枝孢菌显示抑菌作用。化合物3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈为20 mm,最低抑菌浓度为25.17 mol·L^-1。此类化合物对G^-菌包括大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、产气肠杆菌无明显抑制作用。结论 水杨醛缩氨基脲含硅有机锡化合物对G⁺菌包括金黄色葡萄球菌及真菌蜡蚧轮枝孢菌具有一定的抑菌活性,对G^-菌无明显的抑制作用。     

质谱导向的肾指海绵Reniochalina sp.中环肽类成分研究

目的 以质谱为导向对肾指海绵Reniochalina sp.中的环肽类成分进行研究。方法 采用质谱引导的程序性分离手段定向追踪并分离纯化海绵中的环肽类成分;通过理化常数测定、波谱数据比对确定化合物结构;利用CCK-8法对化合物进行初步细胞毒活性评价。结果 从肾指海绵Reniochalina sp.中分离获得3个环肽类化合物,分别鉴定为stylopeptide 1 (1)、hymenamide D (2)、axinastatin 2 (3)。化合物1对6种人肿瘤细胞株具有细胞毒性,IC₅₀值范围为6.09 ~ 17.26 μmol/L。结论 化合物1 ~ 3首次分离自Reniochalina属海绵,化合物1是细胞毒性环七肽。     

3′(5α-3β,17β-双羟基-雄甾烷-17α)-丙酸内酯(Ⅴ)的微生物转化——螺旋内酯甾(Ⅱ)的合成

3′-(5α-3β,17β-双羟基-雄甾烷-17α)-丙酸内酯(Ⅴ)经诺卡氏菌(Nocardia sp.)转化获得6个化合物(Ⅱ和Ⅵ～Ⅹ),其中螺旋内酯甾(Ⅱ)为其主要产物(～50%)。Ⅷ～Ⅹ是尚未被鉴定的羟基化合物。化合物(Ⅴ)用诺卡氏菌在氮源贫乏的培养基中转化主要生成△⁴-3-酮化合物,而在氮源丰富的培养基中转化则主要为△^1,4-3-酮的产物。     

山胡椒内生真菌Trichoderma sp. SHJN1和Perenniporia sp. SHJG1的抗肿瘤活性成分研究

目的 从民族药山胡椒内生真菌Trichoderma sp.SHJN1和Perenniporia sp.SHJG1的代谢物中寻找活性先导化合物。方法 采用正相硅胶、反相硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶及制备型HPLC等对Trichoderma sp.SHJN1和Perenniporia sp.SHJG1发酵物进行分离纯化，再通过NMR、ESI-MS等鉴定化合物结构，同时采用人乳腺癌细胞（MCF-7）和人肺癌细胞（A549）对这些化合物的抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。结果 从2株内生真菌次级代谢产物中共分离鉴定了12个化合物：alantrypinone （1）、oryzalactam （2）、phomoindene A （3）、cis-gregatin B （4）、huaspenone B （5）、stigmasta-7，22-dien-3β，5α，6α-triol （6）、ergosterol （7）、1-deoxy-2-demethylviridiol （8）、viridiol （9）、trichodermamides A （10）、chromone （11）、对-羟基苯乙酸（12）。抗肿瘤活性评价结果显示，化合物3 抑制MCF-7细胞增殖活性IC₅₀为（62.9±1.02）μmol·L^-1[顺铂（cisplatin，DDP） IC₅₀为（30.1±1.67）μmol·L^-1]；化合物8 和9 抑制A549细胞增殖活性的IC₅₀分别为（34.6±1.57）μmol·L^-1和（44.9±1.74）μmol·L^-1[DDP IC₅₀为（20.6±1.42）μmol·L^-1]。结论 化合物3 ，8 和9 具有潜在抗肿瘤活性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.