双歧杆菌三联活菌联合维生素D干预对PCOS患者肠道菌群及内分泌的影响

目的 探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌联合维生素D对多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS）患者肠道菌群及内分泌的影响。方法 选取2020年10月至2021年12月于台州市立医院就诊的152例PCOS患者,根据随机数字表法将其分为维生素D组和联合组,每组各76例。两组患者均给予饮食干预,联合组患者采用双歧杆菌三联活菌联合维生素D治疗,维生素D组患者给予维生素D治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后的肠道菌群、催乳素（prolactin,PRL）、促卵泡激素（follicle stimulating hormone,FSH）、黄体生成素（luteinizing hormone,LH）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）、空腹血糖（fasting blood glucose,FBG）、肠道生态评分和胃肠道症状评定量表（gastrointestinal symptom rating scale,GSRS）评分。结果 干预后,两组患者的乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、FSH水平均显著高于本组干预前,大肠杆菌、肠球菌、PRL、LH、FINS、FBG水平及肠道生态评分、G...     

2型糖尿病患者肠道菌群水平与IL-6、TNF-α、HOMA-IR水平的相关性

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者肠道菌群水平与白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）水平的相关性。方法：选取126例T2DM患者为研究对象,依据糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平将其分为血糖控制良好组75例（HbA1c<7%）、血糖控制不良组51例（HbA1c≥7%）,同时选取同期健康体检者120名为对照组。比较三组肠道菌群、HOMA-IR、IL-6和TNF-α水平,采用Pearson相关分析肠道菌群水平与HOMA-IR、IL-6、TNF-α水平的相关性。结果：血糖控制不良组肠杆菌、肠球菌水平高于血糖控制良好组、对照组,且血糖控制良好组高于对照组,血糖控制不良组双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、乳酸杆菌水平均低于血糖控制良好组、对照组,且血糖控制良好组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;血糖控制不良组HOMA-IR、IL-6、TNF-α水平均高于血糖控制良好组、对照组,且血糖控制良好组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Pearson相关性分析结果显示,肠杆菌、肠球菌水平与HOMA-IR、IL-6、TNF-α水...     

双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病大鼠血浆酪酪肽和胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的观察双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠血浆酪酪肽（PYY）和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）的影响。方法30只周龄为9周SD雄性大鼠链脲佐菌素（STZ）造模后,根据双歧杆菌灌胃剂量分成4组:正常对照组（N组）、糖尿病组（T2DM组）、高剂量组和低剂量组,双歧杆菌连续灌胃6周后,测所有大鼠空腹血糖（FBS）,处死后取血浆检测PYY、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、血脂,计算HOMA-IR,比较4组大鼠上述指标的差异。结果高剂量组和低剂量组HbA1c、FBS、FINS、HOMA-IR和三酰甘油低于T2DM组（P < 0.01）,但高于N组（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;高剂量组和低剂量组PYY高于T2DM组（P < 0.01）,但低于N组（P < 0.01）,高剂量组和低剂量组上述指标差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,PYY和HOMA-IR呈负相关（r=-0.783,P < 0.01）。结论双歧杆菌可以降低T2DM大鼠HbA1c、FBS、FINS、TG和HOMA-IR,升高PYY。     

金仁陈子方对小鼠脾虚模型肠道菌群的影响研究

目的 观察金仁陈子方对脾虚证小鼠模型肠道菌群的影响,评价其对肠道微生态调节的作用.方法 昆明种小鼠,分成5组,即正常对照组、脾虚模型对照组、阳性药对照妈咪爱组、金仁陈子方高剂量组、金仁陈子方低剂量组.以苦寒泻下中药大黄造成脾虚模型小鼠,灌胃给药7天后,选用厌氧及需氧菌选择性培养基测定粪便标本中代表性菌种：肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌、双歧杆菌、和乳酸杆菌数量.结果 脾虚模型组小鼠肠道双歧杆菌（P＜0.01）、乳酸杆菌（P＜0.05）等厌氧菌含量显著下降.给予金仁陈子方灌胃后这两种厌氧菌含量均恢复正常（P＜0.05）,大肠杆菌（P＜0.01）、肠球菌（P＜0.01）、产气荚膜梭菌（P＜0.05）在造模完成时含量显著上升,灌胃金仁陈子方之后大肠杆菌（P＜0.01）、肠球菌（P＜0.05）、产气荚膜梭菌（P＜0.01）含量显著低于模型组.结论 脾虚证小鼠肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌菌群异常低下,肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌含量显著增加,金仁陈子方可通过扶植肠道有益菌、抑制有害菌,从而调节肠道微生态,对脾虚泄泻的恢复有重要影响.     

双歧杆菌对脾虚小鼠肠道菌群的调整作用

目的：观察双歧杆菌对大黄致脾虚小鼠肠道菌群的调整作用。方法：大黄致脾虚造模型法和粪菌群定量检测法,结果：在大黄造模组小鼠肠道菌群中,双歧杆菌、类杆菌和乳酸杆菌的数量下降,大肠杆菌的数量上升（P＜0.05）,经灌服双歧杆菌制剂（108／ml,1ml/天）一周后,以上各菌群数量恢复正常。结论：服用双歧杆菌制剂有改善机体牌虚证的作用。     

比较多黏菌素和阿米卡星治疗急性出血坏死性肠炎对患者肠道菌群的影响

目的 比较多黏菌素和阿米卡星治疗急性出血坏死性肠炎(AHNE)对患者肠道菌群的影响。方法选取本院就诊的80例AHNE患者,随机分为多黏菌素组和阿米卡星组。多黏菌素组给予多黏菌素治疗,阿米卡星组给予阿米卡星治疗。比较两组治疗前、后肠道菌群变化。结果治疗后1、3、5和7天,两组患者乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、厌氧菌/需氧菌、双歧杆菌/肠杆菌比值较治疗前均升高,而肠球菌和肠杆菌水平较治疗前均降低(P＜0.05),并且多黏菌素组患者乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、厌氧菌/需氧菌、双歧杆菌/肠杆菌比值高于阿米卡星组,而肠球菌水平和肠杆菌水平低于阿米卡星组(P＜0.05)。结论多黏菌素和阿米卡星治疗急性出血坏死性肠炎可调节患者肠道菌群平衡,并且多黏菌素优于阿米卡星。     

利拉鲁肽对超重、肥胖2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪的影响

［摘要］ 目的观察利拉鲁肽对胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗血糖控制不佳的超重、肥胖2型糖尿病（type 2 dabetes mellitus,T2DM）患者胰岛素抵抗及内脏脂肪的影响。 方法筛选超重、肥胖T2DM患者80例,糖化血红蛋白（glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c）符合(7%≤HbA1c≤11％),随机分成2组,胰岛素联合二甲双胍组（对照组）、胰岛素联合二甲双胍的基础上加用利拉鲁肽（利拉鲁肽组）,治疗24周,观察治疗前后体重（body weight,WT）、腰围（waist circumference,WC）、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、总胆固醇（total lesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（triglyceride,TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）、HbA1c、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（insulin resistance index,HOMA-IR）及内脏脂肪面积（visceral fat area,VFA）的变化。 结果治疗后,对照组FPG、TC、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR较治疗前均降低,HDL-C升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;利拉鲁肽组WT、WC、BMI、 FPG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、FINS、HOMA-IR、VFA较治疗前均降低,HDL-C升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后,利拉鲁肽组WT、WC、BMI、VFA较对照组均降低（P＜0.05）。利拉鲁肽组与每日应用胰岛素剂量比对照组减少（P＜0.05）。VFA降低与WT、WC、BMI降低呈正相关（P＜0.05）。 结论利拉鲁肽应用于超重、肥胖2型糖尿病患者不仅可以降低血糖还可以减轻体重,改善胰岛素抵抗,减少内脏脂肪,具有临床获益。     

先天性肛门直肠畸形患儿术后肠道菌群变化的前瞻性研究

目的：前瞻性研究先天性肛门直肠畸形（anorectal malformation,ARM）患儿术后肠道菌群变化的情况。方法：实时荧光定量PCR法检测分析21名先天性ARM组患儿10日龄（出院前1 d）、1月龄和3月龄~4月龄时粪便中3种主要菌群数量,并与日龄匹配的21名对照组正常婴儿菌群数量进行比较。结果：（1）10日龄,先天性ARM组双歧杆菌与大肠杆菌数量的比值（bifidobacteria/escherichia coli,B/E）<1,大肠杆菌数量较双歧杆菌高和乳酸杆菌高（P=0.021和P=0.004）,且乳酸杆菌数量较对照组高（P=0.001）。（2）1月龄,先天性ARM组B/E较10日龄增高（P=0.030）,B/E>1,双歧杆菌数量增高（P=0.001）,高于自身大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量和对照组双歧杆菌数量（P=0.001、P<0.001和P=0.004）,乳酸杆菌数量亦较对照组高（P<0.001）。（3）3月龄~4月龄,先天性ARM组乳酸杆菌数量较1月龄时降低（P=0.005）,与对照组无统计学差异（P=0.571）,双歧杆菌数量较对照组高（P=0.004）。（4）3月龄~4月龄,连续服用益生菌患儿肠道双歧杆菌数量显著高于对照组婴儿（P=0.013）,未连续补充者肠道双歧杆菌数量和对照组婴儿相比无统计学差异（P=0.032）。结论：（1）10日龄,先天性ARM患儿以大肠杆菌数量占优势,乳酸杆菌数量亦高,较正常对照组婴儿肠道大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌数量均占优势的定植状况不同。（2）1月龄和正常对照组婴儿一样,双歧杆菌成为患儿肠道优势菌,而乳酸杆菌数量仍居高。（3）3月龄~4月龄,患儿肠道乳酸杆菌数量下降至正常对照组水平,菌群状态接近正常婴儿。（4）患儿1月龄后连续补充益生菌制剂至3月龄~4月龄能够使肠道保持高水平的双歧杆菌数量。     

格列美脲与瑞格列奈治疗初发2型糖尿病的疗效对比

目的比较格列美脲和瑞格列奈治疗初发2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法将60例初发2型糖尿病患者随机分为格列美脲组30例与瑞格列奈组30例,观察12周。治疗前后监测患者空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hPINS）、空腹C肽（FCP）、餐后2hC肽（2hPCP）及体质指数（BMI）。同时了解治疗期间低血糖发生情况。结果两组治疗后FBG、2hPBG及HbA1c均明显下降（P〈0.05）,但诺和龙组治疗后2hPBG较格列美脲组降低更明显,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;治疗后两组间FBG、HbA1c、FINS、FCP之间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论格列美脲和瑞格列奈用于治疗初发的2型糖尿病患者,能够保护胰岛β细胞功能,延缓糖尿病进程,疗效确切安全,均可以作为初发2型糖尿病患者的首选药物。     

糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清HMGB1 水平及其意义

目的 观察糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）及其他血清指标水平,探讨血清HMGB1 与其他血清指标的关系。方法 选择该院糖尿病合并脑梗死患者60 例作为糖尿病合并脑梗死组,糖尿病患者60 例作为糖尿病组,健康体检者60 例作为对照组,收集3 组患者的临床资料、血清HMGB1 及其他血清指标水平。结果 糖尿病合并脑梗死组和糖尿病组患者血清HMGB1、高敏C 反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、稳态胰岛素评价指数（HOMA-IR）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平高于对照组（P <0.05）,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平低于对照组（P <0.05）,糖尿病合并脑梗死组患者血清HMGB1、hs-CRP、FBG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、TC、LDL-C 水平高于糖尿病组（P <0.05）,血清HDL-C 水平低于糖尿病组（P <0.05）。糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清HMGB1 与血清hs-CRP、FBG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、TC、LDL-C 水平呈正相关（P <0.05）,与血清HDL-C 水平呈负相关（P <0.05）。多因素分析结果显示,FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、TC、LDL-C 是血清HMGB1 的影响因素（P <0.05）。结论 糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清HMGB1 水平升高,血清HMGB1 与hs-CRP、血糖、血脂指标有关,FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、TC、LDL-C 是血清HMGB1 的影响因素。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.