彩色多普勒超声在小儿部分肝移植血管并发症中的应用

目的：正确评价彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在围手术期小儿部分肝移植血流动力学监测中价值，寻找可靠的方法及早发现肝移植血管并发症。方法：应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对5例小儿部分肝移植病例的受体及供体进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，参照国外文献标准，重点观察受体术后肝血流动力学各参数包括肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果：5例小儿部分肝移植病例，手术顺利，术后CDFI即时发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄1例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，两例血流灌注恢复正常，未发现肝动脉狭窄及血栓。结论：应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，可以确定活体肝移植手术适应症，术中指导手术方式并实时观察血管吻合情况和血流灌注情况，术后及早发现多种并发症，尤其是肝脏血管狭窄及血栓形成等严重并发症，具有较高的敏感性和特意性，提高了手术的成功率和生存率，成为肝移植手术非常关键的检查方法之一。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后血管并发症诊断中的应用

自1963年Starzl实施首例肝移植手术以来,人体肝移植已在世界范围内广泛开展。然而肝移植术后多种血管并发症的发生,仍是影响患者生存及移植肝存活的重要因素。彩色多普勒超声（简称彩超）因其无创、便捷、实时、准确,尤其能观测血管及血流动力学参数的优越性,已成为肝移植术后不可缺少的检查手段。本文就彩超在肝移植术后血管并发症诊断中的应用价值作一综述。     

彩色多普勒超声研究肝移植后门静脉血流动力学变化

目的探讨肝移植术后的门静脉血流动力学变化规律。方法应用灰阶和彩色多普勒超声检测了15例正常人和22例原位肝移植患者术后的肝脏。总结14例无明显并发症原位肝移植患者的门静脉时间平均血流速度（TAV）变化规律和5例肝动脉血栓形成患者及3例门静脉并发症患者的门静脉血流动力学变化。结果①肝移植术后无并发症的患者早期门静脉TAV显著高于对照组，但呈下降趋势，至手术3个月后与对照组差异无显著性意义。②5例肝动脉血栓形成患者的门静脉TAV高于肝移植后同期无并发症的患者。③3例门静脉并发症患者的门静脉血流紊乱。结论肝移植后门静脉TAV逐渐下降，至手术3个月后恢复正常；门静脉血流动力学变化对肝移植后并发症的协助诊断有重要意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植血管并发症中的应用价值

目的 确定彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在肝移植血管并发症中应用价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对26例肝移植病例(7例小儿部分肝移植及19例成人肝移植)进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，重点观察受体术后至少180d内肝血流动力学各项参数及肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果 26例肝移植病例，术后CDFI及时发现肝动脉狭窄(HAS)1例及肝动脉血栓(HAT)1例，经过血管造影证实。发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄2例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，血流灌注恢复正常。结论 应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，对于术后早期发现肝脏血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症具有较高的敏感性和特异性，提高了手术的成功率和患者的生存率。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后监测中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声技术对肝移植术后并发症早期诊断的应用价值。方法对10例肝移植术后患者的监测,观察肝脏及胆道结构,肝脏血管系统、下腔静脉的血流动力学改变。结果肝移植后发生门静脉栓塞1例,胸腔积液7例。结论彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断是一种有效方法。     

超声诊断小儿肝移植术后门静脉并发症的价值

目的探讨超声诊断小儿肝移植术后门静脉并发症的价值。方法对2007年5月至2015年10月武警总医院实施的68例69次小儿肝移植受者术后进行超声多参数监测,评估门静脉并发症。超声测量参数包括:门静脉供受体段、吻合口及狭窄处直径,门静脉狭窄处上方及下方血流速度及脾脏大小。门静脉狭窄判断标准:狭窄直径比值2倍,狭窄处上下方血流速度比值4倍,且脾脏进行性增大;门静脉栓塞判断标准:门静脉管腔内见实性回声,彩色血流充盈缺损或消失。结果 69例次小儿肝移植受者,超声诊断门静脉并发症7例(10.1%,7/69),其中6例经CT血管造影或磁共振血管造影确诊。包括门静脉狭窄6例(8.7%,6/69),1例行球囊扩张术后恢复正常,其余5例经保守治疗后恢复正常;门静脉血栓1例(1.4%,1/69),因急性肝功能衰竭死亡。结论超声多参数测量可明确诊断小儿肝移植术后门静脉并发症。超声检查为小儿肝移植术后首选的影像学检查方法。     

肝胆显像在肝移植术后功能评估中的现状和进展

<正>肝移植是终末期肝病的重要治疗手段之一,但术后功能评估以及并发症的监测仍然是临床工作的难点。与传统的影像学检查方法不同,放射性核素肝胆显像作为一种无创检查手段,可以同时进行移植肝功能、胆系、血流动力学等方面的评估,是较为理想的用于评估肝移植效果的检查方法。本文就放射性核素肝胆显像(hepatobiliary scanning)在肝移植术领域的研究应用进展进行综述。1肝胆系统正常生理显像     

婴儿活体肝移植术后早期的液体管理

目的 探讨婴儿活体肝移植术后早期有效的液体管理方法 .方法 对在2008年1月-2009年3月开展的17例婴儿活体肝移植手术,根据婴儿生理特点及肝移植术后血流动力学特点,手术当日适当控制补液,术后3 d内尽早实现患儿液体负平衡,密切观察病情,监测生命体征、尿量,同时结合实验室检查,及时调整补液的性质和量,维持患儿内环境的稳定.结果有效地维持了17例患儿术后早期血流动力学的稳定,未出现与容量有关的并发症.结论 在保证有效循环血容量和血流动力学稳定的基础上,术后3 d内尽早实现患儿液体负平衡是减少术后并发症和降低病死率的关键.     

原位肝移植术后彩色多普勒超声的特征

目的：探讨原位肝移植术后彩色多普勒血流影像的特征。方法：应用COFI检查了10例正常人和12例原位肝移植术后肝的血流动力学改变。结果：8例肝移植术后经过正常,门静脉、肝动脉、肝静脉的血流术后1－24个月逐渐恢复正常。4例肝移植术后出现并发症。肝动脉血流速度低于28cm/s,血流呈扑动状,同时RI增至0．78,提示肝动脉血栓形成。肝静脉波形变钝呈单项血流并结合临床表现,提示急性排斥反应,须及时在超声引导下肝穿刺活检。结论：彩色多普勒血流影像在肝移植术前后可有效地监测肝血流动力学变化,可早期发现一些致命并发症,为临床及早处理提供准确依据,对保证肝移植成功有重要临床意义。     

超声造影在肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在检测肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用价值。方法对肝移植术后经彩色多普勒血流显像检查疑肝血管血流异常患者行超声造影检查，观察肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉及肝实质的血流灌注，对其中29例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）或CT血管造影（CTA）／MR血管造影（MRA）证实的病例进行分析。结果术后血管源性并发症患者28例，其中肝动脉狭窄22例，肝动脉血栓闭塞3例（肝动脉血栓闭塞合并肝梗死2例），门静脉狭窄2例，下腔静脉狭窄1例，另1例为肝门部血肿并肝动脉、门静脉受压狭窄。超声造影可明确诊断肝动脉血栓闭塞，显示肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄，与DSA或CTA／MRA结果符合率分别为100％（3／3）、90．9％（20／22）、100％（2／2）及100％（1／1）。结论超声造影对肝移植术后血管源性并发症的诊断具有较高的准确率，对指导临床诊断及治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Current status and perspective of pediatric liver transplantation in Japan

In Japan, the annual number of pediatric liver transplantation (LT) has been stable around 140 in the last few years. Almost all of them are from living donors. Three fourth are indicated for cholestatic liver diseases, mainly biliary atresia. One year patient survival rate after pediatric LT in Japan is 85 %. In comparison to other indications, patient survival of the infants with fulminant hepatic failure is quite poor. Weaning protocol of immunosuppression in pediatric LT in Japan is going in many institutions, and has succeeded to obtain some number of recipients with complete tolerance. More attenuated immunosuppresion and intimate monitoring for EB virus infection using the real-time PCR has been effective to decrease the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.     

Complex liver retransplantation to treat graft loss due to long-term biliary tract complication after liver transplantation: A case report

BACKGROUND Loss of graft function after liver transplantation(LT) inevitably requires liver retransplant. Retransplantation of the liver(Re LT) remains controversial because of inferior outcomes compared with the primary orthotopic LT(OLT).Meanwhile, if accompanied by vascular complications such as arterial and portal vein(PV) stenosis or thrombosis, it will increase difficulties of surgery. We hereby introduce our center’s experience in Re LT through a complicated case of ReLT.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient who suffered from hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis and underwent LT in December 2012. Early postoperative recovery was uneventful.Four months after LT, the patient’s bilirubin increased significantly and he was diagnosed with an ischemic-type biliary lesion caused by hepatic artery occlusion. The patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage and repeatedly replaced intrahepatic biliary drainage tube regularly for 5 years.The patient developed progressive deterioration of liver function and underwent liver re-transplant in January 2019. The operation was performed in a classic OLT manner without venous bypass. Both the hepatic artery and PV were occluded and could not be used for anastomosis. The donor PV was anastomosed with the recipient’s left renal vein. The donor hepatic artery was connected to the recipient’s abdominal aorta. The bile duct reconstruction was performed in an end-to-end manner. The postoperative process was very uneventful and the patient was discharged 1 mo after retransplantation.CONCLUSION With the development of surgical techniques, portal thrombosis and arterial occlusion are no longer contraindications for ReLT.     

Perspectives of pediatric liver and kidney transplantation in Japan

In Japan, around one hundred and thirty pediatric living donor liver transplantations (LDLT) have been done every year, while cadaveric transplants are only 11 in the past 10 years. The indication has been extended to newborn babies as small as 2.5 kg of body weight. Five-year patient-survival of pediatric LDLT in Japan is 84.4%. Seventy pediatric kidney transplantations were done in 2008, 59 from living and 11 from cadaveric donors. Ten-year graft survival is improving in recent cases, and it is 79.4% in cases done after 1992. Living donor kidney transplantation has been possible in children as small as 7 or 8 kg of body weight. With such a technical success, discussion to enhance the preemptive renal transplantation has been started in Japan.     

Heart and lung transplantation in children--current status and perspectives

In fact, pediatric organ donation and transplantation give a significant benefit to diseased children and their parents. During recent 3 years, the number of reported pediatric heart transplantation (HT) has remaining unchanged at -450/year, and the number of lung transplantation (LT) was reported around 90/year in the registry of ISHLT. The prognosis is not so different from that of adults, fifty % in LT and 75% in HT at 5 years. Dilated cardiomyopathy in HT and pulmonary arterial hypertension in LT are the most common diseases of indications. Important issues for all pediatricians include availability, and access to donor organ. The warm heart with gift of life or organ donation surely cure children suffered from intractable heart and lung diseases.     

Increasing use of therapeutic apheresis as a liver-saving modality

Introduction

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is used for temporary support of liver function in patients presenting with early graft dysfunction after liver transplantation (LT) or liver surgery. We analyzed the effect of therapeutic apheresis on patients with liver disease.

Liver transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) had been started for pediatric patients since 1989, and indication of LDLT has been expanded to adult patients in concomitance with overcoming small-for-size graft. Recently, around 500 cases of LDLT have been performed annually, and outcome of pediatric patients after LDLT has been improved with more than 90% of patient survival rate. Deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) also had been started since 1999, however, annual number of DDLT remained less than 10 cases. Therefore, condition of liver transplantation in Japan is quite unique, which consist of more than 98% of LDLT and less than 2% of DDLT. Law of organ transplantation had been modified in July 2010, which had been changed to world standard one.     

小口径生物型人工血管移植后的血管壁重构

背景：人工血管相对人体血管最大的优势就是来源丰富,经过生物化改造的人工血管,其特性更接近人体血管,移植后自体化程度也较高。目的：观察新型小口径生物型人造血管移植后1.5年内不同时期实验犬的生存、生活状况,移植材料的组织相容性、移植血管壁重构的组织病理学变化。方法：以猪血管为基材,经交联固定,多方位去抗原,共价结合肝素,以及偶联可黏附、富集生长因子的特定多肽等系列生化处理而制成的一种高抗凝的人造血管,管径3.5～4.5mm。建立犬颈总动脉-人造血管端端连续缝合的动物模型,1.5年内不同时期切取标本,做病理组织学检查。结果与结论：切取标本发现,移植血管与周围组织粘连少、疏松。病理组织学检查：移植后8周,镜下开始发现宿主组织通过人造血管孔隙长入血管腔内参与移植血管新内膜的形成,移植后12周,镜下于吻合口处,可见新内膜表面有不连续的内皮细胞生长,移植后6个月,通畅的人造血管整段管腔内面均可见内皮细胞生长。移植后12个月,移植血管管壁VG染色尚可见支架层内有大量胶原纤维和毛细血管生长,原先的支架结构已部分被宿主血管壁组织取代。移植后18个月,原先的支架结构已大部分被宿主血管壁组织取代。说明新型小口径生物型人造血管新内膜形成早且完整,自然内皮化相对满意,血管壁重构和血管支架的再生能力强,生物相容和稳定性好。     

Association of tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms and prolonged mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass surgery

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged mechanical ventilation is a common complication after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is an important proinflammatory mediator in the post-coronary artery bypass graft inflammatory cascade. We attempted to study the effect of polymorphisms at the -308 site in the promoter region of the tumor necrosis factor gene (TNF-308) and the +250 site within the lymphotoxin-alpha gene (LT alpha+250) on the risk of prolonged mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass grafting. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: A total of 400 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled. MEASUREMENTS: The primary end point was time to extubate. Secondary end points were the percentages of patients extubated at 8, 24, and 48 hrs; the length of intensive care unit and hospital stay; the need for a rehabilitation facility; and 30-day mortality. Precollected blood was used for gene analysis. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. MAIN RESULTS: Patients with an AA genotype at the LT alpha+250 site and those without the LT alpha+250G/-308TNFG haplotype had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (11.5 vs. 27.8 hrs and 11.2 vs. 29.4 hrs; =.039 and.01, respectively). The risk of prolonged mechanical ventilation at 8, 24, and 48 hrs was higher for patients with a GA or GG genotype at the LT alpha+250 site and the LT alpha+250G/TNF-308G haplotype. This association between genotype and duration of mechanical ventilation was more dramatic in patients undergoing conventional coronary artery bypass grafting than in those undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. With Bayesian analysis, clinical criteria and genotype can be used sequentially to predict the risk of prolonged mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: The LT alpha+250 and LT alpha+250G/TNF-308G haplotypes are associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass graft. Preoperative genetic screening may guide intraoperative management to reduce postoperative complications.     

The impact of adverse patient occurrences on hospital costs in the pediatric intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of adverse patient occurrences defined as airway complication (AC), vascular complication (VC), and infectious complication (IC) on intensive care unit (ICU) costs and length of stay (LOS). DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study SETTING: An urban, tertiary care children's hospital in Philadelphia, PA. PATIENTS: All children admitted to a multidisciplinary pediatric ICU during the fiscal year 1994. INTERVENTIONS: None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Demographic data, diagnoses, Pediatric Risk of Mortality scores, LOS, and deaths were recorded. Hospital charges were converted into costs by using cost-to-charge ratios. There were 23 AC, 35 VC, and 40 IC events. Multiple regression in models adjusting for age, Pediatric Risk of Mortality score, mortality, chronic disease, and diagnosis by using AC, VC, and IC indicator variables was performed on the dependent variables of LOS and total costs. IC was associated with an increase in total costs of $50,361.89 (p < .001), an increased LOS of 15.6 days (p < .001), and no significant increase in daily costs. There were no significant increases in costs or LOS seen with the AC and VC variables. In a matched analysis, the total costs attributable to IC averaged $32,040 per patient. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of complications in the pediatric ICU is associated with meaningful increases in LOS and hospital costs. ICs are more important predictors of costs than ACs or VCs. Continuing efforts should be made to minimize adverse occurrences to improve patient care and reduce costs.     

小口径生物型人工血管移植后的血管内皮再生

背景:经过生物化改造的人工血管特性更接近人体血管,移植后自体化程度也较高,但人工血管的内皮再生是解决血管长期通畅的关键。目的:观察新型小口径生物型人造血管移植后不同时期移植材料的组织相容性及移植血管壁内膜再生的组织病理学变化。方法:建立犬颈总动脉-人造血管端端连续缝合的动物模型。结果与结论:①光镜:移植后12周于吻合口处见新内膜表面有不连续的内皮细胞生长;移植后6个月通畅的整段管腔内面均可见内皮细胞生长;移植后1.5年管腔通畅,部分内膜组织呈慢性炎症表现。②电镜:移植后12周新生血管内皮细胞排列规则,从吻合口向移植血管中段爬行;移植后6个月内皮细胞从吻合口向移植血管中段爬行,移植血管中段呈跳跃式片状生长的内皮细胞群落,细胞排列更致密,形态更接近成熟血管内皮细胞;移植后1.5年整段血管内壁均有致密内皮细胞覆盖,部分内膜组织呈慢性炎症表现。说明新型小口径生物型人造血管新生内皮形成早,血管内膜重构能力强,生物相容和稳定性好。