肾后肾腺瘤1例

患者女性,34岁。体检发现右肾占位。查体:双侧脊肋角平坦、双肾区无叩压痛,未触及包块,双输尿管走行区无压痛,耻骨上膀胱不充盈,未触及包块。B超示右肾下极实质性占位,大小1·7 cm×1·8 cm。CT示右肾下极占位,肾癌可能性大。MRI示右肾下极新生物,错构瘤可能性大。行右肾占位切除手术。病理检查巨检:右肾中、下极外侧肿块,边界清,与周围肾组织易分离,肿块呈椭圆形,直径2 cm,包膜完整,切面呈灰黄色,质地中等、均匀细腻,无坏死,见少量出血。镜检:肿瘤由均匀一致的小细胞构成,瘤细胞大多形成肾小管样结构,偶见乳头内折形成似肾小球样结构(图…     

异位肾、游离肾及正常肾误诊3例

1病历摘要 例1:女,21岁,已婚,未育.体检B超发现子宫右侧缘见一约186 mm×51.2 mm包块,呈无回声暗区,形状呈圆形,内有线样分隔带,壁薄光滑.考虑为附件包块:卵巢囊肿可能.     

肾脂肪瘤

肾脂肪瘤文献报告甚少,我院遇到两例,现报告如下。 例1、女,50岁,因右侧腰部胀痛一年入院。一年前始感右上腹部及右腰部持续性胀痛,无其他症状。4月前胸片发现右膈升高而行肝扫描,疑为下部占位病变;排泄性尿路造影显示右肾下盏有压迹;CT报告为肾良性肿瘤,8.6×10.7×14.0cm,以脂肪为主,CT值为—104Hu(图1见插页);尿检(一)。体查:腹壁脂肪丰满,右肾下极可扪及圆     

氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾血管性高血压

肾血管性高血压(RVH)是最常见的可以治愈的继发性高血压,因此对它的早期诊断具有重要的临床意义,目前对RVH的诊断方法较多,但各种方法都有不同的优缺点.氯沙坦肾显像是一种较新的诊断RVH的无创伤性方法,具有一定的灵敏度和准确性.     

肾部分切除术治疗肾石

尿石症是较常见的疾病。本病除引起疼痛,血尿等症状外,还会梗阻尿流,引起肾积水,併发感染,并损害肾功能。我国医务工作者遵照伟大领袖毛主席关于“中国医药学是一个伟大的宝库,应当努力发掘,加以提高”的     

肾皮质及肾周围脓肿

肾皮质及肾周围脓肿都是肾脏的外科非特异性感染。近年来尽管在诊断及治疗上有很大的进展,但仍常为临床医生误诊。肾周围脓肿起病与病程是隐匿性的,易于与腹腔内、神经系、骨科及下尿路疾患相混淆。肾皮质脓肿症状无特异性,不易做出诊断,近年来由于抗生素的广泛应用,革兰氏阳性杆菌感染获有效控制,耐药的阴性杆菌及霉菌感染出现后,肾皮质脓肿的诊断及治疗出现新的问题。     

小儿异位肾并肾脓肿影像学误诊为肾母细胞瘤

<正>肾脓肿常见临床症状为发热、寒战、腹部疼痛、厌食等,后期可出现尿频、尿急、尿痛等尿路刺激症状;然而儿童肾脓肿临床并不常见,当临床表现不典型时,易误诊为肾脏肿瘤。现回顾分析1例小儿异位肾合并肾脓肿误诊为肾母细胞瘤的病例资料。1病例资料男,月龄5个月。因发热1 d入院。患儿1 d前无明显诱因出现间断发热,体温最高达39.4℃,无咳嗽、呕吐,无抽搐、皮疹,伴精神差,进奶差,就诊当     

腹腔镜下马蹄肾合并肾肿瘤的肾部分切除术可行性分析

目的 探讨并研究马蹄肾合并肾肿瘤的腹腔镜治疗方法、可行性分析及预后评价.方法 2010年10月至2012年5月对2例马蹄肾合并单侧肾脏肿瘤患者行腹腔镜下肾部分切除术,术前经超声和CT检查明确诊断,并根据CT血管重建判断肿瘤血供,手术采用Olympus高清视频采集系统、超声刀、钛夹及其他腹腔镜常用器械共同完成.结果 2例手术均获得成功,无中转开放.手术时间分别为170 min、140 min（平均155 min）,其中肾动脉阻断时间分别为30 min、24 min（平均27 min）,且均为高选择性阻断.术中出血量约100 ml和200 ml.术后绝对卧床6～7d.2例患者均未出现继发出血、感染等并发症.随访6个月及2年无局部复发及远处转移.结论 对于瘤体体积较小的马蹄肾合并肾肿瘤患者,治疗可选择腹腔镜下肾部分切除术,该术式可充分发挥其创伤小、出血少、恢复快等微创优势.术前通过CT充分估计变异血管和明确肿瘤形态以及术中妥善地选择性阻断肾动脉,是手术治疗的关键所在.     

肾脓肿误诊为肾肿瘤临床分析

目的探讨肾脓肿和肾肿瘤的鉴别诊断要点。方法回顾性分析肾脓肿误诊为肾肿瘤17例的临床资料。结果 17例有腰部疼痛史5例,发热史2例,12例见肉眼血尿;单侧单个发病;患肾侧腰痛5例,发热及肾区不适胀痛各2例,寒战、尿频尿急、膀胱刺激征及腰大肌刺激征阳性各1例;查血白细胞升高14例[(11.2～12.5)×10~9/L],中性粒细胞升高13例(0.732～0.843),尿常规示12例红细胞(+～++++);影像学检查发现肾实质占位性病变。均初步诊断为肾肿瘤,误诊时间1～3个月。1例术前加行超声引导下肿物穿刺细胞学检查确诊为肾脓肿,给予抗感染治疗后肿物消失;16例行手术治疗,经术中及术后病理检查修正诊断为肾脓肿,给予置管引流术及敏感抗生素抗感染治疗后肿物消失。结论当临床遇及影像学检查发现肾实质占位性病变患者,无论是否伴有全身感染症状、影像学表现是否类似肾肿瘤,均应考虑到肾脓肿可能;全面分析临床资料,及时行必要的医技检查,仔细鉴别诊断,必要时行CT引导下肾穿刺细胞学检查,以减少误诊误治。     

马蹄肾合并肾肿瘤4例报告

马蹄肾是先天性肾脏畸形,其并发肾肿瘤临床较为罕见。为提高对马蹄肾合并肾肿瘤的认识和临床诊治水平,本次研究对4例马蹄肾合并肾肿瘤患者的临床资料进行总结回顾并复习相关文献。现报道如下。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.