择期植入动脉支架治疗机械取栓后颅内靶血管残余重度狭窄

目的探讨对机械取栓成功后颅内靶血管残余重度狭窄患者行择期动脉支架植入治疗的可行性。方法对4例成功机械取栓后颅内靶血管残余重度狭窄患者行择期动脉支架植入术。结果取栓术后4例闭塞血管均成功复流,靶血管均残余≥70%的重度狭窄,但可维持稳定前向血流。2例取栓术后72 h内MRI显示脑梗死面积较大,分别于取栓后48天和27天行支架植入;2例脑梗死面积小且神经功能恢复良好,分别于取栓术后12天和4天行支架植入。支架释放后4例血流均通畅,未见并发症,术后90天改良Rankin评分(mRS)均≤2;末次随访时支架位置均良好,血管通畅。结论对于机械取栓成功后靶血管残余重度狭窄,根据取栓后脑梗死面积及神经功能恢复情况择期植入动脉支架是相对安全有效的治疗方案。     

远端通过导管推越技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞

目的 观察将治疗时间窗延长至16 h并以远端通过导管推越(ADVANCE)技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞的效果。方法 回顾性分析60例因大脑中动脉M1段或颈内动脉合并大脑中动脉M1段闭塞(发病至介入治疗动脉穿刺时间≤16 h)而接受数字减影血管造影(DSA)引导下机械取栓治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,其中28例以ADVANCE技术首次取栓(观察组)、32例以血栓抽吸术取栓(对照组),对比组间疗效及并发症。结果 观察组术后血管再通成功率[89.29%(25/28)]与对照组[93.75%(30/32)]差异无统计学意义(P=0.876)。观察组首过效应(FPE)率高于对照组,首次血管再通取栓次数及穿刺至血管开通时间均少于对照组(P均＜0.05)。术后1周美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及术后90天预后良好率组间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。观察组术中血管痉挛发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05),2组颅内出血、远端栓塞、新发梗死及死亡率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 将治疗时间窗延长至16 h,以ADVANCE技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞安全、有效。     

抽吸取栓治疗颈动脉支架成形术后早期支架内血栓的效果分析

目的探讨颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)后早期颈动脉支架内血栓(EST)患者的临床特点与抽吸取栓治疗效果。方法本研究为回顾性病例系列研究。收集2021年1月至2023年9月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院神经外科行颈动脉支架成形术, 术后出现EST的5例患者的临床资料。患者均为男性, 年龄(64.0±11.9)岁(范围:48～77岁);占同时期行颈动脉支架成形术患者的2.0%(5/244)。其中3例患者术前未接受标准双联抗血小板治疗, 1例二磷酸腺酐抑制率不达标;4例置入XACT颈动脉支架, 1例置入Wallstent颈动脉支架。5例CAS术后均存在较高残余狭窄表现, 残余狭窄率为43%～55%。患者均行急诊抽吸取栓治疗, 收集患者围手术期情况、血管再通情况和临床预后。结果患者CAS术后至EST发生的时间间隔为3 h至14 d, 主要临床症状为突发性意识障碍及对侧肢体肌力下降。患者术前均未进行静脉溶栓治疗, 术中均通过抽吸取栓再通血管。4例术中行球囊扩张, 2例应用第2枚支架套叠。术中2例患者出现术中栓子脱落至C2段, 1例栓子使用颅内取栓支架取出, 1例通过导引导管抽吸取出。术后患者脑梗死溶...     

Angiojet机械吸栓治疗在手术相关下肢深静脉血栓患者中的应用及疗效

目的:评价Angiojet机械吸栓治疗手术相关下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者的早期疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2015年9月—2017年1月91例急性DVT(中央或者混合型)患者临床资料,其中30例为手术相关DVT(观察组),61例为非手术相关DVT(对照组),两组患者均首选Angiojet吸栓治疗,后续辅以导管接触性溶栓(CDT)或支架植入,比较两组患者相关临床指标。结果:两组患者术前一般资料无统计学差异(均P0.05)。两组患者支架植入率、支架直径和长度差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),对照组平均溶栓时间明显长于观察组(2.31 d vs. 1.50 d,P0.05)。两组均无大出血事件及死亡、心血管事件等严重并发症发生,对照组和观察组分别出现6例和4例穿刺点出血,及新发2例及1例症状性肺动脉栓塞,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组术后1年通畅率(对照组:88.52%vs.观察组:90.00%)、VRI评分及Villalta评分差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:Angiojet吸栓治疗用于手术相关DVT安全且有效。     

直接抽吸取栓术治疗大脑中动脉M2段闭塞

目的观察直接抽吸取栓术治疗大脑中动脉M2段闭塞的效果。方法回顾性分析8例接受直接抽吸取栓术治疗的大脑中动脉M2段闭塞患者,统计血管再通率及术后24 h颅内出血情况;于术前及术后24 h、14天对患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,术后90天统计改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分,以评价预后。结果 8例(100%)血管均成功再通,无需其他取栓器材和技术补救;术后均未发生症状性颅内出血,3例出现无症状性颅内出血。患者术后24 h、术后14天NIHSS评分逐渐下降。术后90天,8例均达到mRS评分≤2分的良好结局,其中7例达到mRS评分≤1分的优良结局。结论直接抽吸取栓术治疗大脑中动脉M2段闭塞可早期改善患者神经功能,有效性和安全性均良好。     

外科治疗急性动脉栓塞与急性动脉血栓形成疗效分析

目的比较外科治疗急性动脉栓塞与急性动脉血栓形成的疗效。方法回顾性分析58例急性动脉栓塞或急性动脉血栓形成导致的急性下肢缺血病例,所有病例均采用外科手术治疗,其中31例急性动脉栓塞(A组)和9例急性动脉血栓形成(B1组)采用单纯股动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓术,18例急性动脉血栓形成(B2组)采用股动脉切开内膜剥脱+Fogarty导管取栓术。术后随访1 a,比较各组治疗效果和截肢率。结果动脉栓塞组术后治疗成功率及好转率高于动脉血栓形成组(P<0.05),截肢率低于动脉血栓形成组(P<0.05);动脉血栓形成A组术后治疗成功率及好转率低于动脉血栓形成B组(P<0.05),截肢率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论股动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓术治疗急性动脉栓塞疗效较急性动脉血栓形成理想;内膜剥脱+Fogarty导管取栓术治疗下肢动脉血栓形成疗效优于单纯Fogarty导管取栓术,截肢率无明显差别。     

Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术治疗急性下肢动脉缺血的疗效

目的 探讨Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术在治疗急性下肢动脉缺血中的临床应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2007年2月至2011年1月期间笔者所在医院收治的88例（88条肢体）急性下肢动脉缺血患者的临床资料,比较行Fogarty导管取栓术（取栓组）和行Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术（联合组）患者手术前后踝-肱指数（ABI）、足趾血氧饱和度（SO2）及足部皮温的改变情况,并比较2组患者术后的死亡率、截肢率及各并发症发生率。结果 取栓组和联合组患者术后的ABI、足趾SO2及足部皮温与同组术前比较均升高（P＜0.05）;2组患者术前ABI、足趾SO2及足部皮温比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;术后联合组患者的ABI、足趾SO2、足部皮温及其改变值较取栓组均升高 （P＜0.05）。术后取栓组患者的死亡率、截肢率、肌病肾病代谢性综合征（MNMS） 发生率、骨筋膜室综合征发生率及一过性肾功能不全发生率分别为13.04% （6/46）、17.39% （8/46）、26.09% （12/46）、26.09% （12/46）及13.04% （6/46）,联合组分别为4.76% （2/42）、7.14% （3/42）、14.29% （6/42）、9.52% （4/42）及9.52% （4/42）,取栓组各指标均较高（P＜0.05）。结论 Fogarty导管取栓术联合多种微创技术具有手术微创性、治疗有效性等特点,可作为急性下肢动脉缺血的外科治疗方法之一。     

支架植入术对认知功能障碍伴大脑中动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨支架植入术对轻中度认知功能障碍伴单侧大脑中动脉(MCA)M1段重度狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法将28例轻中度认知功能障碍伴单侧MCA M1段重度狭窄患者分为治疗组(n=13,接受支架植入术)及对照组(n=15)。对治疗组术前1周、术后6、12个月及对照组同期进行简易智力状态检查(MMSE)评分、蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)评分及事件相关电位P300检测。对治疗组中5例于术前1周及术后1个月行CT灌注成像(CTP),计算患侧与健侧脑血流量(CBF)和脑血容量(CBV)比值(rCBF和rCBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP)差值(dMTT和dTTP),并进行统计学分析。结果术前1周2组间MMSE、MoCA评分、事件相关电位P300的潜伏期及波幅差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。治疗组术后6、12个月相关评分及指标与对照组同期比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。治疗组中,术前1周、术后6、12个月MMSE、MoCA评分差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),两两比较显示术后12个月MMSE、MoCA评分均高于术前1周(P均0.05),术后6个月MoCA评分高于术前1周(P=0.010)。2组间术前1周事件相关电位P300潜伏期及波幅差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),治疗组术后6、12个月潜伏期均短于对照组同期指标(P均0.01),波幅均大于对照组同期指标(P均0.05)。治疗组术前1周、术后6、12个月潜伏期、波幅差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);与术前1周比较,术后6、12个月潜伏期缩短(P均0.01),波幅增大(P均0.05);与术后6个月比较,术后12个月潜伏期缩短(P=0.010)。治疗组中,有无脑血管病危险因素患者间术前1周、术后6、12个月MMSE、MoCA评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);5例接受CTP检查者术后1个月rCBF高于术前1周(P0.01),rCBV、dMTT及dTTP均低于术前1周(P均0.05)。结论支架植入术可改善轻中度认知功能障碍伴单侧MCA M1段重度狭窄患者脑组织血流灌注,从而改善其认知功能。事件相关电位P300检测指标潜伏期可早于MMSE评分发现认知功能改变。     

急性左下肢深静脉血栓形成合并Cockett综合征的治疗

目的 探讨急性左下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)合并Cockett综合征(CS)的有效治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2004年8月-2008年1月收治16例急性左下肢DVT合并CS的临床资料.16例均行下腔静脉滤器置人术及左下肢股静脉切开取栓术,其中13例患者同时行左髂总静脉PTA及支架置入术,另3例行PTA术,术后均予抗凝,祛聚,溶栓治疗.结果 全组无手术死亡及肺栓塞的发生,14例患者取得了满意的疗效.16例中2例术后第2天再发生左下肢急性血栓形成,予药物抗凝、溶栓、祛聚治疗,出院时肢体肿胀明显好转.随访14例,随访时间1～25个月(平均11个月),2例出现下肢DVT后综合征,余12例左下肢无肿胀,无静脉曲张及色素沉着.结论 急性左下肢DVT并CS行手术取栓加左髂总静脉PTA术及支架置入术可获得满意疗效.     

动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞

目的 探讨动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2007年10月动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞26例患者的临床资料.结果 24例患者成功行动脉取栓联合支架植入术,2例由于动脉管腔完全硬化闭塞而无法行介入手术,成功率为92.3%.有3例同时行对侧髂动脉支架植入术.术后患者症状均有明显改善或消失,围手术期无死亡.踝肱指数(ABI)平均增加0.52.随访时间4～30(平均22)个月.4例患者分别于术后25天、40天及12个月、21个月再次出现下肢缺血症状,给予对症治疗后症状改善.结论 动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞安全、疗效肯定,但应掌握其适应证,远期疗效需进一步观察.     

动脉内机械取栓治疗急性后循环缺血性脑卒中临床效果及预后影响因素

目的探讨机械取栓治疗急性后循环缺血性脑卒中患者的临床效果及预后影响因素。方法对15例急性后循环缺血性脑卒中患者行动脉内机械取栓治疗,统计血管成功再通率,并观察术后24 h内脑出血、脑梗死等不良反应发生情况。术后3个月随访,以改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估患者预后;对比预后良好(mRS评分0～2分)与不良(mRS评分3～6分)患者间基线资料及治疗相关指标的差异。结果对15例患者均成功开通闭塞血管,血管成功再通率100%(15/15)。术后24 h内1例发生脑出血,5例发生大面积脑梗死。术后3个月9例患者预后良好,5例预后不良,1例死亡。与预后不良患者比较,预后良好患者发病至入院时间更短(t=-2.435,P=0.030),入院时后循环Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分(pc-ASPECTS)更高(t=5.925,P0.001),术前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分更低(t=3.053,P=0.009)。结论动脉内机械取栓治疗急性后循环缺血性脑卒中效果好且安全性高;发病至入院时间、术前NIHSS评分及pc-ASPECTS是影响患者预后的因素。     

临床随访观察支架治疗青年卒中合并大脑中动脉狭窄

目的探讨脑血管支架治疗青年卒中合并大脑中动脉狭窄的临床价值。方法回顾性分析37例接受支架治疗的伴大脑中动脉狭窄的青年卒中患者的临床及随访资料。结果支架治疗青年卒中合并大脑中动脉狭窄的技术成功率为100%,残余狭窄率为(6.60士0.71)%。术后中位随访时间为34个月,随访终点事件(再发卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作及死亡)发生率为8.11%(3/37),终点事件致残率为2.70%(1/37)。结论脑血管支架治疗青年卒中合并大脑中动脉狭窄效果确切,且术后再发卒中风险小、致残率低。     

对比直接抽吸一次性取栓与支架取栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的辐射剂量

目的 对比观察直接抽吸一次性取栓（ADAPT）与常规支架取栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的辐射剂量。方法 回顾性分析54例大脑中动脉闭塞患者,按照不同介入治疗方法分为ADAPT组（n=29）和支架组（常规支架取栓,n=25）;比较2组术中透视时间、空气比释动能（AK）、剂量面积乘积（DAP）、摄影序列数和摄影帧数以及上述指标之间的相关性。结果 ADAPT组透视时间、AK、DAP、摄影序列数和摄影帧数均低于支架组（P均<0.05）。ADAPT组25例（25/29,86.21%）、支架组13例（13/25,52.00%）AK值<1.0 Gy,ADAPT组中AK值<1.0 Gy者占比高于支架组（P<0.01）;ADAPT组22例（22/29,75.86%）、支架组11例（11/25,44.00%）DAP值<100 Gy·cm²,ADAPT组中DAP<100 Gy·cm²者占比高于支架组（P=0.01）。透视时间与DAP（r=0.60,P<0.01）、AK（r=0.69,P<0.01）均呈正相关,DAP与AK呈正相关（r=0.81,P<0.01）。结论 ADAPT治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的辐射剂量低于常规支架取栓。     

3D Turbo Spin-echo MRI-based Mechanical Thrombectomy at Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcations

We describe three cases with acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. From the pre-operative MRI, including three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequences using T1WI and T2WI, we assessed both thrombus configuration and arterial anatomy at the MCA bifurcations. For efficient endovascular thrombectomy, we identified the applied MCA segment 2 (M2) branch, in which the main thrombus was buried. Sufficient recanalization after a single pass was achieved and the patients made a marked recovery. Although mechanical thrombectomy for M2 occlusion has not been of proven benefit, the endovascular procedure based on three-dimensional turbo spin-echo imaging is useful for more complete thrombus removal at MCA bifurcations.     

Characteristics and management of ruptured distal middle cerebral artery aneurysms

Summary Objective. Distal middle cerebral artery (dMCA) aneurysms are very rare with a reported frequency of 2–6%. Typically, patients with ruptured distal MCA aneurysms have poor clinical outcomes because often there is both a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and an intracerebral haematoma (ICH). The goals of this study were to identify the characteristics of the distal MCA aneurysms and evaluate the optimal treatment for a good outcome. Methods. The clinical, neuroradiological and operative records of 8 patients with a ruptured distal MCA aneurysm who underwent surgical management were reviewed retrospectively. The outcomes were presented according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Results. The clinical characteristics of the patients with ruptured dMCA aneurysms included the following: (1) a fusiform appearance in five out of eight (63%) patients. (2) Mean aneurysm size of 9.4 mm (range 2–35 mm). (3) The location being M2 (insular segment) in three, M2-3 junction in three, and M3 (opercular segment) in two patients. (4) Brain CT images revealed both SAH and an ICH in six of eight (75%) patients with the mean size of the ICH being 10 cc (range 5–25 cc). (5) Re-bleeding occurred in four out of eight (50%) of patients. All patients underwent early surgical treatment and the procedures used for surgical repair were, clipping in five patients, trapping in two, and trapping with end-to-end bypass surgery in one patient. Clinical outcomes were poor in two patients (death) due to severe brain swelling. Conclusions. In this study, dMCA aneurysms had a fusiform shape and a high re-bleeding rate; if ruptured, there was generally ICH and SAH. A good clinical outcome was associated with adequate control of brain swelling and early surgery to prevent re-bleeding.     

The simple indicator for revascularization of acute middle cerebral artery occlusion using angiogram and ultra-early embolectomy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was: (1) to find a clinical indicator for revascularization of acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion using angiograms of 100 patients examined immediately after onset and treated medically and (2) to investigate 10 ultra-early MCA embolectomies. METHODS: Quantity of collateral circulation, based on time required for conduction of contrast media to the insular portion of the MCA from the anterior cerebral artery, MCA conduction time (MCT) was graded as: Grade 1: In the arterial phase, there was conduction not only to the insular portion of the MCA but also to proximal M2; Grade 2: Conduction to the insular portion was present in late arterial phase; Grade 3: Conduction was present in capillary phase; Grade 4: Conduction was present in venous phase; Grade 5: No conduction was seen. The results of embolectomy are discussed. RESULTS: MCT can predict the extent of resultant low-density area on computed tomographic scan. For Grades 3, 4, or 5, embolectomy could be considered superior to medical treatment, if the low-density area was localized in the basal ganglia or centrum semiovale after surgery. Consequently, embolectomy was effective in four cases recanalized within 6 hours of onset. Except for one Grade 5 case, the remaining nine cases showed neither lethal hemorrhagic infarction nor brain edema. Overall outcome was significantly better than cases treated medically (p < 0.05), but some cases did not recover from hemiparesis due to infarcts in the area of the lenticulostriate arteries. CONCLUSIONS: MCT helps to predict the applicability of revascularization of acute MCA occlusion. Efficacy of embolectomy depends on revascularization within 6 hours of onset. Even after complete MCA flow restoration, infarcts in the area of the lenticulostriate arteries cannot always be prevented.     

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after an Ischemic Attack Due to a Bacterial Middle Cerebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm: Case Report and Literature Review

A 78-year-old woman suffered sudden-onset left hemiparesis. There were no remarkable infectious findings. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a low-intensity area supplied by the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). The diagnosis was cerebral ischemia and she was conservatively treated with hyperosmotic fluids. Two days after the ischemic stroke she suddenly became comatose. CT showed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the basal cistern associated with a right intra-Sylvian and a right frontal subcortical hematoma. Three-dimensional (3D)-CT angiography demonstrated occlusion of the M2 portion of the right MCA. Four days after the ischemic onset she died of brain herniation. Autopsy revealed arterial dissection in the intermediate membrane of the right MCA bifurcation and occlusion of the M2 portion of the thrombosed right MCA. Gram staining showed remarkable bacterial infection in the thrombus. SAH after an ischemic attack due to MCA dissection is extremely rare. We suspect that bacterial infection was involved in the formation of her fragile dissecting aneurysm.     

The Relationship Between Cerebral Blood Flow Velocities and the Amount of Blood Clots in Computed Tomography After Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

127 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were analyzed for the relationship between the amount of blood clots as detected by initial computed tomography (CT) up to 48 hours after SAH and changes of blood flow velocities as measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD). All patients were operated on within 72 hours after SAH. Patients who presented with remarkable brain oedema or with pathological intracranial pressure (ICP) due to mass effects of a haematoma, and who were in a poor neurological condition classified according to Hunt-Hess as grade V were excluded from this study. Serial TCD examination of the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) started within 48 hours after SAH and were performed daily up to three weeks. A statistically significant correlation between blood load designated according to Fisher's grading as group CT I-CT IV and mean flow velocities (MFV) was found in groups CT I, II, and III. High values of MFV in MCA examinations were noted in patients with severe SAH (group CT III)--161 cm/s, and low values in patients without SAH (group CT I)--119 cm/s. Patients with haematocephalus and/or haematoma without a mass effect (group CT IV) had lower blood flow velocities than patients with severe SAH (group CT III) but values were higher than in patients without SAH (group CT I). The number of days for which MFV in the MCA was > 120 cm/s and was statistically (p < 0.05) correlated with the amount of blood clots as observed in the respective CT (in group CT I, II, and III). MFV values in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) were lower than those obtained in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in all groups. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were noted between groups CT I and CT III (first and third week) and between groups CT I and CT IV (third week). If the SAH was extensive in the CT scan, pathological values of MFV > 90 cm/s were observed in ACA, and this was more pronounced in group CT III than in group CT IV. Blood flow velocities obtained via TCD were registered to compare side-to-side differences and particularly high differences were observed in patients with severe SAH. It is concluded that the amount of blood clots in the initial computed tomography after SAH is significantly correlated with cerebral blood flow velocity measurements by TCD.