肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤一例

正患者女,65岁。因"体检发现右肾囊肿2周"入院。CT检查显示右肾大小约7.8 cm×8.8 cm×7.5 cm的低密度影,内见线样分隔;增强后无强化;邻近肾盂、肾盏受压(图1~图4)。在全麻下行腹腔镜右肾探查术。术中见右肾上极与周围严重粘连。右肾上极8.0 cm×9.0 cm×8.0 cm多房囊性肿物,内充满淡绿色清亮液体,囊腔直径0.5~3.0cm,部分囊壁较厚呈厚实性(图5)。术     

巨大肾动脉瘤血管腔内治疗1例

正患者女,27岁,孕6周,因"妊娠1个月发现右侧腹部搏动性包块"入院。体格检查:血压132/66mmHg,右中腹部触及搏动性包块,右肾动脉听诊区未闻及杂音。实验室检查无异常发现。腹部增强CT:右肾动脉一级分支处可见巨大瘤样扩张,动脉期呈高强化,凸向肾实质外,大小约8.4cm×6.1cm(图1A)。CT诊断:右肾动脉动脉瘤(renal artery aneurysm,RAA)。患者行肾动脉造影:右肾上极可见巨大瘤样扩张,其内血流呈湍流,动脉瘤开口位于右肾动脉主干前段动脉分支,该动脉明显增粗与肾动脉主干相仿(图1B),术中以锥形束CT扫描证实RAA位置及供血动脉。造影后患者行动脉瘤腔内栓塞     

肾透明细胞癌胆囊转移一例

患者男性,56岁,因体检发现右肾占位病变12 d于2007年7月入我院.入院行CT检查示右肾下极占位病变,大小约6.8 cm×4.6 cm,CT值28～34 Hu,增强后见不规则强化,CT值159 Hu,肾癌可能性大(图1).     

鼻腔鼻窦恶性蝾螈瘤1例

<正>患者男,18岁,因"左侧鼻腔堵塞伴眼球突出、嗅觉减退及视物成双2个月"入院。查体:左侧鼻腔大量新生物,易出血。实验室检查未见明显异常。头部CT:左侧鼻腔、筛窦、上颌窦、蝶窦、额窦及眼眶内见边界不清等及稍低密度肿块(约4.0 cm×7.0 cm×6.4 cm),邻近骨质破坏,左眼内直肌、视神经及眼球内侧壁受侵(图1A),增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化。头部MRI:上述部位肿块T1WI呈稍低信号,内见斑片状稍高信号(图1B),脂肪抑制T2WI呈高     

手辅助腹腔镜腹膜后脂肪肉瘤切除术1例报告

正1病例简介患者,女性,44岁,3天前开始出现右侧腰腹部疼痛,呈阵发性,伴近半年体重下降约5kg,于当地医院行CT平扫检查提示右腹膜后肿瘤,入院后行B超检查发现右肾下方外侧探及一低回声团块,大小约5.9cm×5.7cm,形态不规则,边界不清,内回声不均,可见强回声光团,行CT强化检查发现腹膜后右肾后外侧不规则形软组织肿块(图1),其内     

肝内异位脾种植超声表现1例

<正>患者男,37岁,2天前体检发现肝内异常占位,外院腹部增强CT未能确诊而转来我院就诊。查体及实验室检查均未见明显异常。腹部二维超声:肝右后叶(S6及S7段)实质内见类圆形等回声结节(图1A),约2.75 cm×2.16 cm,形态规整,边界清晰;CDFI于病灶周边可见少许血流信号。CEUS:肝脏S6段动脉期可见周边结节样强化灶约2.57 cm×2.06 cm,造影剂逐渐向中心填充,门静脉期及延迟期病灶呈高增强,未见明显廓清,实质期扫查全肝     

纤维板层型肝细胞癌1例

患者男, 50岁, 因"体检发现肝占位病变2年余"收住入院。查体:剑突下触及约4 cm包块, 质硬, 边界尚清, 上腹轻度压痛, 无反跳痛及肌紧张。肿瘤标志物:AFP、PIVKA-Ⅱ、CA19-9无升高。影像学检查:超声检查:肝左叶探及一实性不均质回声结节, 大小约5.8 cm×3.3 cm, 形态欠规则, 边界欠清;CT检查:平扫见肝左外叶一片状稍低密度灶, 大小约4.7 cm×4.2 cm×4.0 cm, 与周围肝组织分界欠清。增强扫描动脉期不均匀强化。门静脉期及延迟期进一步强化;MRI检查:T1WI见肝S3团片状稍低信号(图1A), T2WI见肝S3团片状不均匀稍高信号(图1B), DWI见肝S3团片状高信号, ADC见肝S3团片状低信号, 边界清, 内部见轮辐状T1、T2双低信号。增强扫描动脉期肝S3团片状不均匀强化, 其内轮辐状信号无强化(图1C), 门静脉期及延迟期进一步强化, 其内轮辐状信号无强化。全麻下行"腹腔镜下左半肝切除术+胆囊切除术"。术后病理标本见6.5 cm×6.0 cm×5.5 cm类圆形肿瘤, 质地硬, 边界尚清, 呈灰白色, 中央可见到界限不清的星状纤维...     

原发于腹膜的上皮样血管内皮瘤一例

患者男,63岁,因“左腰部疼痛1d”于2011年6月15日入院.查体提示左中上腹包块.CT平扫:左侧腹腔可见巨大不规则块影,边界尚清,密度不均匀.CT值平均:15～33 HU,其内可见点灶高密度影及散在稍高密度影,病灶上缘与胃底部胃壁分界不清(图1A),其周围肠管受压移位.增强:左侧腹腔内巨大肿块,增强后动脉期轻度强化,并可见胃动脉小分支进入,门静脉期及平衡期强化范围扩大,强化程度增高,病灶范围约90 mm×157 mm×184 mm.遂行开腹探查,术中见左中上腹区约21 cm×19 cm×8 cm的质中等肿物,与胃后壁关系密切.     

右侧肾癌合并左侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤一例报告

患者,男,62岁,因体检B超发现左肾上腺肿物合并右肾肿物于2011年11月2日入院.无发热、头晕、腰痛、血尿等症状,既往无高血压、手术病史.血压110/60 mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),查体未见异常.实验室检查未见异常,肾上腺内分泌检查均正常.CT检查示右肾约5.8 cm×5.1 cm大小肿物,动脉期可见不均匀强化,左侧肾上腺区可见一椭圆形多房囊性密度影,大小约5.1cm ×3.6 cm,病变包绕肾动脉,肾静脉受压,增强扫描可见囊壁明显强化,双肾血流灌注正常.     

子宫内膜异位致肾萎缩一例报告

患者,女,45岁.因血尿5年,右腰腹部疼痛2年于2009年9月2日入院.2年前出现右腰腹部疼痛,偶有盗汗,无恶心、尿频、尿急、尿痛,近5年来偶有尿色偏红的病史,按"泌尿系感染"给予抗生素治疗效果不佳,症状反复发作.20年前有刮宫史,近5年有痛经史.查体未见异常.红细胞沉降率22 mm/1 h,血清结核抗体(+).尿常规:蛋白(±),潜血(+++),白细胞(+++).尿查抗酸杆菌(+).B超检查示右肾体积小,结构不清,内可见多发囊性无回声区,不排除结核可能.CT检查:右肾大小约6.0 cm×4.0 cm×3.0 cm,肾下极实质内有一外形不规则、边界不清的低密度病灶,大小约3.0 cm×2.5 cm×2.0 cm;增强扫描示病变内出现多个形态不规则的类圆形无强化类囊性病灶.IVU左肾显影正常,右肾不显影,考虑右肾结核可能性大.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.