不合并房间隔缺损的三房心二例

例 1　女 ,5 8岁。因反复心悸、气促、下肢水肿 6年入院。心脏彩色超声心动图示左心房内有一细隔膜将左心房分为真房腔与副房腔 ,隔膜中间孔裂隙约 18mm,房间隔完整 ,二尖瓣关闭不全 ,左心房侧血流大量反流 ,肺动脉压 5 2 .5 m m Hg(1k Pa=7.5 mm Hg)。诊断为先天性心脏病、三房心、二尖瓣关闭不全、肺动脉高压、心功能 级。例 2　男 ,19岁。自幼发现心脏杂音 ,活动后心悸、气促 2个月入院。胸骨左缘第 2～ 4肋间可扪及收缩期细震颤 ,可闻及连续性杂音 ,周围血管征阳性。心脏彩色超声心动图示左心房内可见由前外侧向后内侧有一条光带分隔…     

三房心的诊断及外科治疗

三房心的诊断及外科治疗苏丕雄柳克晔陈英淳三房心是一种临床上罕见的心脏畸形，因胚胎期肺静脉干未能与固有左心房融合，左心房被异常纤维肌肉隔膜分为与肺静脉相连的副房及与左心耳、二尖瓣口相连的主房［１］。我院从１９９１～１９９５年间共手术治疗８例，报告如下。...     

心包内巨大支气管囊肿误诊三房心1例

病人男，２９岁。心前区闷胀不适感伴咳嗽２个月。查体未见异常。心脏超声探及左心房内隔膜样回声，副房内大量云雾状回声，与真房之间有３ｍｍ的交通口。胸部Ｘ线片示双肺纹理增多，心界向两侧扩大，右心缘双房征。诊断：三房心。１９９７年９月手术。术中见房间沟后方巨...     

三房心外科治疗十例

目的总结三房心的外科治疗经验,以提高手术疗效。方法1994年10月～2006年7月,对10例三房心患者行外科手术治疗,其中完全型9例,部分型1例;9例患者合并的其他心脏畸形,包括房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等均同期矫正。结果9例患者痊愈出院,死亡1例,为三房心＋VSD＋肺动脉高压患者,术中出现低心排血量综合征,经辅助循环275min后出现多器官功能衰竭死亡。随访9例患者,随访时间1.0～12.8年,1例完全型三房心患者术后2年时因原重建的副真房交通口狭窄至0.5cm,原补片垂直于交通口造成压迫,再次手术扩大交通口至3cm,重新进行心包补片修补,术后恢复满意。9例患者随访至今心功能均为级。结论外科手术治疗三房心疗效满意;把握三房心患者的病理解剖特点,有利于制定手术方案,防止或减轻术后低心排血量综合征的发生。     

先天性左心房膨出瘤1例

病人　女 ,5 1岁。左侧肢体偏瘫 12ｄ。查体 :心率 96次 /ｍｉｎ ,心律不齐 ,心尖区闻及 2 /ＶＩ级收缩期杂音 ;Ｘ线胸片示左心房明显膨出达左胸壁 (图 1)。心电图示心房纤颤 ,心肌缺血。超声心动图示左心房侧壁向左膨出成 8ｃｍ×12ｃｍ× 15ｃｍ囊腔 ,囊颈部与房腔交通 ,血液在囊腔内形成湍流进出左心房 ,囊内可见 3 8ｃｍ× 4 0ｃｍ× 6 1ｃｍ巨大血栓 ,另有 1 0ｃｍ× 1 0ｃｍ小血栓在囊颈部随血流飘动 ,二尖瓣轻度反流。诊断为左心房膨出瘤。1999年 3月在中低温体外循环下手术。术中见左心耳明显膨隆似拳头大 ,心耳根部形成囊颈 ,左房…     

孤立性巨大左心耳憩室1例

病儿　男 ,3岁 4个月 ,体重 16kg。咳嗽 2 0d ,发现心脏扩大 10d ,无痰 ,无咯血、气促。查体及生化检查未见明显异常。心电图示左胸导联深长 ,ST变化。X线胸片示肺血一般 ,心影扩大 ,心胸比率 0 75。心脏超声心动图示左心房 (LA)左侧一囊性包块 ,约 4 86cm× 7 10cm ,内有血流与LA相通 ,径口 2 19cm ,双向分流 ,伴少量心包积液 ,诊断为假性左心耳瘤形成 (图1)。心血管造影检查示左心耳极度扩张 ,形成巨大憩室 ,直径6 35cm ,血流呈涡流状 ,心房水平无分流 ,诊断为左心耳巨大憩室。胸部MRI检查示LA前外侧见一巨大瘤样异常信号影 ,6 …     

双源CT评估心房颤动患者左心房及左心耳结构及功能重构

目的探讨应用双源CT评估心房颤动(AF)患者左心房及左心耳结构及功能改变,分析其与左心耳血栓形成的关系。方法回顾性分析84例AF患者(AF组)及对照组32例的心脏CT资料,以图像后处理软件测量左心房最大、最小容积(LAVmax、LAVmin)及左心耳最大、最小容积(LAAVmax、LAAVmin),计算左心房射血分数(LAEF)及左心耳射血分数(LAAEF)。根据临床症状将AF组患者分为阵发性AF亚组及持续性AF亚组,又根据是否存在左心耳血栓或"血栓前状态"分为AF左心耳血栓阳性亚组及阴性亚组,对左心房及左心耳容积及心功能指标进行统计学分析。结果 AF左心耳血栓两亚组LAVmax、LAVmin、LAAVmax及LAAVmin均明显高于对照组(P均0.05),且AF左心耳阳性亚组LAVmax、LAVmin、LAAVmax及LAAVmin均高于阴性亚组(P均0.01);AF左心耳血栓两亚组LAEF及LAAEF均明显低于对照组(P均0.001),且AF左心耳阳性亚组LAEF及LAAEF均低于阴性亚组(P均0.001)。持续性AF亚组LAEF及LAAEF均明显低于阵发性AF亚组(P均0.01),阵发性AF亚组与持续性AF亚组间LAVmax、LAVmin、LAAVmax及LAAVmin差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。持续性AF亚组左心耳血栓及"血栓前状态"发生率明显高于阵发性AF亚组[72.41%(21/29)vs 14.55%(8/55),χ2=113.46,P0.001]。结论当AF患者存在左心耳血栓或"血栓前状态"时,左心房及心耳结构及功能重构更明显。     

切割球囊治疗完全性肺静脉畸形引流术后肺静脉狭窄1例

病婴女,3.0 kg.生后口唇发绀.经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)0.84.超声心动图示心上型完全性肺静脉畸形引流(TAPVC),动脉导管未闭、房间隔缺损,垂直静脉节段性狭窄,肺动脉压(PAP)55 mmHg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).生后22 h手术,术后恢复顺利.超声心动图示肺静脉共干与左房吻合口流速1.0 m/s,残余房水平分流3 mm.PAP 47mm Hg.术后7个月因肺炎合并心衰再入院,此时体重4.5kg.超声心动图见房水平分流3 mm,肺静脉共干与左房吻合口流速1.8m/s,PAP 50mm Hg.双源CT示左侧肺静脉融合后注入左房,开口2.04 mm.右上肺静脉开口1.37 mm.肺静脉共干与左房吻合口4.07 mm,未见肺静脉弥漫性狭窄.     

心脏CT血管造影三维重建定量左心耳口部周长选择封堵器型号

目的 观察心脏CT血管造影(CTA)三维重建定量左心耳(LAA)口部周长对选择左心耳封堵术(LAAC)治疗房颤(AF)所用封堵器型号的价值。方法 基于术前心脏CTA三维重建、经食管超声心动图(TEE)及术中LAA造影测量94例接受LAAC AF患者LAA口部最大长径,基于心脏CTA三维重建测量LAA口部周长、计算周长衍生直径(PDD)。分析LAA口部参数与植入封堵器型号的相关性及一致性,评估以各种方法所获LAA口部参数预测与实际植入封堵器型号的一致性;以LAA PDD为预测变量、植入封堵器型号为因变量建立线性回归方程。结果 实际植入封堵器型号(真实直径)为(28.95±3.13)mm,周长为(90.90±9.82)mm。心脏CTA、TEE及术中LAA造影所测LAA口部最大长径分别为(24.63±3.17)mm、(24.07±3.19)mm及(23.17±3.25)mm,均与封堵器型号呈正相关(r=0.814、0.691、0.790,P均<0.001);基于心脏CTA所测LAA口部周长为(78.48±10.69)mm, PDD为(24.98±3.40)mm; LAA口部周长与封堵器...     

射频改良迷宫手术治疗二尖瓣病变合并心房颤动

目的总结射频改良迷宫手术治疗二尖瓣病变合并心房颤动(AF)的临床经验。方法 2003年5月至2008年12月我们对122例合并永久性AF的心瓣膜病患者行二尖瓣置换术,同期施行射频改良迷宫手术,其中男31例,女91例;年龄23~65岁(47±10岁)。AF持续时间0.5~32.0年(6.5±5.7年),二尖瓣狭窄57例,二尖瓣关闭不全7例,二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全58例。采用Cardioblate系统(Medtronic公司,单极射频笔、射频能量25~30 W、盐水冲洗速度180~240 ml/h),首先完成右心房迷宫手术,阻断升主动脉以冷晶体或含血心脏停搏液灌注保护心肌,经房间沟或房间隔进入,分别环绕左右肺静脉口做消融线,并从左侧环线向二尖瓣后瓣环及左心耳口做消融线,完成连接左右环线之间的消融。处理左心耳及相应的心瓣膜病变。术后常规使用胺碘酮,定期随访。结果术后围术期死亡4例,其中因多器官功能衰竭死亡2例,机械瓣故障死亡1例,猝死1例。随访115例,失访3例;随访时间1.5~7.0年(4.8±2.6年),随访期间死亡4例,其中猝死3例,机械瓣膜故障1例。87例(78.4%,87/111)患者恢复了窦性心律,22例仍为AF,1例为心房扑动,另1例术后1年需置入永久性起搏器。随访期间(术后0.5~7.0年)患者左心房内径较术前明显缩小(44.90±7.50 mm vs.54.30±10.80 mm,t=10.641,P=0.000)。结论射频改良迷宫手术治疗二尖瓣病变合并AF是相对安全的,但术后心律不稳定、心动过速及AF复发并非罕见,因此对这些患者AF的手术指征应该个体化。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.