三维超声评估胎儿心室壁体积的可行性

目的 探讨三维超声时空相关成像（STIC）及虚拟器官计算机辅助分析（VOCAL）技术评估胎儿心室壁体积的可行性。方法 测量247胎22~32⁺⁶周正常胎儿心室壁体积,采用组内相关系数（ICC）分析观察者内及观察者间一致性。测量14胎心脏异常胎儿数据进行有效性验证。结果 胎儿心脏平均室壁体积与孕周具有良好相关性,左心室壁体积=－6.542+0.339×孕周（r²=0.98）,右心室壁体积=－7.509+0.384×孕周（r²=0.74）。右心室壁体积（ICC=0.994、0.888）及左心室壁体积（ICC=0.995、0.972）的观察者内及观察者间一致性良好。14胎心脏异常胎儿中,6胎心室壁体积发生改变（小于第5或大于第95百分位数）。结论 STIC及VOCAL技术可用于估测胎儿心室壁体积的参考范围,可重复性良好。     

三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析技术评价胎儿胆囊发育

目的 探讨三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析(VOCAL)技术测量不同孕龄胎儿胆囊体积,建立胆囊体积的正常参考值范围,并评价其与孕周的相关性。方法 选择19~40孕周正常胎儿230胎作为研究对象,采用二维超声和三维超声测量胎儿胆囊体积,并观察其重复性和一致性,分析胆囊体积与孕周的相关性。结果 同一操作者和不同操作者应用三维超声的重复性和一致性均优于二维超声。胎儿胆囊体积随孕周增加而增大,回归方程为Y=-0.027+0.104X-0.005X²(r=0.774,P=0.0001)。结论 三维超声VOCAL技术在胎儿胆囊体积测量方面的重复性和一致性优于二维超声,有助于评价胎儿胆囊发育。     

三维超声体积自动测量技术评估肺血减少型先天性心脏病胎儿肺体积变化

目的 采用三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析（VOCAL）技术观察肺血减少型先天性心脏病（CHD-DPBF）对胎儿肺体积发育的影响。方法 收集41胎法洛四联症（TOF）胎儿（TOF组）和110胎正常胎儿（对照组），以二维超声估测胎儿孕周、体质量及心胸比（CTR），以三维超声VOCAL技术测量胎儿肺体积，计算超声肺重比（肺体积与体质量的比值）和肺体积与孕周比值，比较2组间的差异；评估胎儿肺体积与孕周的相关性。结果 TOF组胎儿孕周、估算体质量和肺体积与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05），TOF组胎儿CTR大于对照组（P<0.001），胎儿肺体积与孕周比值及超声肺重比小于对照组（P均<0.05）。TOF组及对照组胎儿肺体积与孕周均呈正相关（r=0.611、0.547，P均<0.001）。结论 CHD-DPBF胎儿超声肺重比及肺体积与孕周比值均低于正常胎儿，提示CHD-DPBF胎儿肺脏发育受到一定程度不良影响。     

比较超声和MRI评估正常胎儿胸廓发育

目的 比较超声和MRI评估正常胎儿胸廓发育的可重复性和一致性。方法 选取30胎正常胎儿,分别以超声和MRI测量胎儿胸廓横径、前后径、面积、胸围、胸廓体积和肺体积,采用组内相关系数（ICC）及Bland-Altman图分析同一医师及不同医师间测量结果的可重复性和一致性,以Pearson相关分析观察超声测量胎儿肺体积、胸廓体积与MRI测量值的相关性。结果 同一医师及不同医师以超声测量胎儿胸廓二维指标的可重复性和一致性均高于MRI,而以MRI测量胎儿胸廓体积和肺体积的可重复性和一致性均高于超声;同一医师以超声测量胎儿胸廓横径的可重复性最高[ICC=0.996 4,95%CI（0.992 5,0.998 3）],且一致性最高[界限宽度－0.004 7±0.057 3,95%CI（－0.026 1,0.016 7）]。超声与MRI测量胎儿肺体积和胸廓体积高度相关（r=0.915、0.957,P均<0.001）。结论 超声和MR均可评估正常胎儿胸廓发育,胎儿胸廓发育的二维指标测量超声优于MRI;三维指标测量MRI优于超声,但两者相关性高。     

三维超声测量胎儿脑干-小脑蚓部夹角和脑干-小脑幕夹角

目的 测量正常胎儿脑干-小脑蚓部夹角(BV角)和脑干-小脑幕夹角(BT角),以定量评估脑干上方小脑蚓部旋转角度和小脑幕插入角度及其与孕周的相关性.方法 应用三维超声容积对比成像技术获取221胎20~37周正常胎儿的小脑蚓部正中矢状切面图像,测量BV角与BT角;并进行重复性检验,分析其与孕周相关性.结果 BV角与BT角测量的可重复性较好,且二者与孕周均无相关(r=-0.39、0.38,P均>0.05);221胎正常胎儿的BV角的正常值范围为1.60°~19.50°,BT角的正常值范围为15.70°~47.80°.结论 BV角和BT角可作为定量衡量脑干上方小脑蚓部旋转角度和小脑幕插入角度的简单、可重复性强的参数;计算二者的正常值范围可进一步为鉴别诊断胎儿颅后窝池畸形提供帮助.     

彩色多普勒超敏血流显像技术显示孕11~13+6周胎儿心脏轴

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超敏血流（HD flow）显像技术在11~13⁺⁶周胎儿心脏轴显像中的价值。方法 采用灰阶超声及彩色多普勒HD flow显像技术对197胎孕11~13⁺⁶周胎儿进行心脏轴显像,比较两种方法对不同孕周胎儿心脏轴的显示率;采用两种方法测量55胎孕13~13⁺⁶周胎儿的心脏轴值,并进行比较。结果 孕11~13⁺⁶周,灰阶超声显像和HD flow显像对心脏轴的显示率分别为67.01%（132/197）、85.28%（168/197）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;孕11~11⁺⁶周,显示率分别为32.39%（23/71）、69.01%（49/71）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;孕12~12⁺⁶周,显示率分别为78.26%（54/69）、92.75%（64/69）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;孕13~13⁺⁶周,两种方法显示率均为96.49%（55/57）。灰阶超声显像和HD flow显像测量心脏轴值分别为（45.34±3.99）°、（43.62±3.33）°,差异有统计学意义（t=7.11,P<0.01）。灰阶超声测得数值离散度较大,HD flow显像测得数值相对集中。结论 与灰阶超声显像相比,彩色多普勒HD flow显像可提高孕11~12⁺⁶周胎儿心脏轴显示率,且可降低13~13⁺⁶周胎儿心脏轴值的测量误差。     

三维超声容积对比成像和断层超声成像技术观察胎儿脊髓栓系

目的 探讨三维超声容积对比成像（VCI）及断层超声成像（TUI）技术观察胎儿脊髓圆锥（CM）所对应的椎体位置、脊髓腰膨大的大小及形态,评估是否存在胎儿脊髓栓系（TC）的价值。方法 记录病例组17胎脊柱区病变或畸形伴TC胎儿的CM末端位置和腰膨大位置,测量脊髓腰膨大处的横径、前后径。并与300胎正常胎儿进行对比分析。结果 随着孕周的增长CM末端位置上升,300胎正常胎儿的CM末端均位于L3或L3以上椎体水平。正常胎儿脊髓腰膨大的横径和前后径均与孕周有较好的线性关系,线性回归方程为：腰膨大横径（mm）=0.677+0.147×孕周（R²=0.836,P<0.05）,腰膨大前后径（mm）=－0.994+0.152×孕周（R²=0.894,P<0.05）。与正常胎儿相应孕周正常值比较,病例组TC胎儿脊髓腰膨大的前后径减小（P=0.002）,横径差异无统计学意义（P=0.082）。结论 通过三维超声VCI及TUI技术对胎儿CM位置进行判定并分析脊髓腰膨大的形态变化,可为TC胎儿的产前诊断提供有价值的参考依据。     

超声测距法定位中晚孕期胎儿脊髓圆锥位置

目的 通过二维和三维超声测量中晚孕期胎儿脊髓圆锥(CM)末端至骶尾部最后一个骨化中心(CS)的距离来定位CM,探索胎儿期CM位置变化的规律。方法 采用二维超声成像及三维超声表面成像检查孕19~34周566名孕妇,测量胎儿CS距离。采用3D容积存储系统存储图像、real-time 3D View软件离线分析,采用组内相关系数(ICC)评价二维与三维超声检测CS距离的一致性。分析胎儿期各孕周CS距离变化规律。结果 共253名二维与三维超声成像测量的CS距离一致性好(ICC=0.974)。CS距离与胎儿孕周呈正相关(r=0.956,P<0.001),线性回归方程为:Y=0.262X-2.508(Y:CS距离,X:孕周)。结论 三维超声表面成像测量CS距离的方法简单有效,适用于临床;CS距离与胎儿GA间的相关性可作为胎儿期CM是否低置的判断标准。     

产前MRI观察孕22~38周胎儿小脑体积变化

目的 探讨孕22~38周胎儿小脑体积变化规律。方法 纳入150胎孕22~38周正常胎儿颅脑MRI资料,经计算机校正处理后测量胎儿小脑横径(TCD)、小脑蚓部上下径(CC)及前后径(AP),手动校正后经计算获得小脑体积(CV)。分析小脑TCD、CC、AP及CV与孕周的相关性,观察不同孕龄胎儿小脑体积变化规律。结果 胎儿TCD、CC、AP及CV均与孕周呈高度正相关(r=0.965、0.917、0.909、0.974,P均＜0.001)。孕22~38周胎儿小脑发育迅速,CV自(1.49±0.17) cm³激增至(17.43±0.91) cm³,平均增长率为15.8%/周,孕22~25周、孕26~30周、孕31~34周及孕35~38周CV相对增长率分别为13.0%/周、19.8%/周、8.3%/周及7.5%/周。结论 孕22~38周胎儿CV发育呈先快后慢模式,其发育速度在不同孕龄存在差异,以孕26~30周增长速度最快。     

早孕期胎儿心脏轴线变化及其临床意义

目的 观察早孕期胎儿心脏轴线的变化规律及其临床意义。方法 对123胎胎龄9~12⁺⁶周正常早孕期胎儿行心脏超声检查,其中18胎接受2次检查,共检查141胎次。另筛选8胎有严重先天性心脏病的胎儿作为对照。上述所有胎儿均经中晚孕期或出生后超声检查进一步确诊。结果 早孕期胎儿心脏轴线：9~9⁺⁶周为32.3°±10.7°（第1组）,10~10⁺⁶周为42.1°±9.6°（第2组）,11~11⁺⁶周为48.3°±8.7°（第3组）,12~12⁺⁶周为49.2°±8.6°（第4组）。除第3组与第4组间差异无统计学意义外（P>0.05）,余两两组间差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。8胎严重先天性心脏病胎儿中,3胎心脏轴线大于正常胎儿心脏轴线第90百分位数,3胎心脏轴线小于正常胎儿第10百分位数。结论 胎龄<9周胎儿心脏轴线相对居中,≥9周时开始较明显向左旋转,妊娠12周时胎儿心脏轴线较恒定。孕13周前超声发现异常心脏轴线有利于早孕期超声诊断先天性心脏病。     

Three‐Dimensional Ultrasonographic Bladder Volume Measurement

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of Virtual Organ Computer‐Aided Analysis (VOCAL; GE Healthcare, Kretztechnik, Zipf, Austria) using the 4 standard rotation steps to measure the bladder volume with 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. Methods. Using the 4 standard rotation steps of VOCAL, 2 independent observers made 3D volume measurement data sets from the urinary bladder (n = 180). Sets of 30, 20, 12, and 6 planes were obtained from the sequential rotations of 6°, 9°, 15°, and 30°, respectively. The internal contours of the bladders were determined manually. Reliability was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland‐Altman plots were generated to examine bias and agreement. One‐way analysis of variance was used to compare bladder volume measurements between the angles. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results. A high degree of reliability was observed between pairs of different rotation angles (ICC, 0.994–0.999). There was good agreement between all pairs of different rotation angles, with percentages of the mean difference ranging from ?0.9% to 1.8%. No significant difference was found for bladder volume measurements by the VOCAL technique with varying rotation steps. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities were high (ICC, 0.994–0.998). Conclusions. Urinary bladder volume measurement by the VOCAL technique using different rotation steps is highly reliable. A plane rotation of 30° produces the fastest result.     

Between-Day Reliability of Scapular Locator for Measuring Scapular Position During Arm Elevation in Asymptomatic Participants

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the between-day reliability of the scapular locator for measuring scapular rotations during arm elevation in patients without shoulder pain/conditions/disorders.MethodsTwenty-three asymptomatic individuals were measured during 2 sessions separated by 24 hours. One observer measured scapular position with a scapular locator while participants held their arms at 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° elevation in the scapular plane. Three trials were performed for each arm position.ResultsAt 30°, between-day intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for all scapular rotations were poor (ICC 0.10-0.40). At higher arm elevations (60°, 90°, and 120°), ICCs ranged from 0.73 to 0.93 for scapular upward rotation, 0.80 to 0.87 for posterior tilt, and 0.37 to 0.62 for scapular internal rotation. For all scapular rotations, the standard error of measurement was less than 6°, and the smallest detectable difference ranged from 11° to 18°.ConclusionThe findings indicate good to excellent reliability for measuring scapular upward/downward rotation and anterior/posterior tilt between 60° and 120° of shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. However, low reliability was found for all scapular rotations at 30° elevation, and for scapular internal rotation at higher arm elevation.     

实时剪切波弹性成像测量胸锁乳突肌杨氏模量时声束平面与肌束不同角度对测量值的影响

目的 探讨应用实时剪切波成像测量胸锁乳突肌杨氏模量值时声束平面与肌束不同角度对测量值的影响。方法 选取210名健康志愿者,按年龄分为青年组（20~39岁）、中年组（40~59岁）和老年组（≥60）3组;同时按性别分为男性组和女性组。采用Supersonic Imagine AixPlorer型Shear Wave^TM实时剪切波弹性成像超声诊断仪,测量声束平面与肌束成不同角度（0°、30°、60°、90°）时的杨氏模量值;对不同组别杨氏模量值进行统计学分析。结果 0°、30°、60°、90°时的杨氏模量值分别为（27.54±1.46）kPa、（14.87±3.05）kPa、（11.27±2.12）kPa、（9.33±1.94）kPa,两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;不同性别和年龄组间杨氏模量值差异均无统计学意义。结论 胸锁乳突肌杨氏模量值受声束平面与肌束角度的影响,但不受性别和年龄的影响。     

基于深度学习构建模型识别下肢全长正位X线片中的下肢力线关键点及自动测量关键角度

目的 基于深度学习（DL）方法构建自动测量下肢全长正位X线片关键角度模型,评估其临床应用价值。方法 回顾性选取634幅下肢全长正位X线片,由5名骨科医师分别标注下肢力线关键点,包括髋关节中心、股骨髁间窝顶点、胫骨髁间嵴中点、股骨内侧和外侧髁最低点、胫骨内侧和外侧平台最低点、距骨宽度中点,并建立数据集。采用高分辨率网络（HRNet）进行迁移学习,构建自动检测关键点模型,以5折交叉验证筛选最优模型,确定关键点坐标后,通过余弦定律计算关键角度机械股骨远端外侧角（mLDFA）、胫骨近端内侧角（MPTA）、股骨胫骨关节线夹角（JLCA）及髋-膝-踝角（HKA）,实现自动测量关键角度,并以关键点自动检测模型和通过余弦定律计算所得关键角度共同构建自动测量关键角度模型。随机选取50幅图像,由另3名骨科医师手动测量上述关键角度,评估自动测量关键角度模型与医师测量结果的一致性。结果 3名骨科医师所测mLDFA、MPTA、JLCA及HKA的均值分别为（88.50±2.59）°、（86.41±2.25）°、（2.90±2.27）°及（174.62±3.97）°;自动测量关键角度模型所获结果分别为（88.48±2.60）°、（86.52±2.57）°、（3.11±2.41）°及（174.53±3.99）°,与医师测量结果的一致性较好（ICC=0.897、0.888、0.826、0.996）。结论 所构建的自动测量下肢全长正位X线片关键角度模型有助于识别骨科关键点和测量关键角度。     

Evaluation of the agreement between 3-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for fetal lung volume measurement.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for lung volumetry in fetuses with and without abnormalities associated with lung hypoplasia. METHODS: Fifty-nine singleton pregnancies were evaluated. Cases were separated into groups 1 and 2, according to the presence or absence of malformations associated with lung hypoplasia, respectively. Fetal lung volume was calculated by the Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis (VOCAL) program of the 3DUS and the MRI. In both groups, measurements performed with all VOCAL angles were compared among themselves and with those obtained by MRI. Bland-Altman tests and analysis of variance were used for this purpose. RESULTS: In groups 1 and 2, the mean lung volume obtained with each rotation angle of the VOCAL technique was significantly smaller than the mean volume calculated by MRI (P < .001), and the mean volume obtained with the 30 degrees rotation step was significantly smaller than those obtained with the other rotation steps of the VOCAL technique. Bland-Altman tests confirmed this underestimation and showed a broad 95% confidence interval when the VOCAL angles were compared with those of MRI and when the 30 degrees rotation step was compared with the other VOCAL steps. CONCLUSIONS: There was a substantial discrepancy between 3DUS and MRI and between the 30 degrees rotation step of the VOCAL technique and the other rotation angles, for lung volume measurement in fetuses with and without abnormalities associated with lung hypoplasia.     

Interaction of scapular dyskinesis with hand dominance on three-dimensional scapular kinematics

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of scapular dyskinesis and its interaction with hand dominance and humerothoracic angles on three-dimensional scapular kinematics in asymptomatic individuals in all planes of arm motion.MethodsForty-five asymptomatic participants, seventeen men and twenty-eight women, were separated into two groups: with (n = 22) and without scapular dyskinesis (n = 23) according to the Yes/No classification. Scapular kinematic data of dominant and non-dominant sides in both groups were measured with an electromagnetic tracking device during arm elevation and lowering phases in scapular, frontal and sagittal planes. A linear mixed model of covariance adjusted for age and BMI was used, which included hand dominance (dominant and non-dominant), group (with and without scapular dyskinesis), angles (30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°), and the interaction effect (group × hand dominance × humerothoracic angle).ResultsThere was a significant interaction effect on scapular anterior tilt and upward rotation in the sagittal plane, and for internal rotation and anterior tilt in the frontal and scapular planes. The effects of hand dominance on three-dimensional scapular kinematics, as increased anterior tilt, internal rotation and upward rotation, were greater in individuals without scapular dyskinesis.ConclusionThe effects of dominant side as increased upward rotation, internal rotation, and anterior tilt at higher humerothoracic angles for all planes of arm motion, were greater in individuals without scapular dyskinesis. Our findings may assist the scapular assessment which in individuals without scapular dyskinesis, bilaterally, possible between side differences in the scapular motions may be related to a dominance effect.