超声引导下闭合复位微创固定治疗掌指骨骨折

目的 探讨高频超声引导掌指骨骨折闭合复位微创固定治疗的价值。方法 选取26例急性期掌指骨骨折患者,随机分为试验组及对照组,每组13例。对试验组采用超声引导下闭合复位固定,对照组采用C形臂X线透视辅助下复位固定。对2组进行随访,观察疗效。结果 试验组骨折闭合复位成功率为76.92%（10/13）,对照组成功率为84.62%（11/13）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0,P=1.00）。试验组术中平均C形臂投照次数为（0.62±1.19）次,对照组为（3.46±0.78）次,差异有统计学意义（t=-7.21,P<0.01）。试验组骨折平均愈合时间为（5.45±0.64）周,对照组为（5.71±0.78）周;试验组手指总主动活动度（TAM）优良率为84.62%（11/13）,对照组为92.31%（12/13）;试验组平均握力为（32.22±2.44）kg;对照组为（34.11±2.74）kg,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 高频超声引导掌指骨骨折闭合复位微创治疗疗效可靠且可减少X线辐射。     

腹腔镜超声联合CT三维重建引导腹腔镜肝切除术

目的 观察腹腔镜超声（LUS）联合CT三维重建引导腹腔镜肝切除术（LH）的价值。方法 回顾性分析78例接受LH的肝细胞癌（HCC）患者,根据是否接受术前CT三维重建及LUS分为观察组（n=46）或对照组（n=32）;比较组间临床资料、围手术期资料及预后。结果 组间临床资料差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,而肿瘤主体所在肝段、切除方式、肿瘤切缘、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症分级及发生率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。随访期间观察组死亡15例,对照组死亡14例;组间无瘤生存率差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.210,P=0.040）。结论 LUS联合CT三维重建用于引导LH可降低术中损伤和并发症发生率、提高HCC 患者无瘤生存率。     

不同影像学检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者甲状旁腺病灶的定位诊断价值

目的 探讨不同影像学检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理学检查证实的109例PHPT患者的临床资料,将其超声、MRI、CT、⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查定位诊断结果与手术后病理学结果比较分析。结果 109例PHPT中,甲状旁腺癌11例（11/109,10.09%）,增生16例（16/109,14.67%）,甲状旁腺瘤82例（82/109,75.23%）,包括单发病灶74例（74/109,67.89%）,双侧腺瘤8例（8/109,7.34%）。腺瘤、增生、腺癌组病灶发生部位的差异有统计学意义（χ²=36.151,P<0.001）。⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI、MRI、CT、超声术前检查定位的准确率分别为83.50%（81/97）、72.22%（13/18）、68.51%（37/54）、67.67%（67/99）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=4.826,P=0.185）;超声明显低于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查（χ²=6.638, P=0.001）,CT明显低于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查（χ²=4.562,P=0.033）,CT与MRI的定位诊断准确率差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.153,P=0.283）。对于术后病理诊断直径<1 cm的病变,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI、超声、CT、MRI术前检查定位的准确率分别为77.27%（17/22）、35.00%（7/20）、61.53%（8/13）、66.67%（2/3）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.881,P=0.049）,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI的定位准确率高于超声（χ²=7.664,P=0.006）,但与CT、MRI的差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.154,P=0.175）。结论 对PHPT进行定位诊断时,超声仍是首选检查,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像的诊断价值最高。     

A型主动脉夹层累及冠状动脉超声表现及预后

目的 结合冠状动脉CT血管造影（CTA）结果,分析急性A型主动脉夹层（AAD）累及冠状动脉超声表现及预后。方法 回顾性分析148例因ADD接受Bentall手术患者的临床、冠状动脉CTA及超声心动图资料,根据AAD是否累及冠状动脉将分为累及组和未累及组,比较组间临床资料、超声心动图表现及预后差异。结果 148例AAD中,34例累及冠状动脉（34/148,22.97%,累及组）,多累及右冠状动脉（33/34,97.06%）,114例未累及冠状动脉（未累及组）。累及组AAD患者多有高血压病史（28/34,82.35%,χ²=5.52,P=0.02）,其晕厥或肢体障碍发生率高于未累及组（χ²=6.47,P=0.01）。累及组多见左心室壁增厚（23/34,67.65%,χ²=4.692,P=0.030）、左心室壁运动减低（14/34,41.18%,χ²=4.481,P=0.034）,升主动脉内径增宽、左心房增大发生率均低于未累及组（χ²=4.509、6.114,P=0.034、0.013）。围手术期53例患者死亡（53/148,35.81%）,累及组死亡率（13/34,38.24%）与未累及组（40/114,35.09%）差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.113,P=0.737）。累及组心力衰竭发生率（6/13,46.15%）高于未累及组（7/40,17.50%,χ²=4.352,P=0.037）。结论 ADD常累及右冠状动脉,超声心动图多见左心室壁增厚及室壁运动减低;围手术期易发生心力衰竭致死。     

BOLD-MRI评价2型糖尿病患者降血糖治疗前后肾组织氧合状况

目的 采用BOLD-MRI评价糖尿病患者降血糖治疗前后肾组织氧合水平改变情况及其与血糖水平的相关性。方法 对23例2型糖尿病患者（糖尿病组）于降血糖治疗前后及23名健康志愿者（对照组）行肾脏BOLD-MRI,测量肾脏皮、髓质R2^*值,并进行统计学分析。结果 糖尿病组降血糖前、降血糖后及对照组肾皮质的R2^*值均低于肾髓质（P均<0.001）。糖尿病组降血糖前肾髓质R2^*值高于降血糖后和对照组（P均=0.001）,降血糖后肾髓质R2^*值与对照组差异无统计学意义（P=0.941）。糖尿病组降血糖前、降血糖后、对照组间肾皮质R2^*值差异无统计学意义（P=0.572）。糖尿病组肾髓质R2^*值与血糖值呈正相关（r=0.365,P=0.002）,而肾皮质R2^*值与血糖值无明显相关性（r=-0.014,P=0.908）。结论 降血糖治疗可以改善肾髓质的氧合状况;BOLD-MRI可用于评价糖尿病患者降血糖治疗前后肾组织氧含量的变化。     

典迈伦400联合“三低”成像行冠状动脉CT血管造影

目的 探讨采用高浓度对比剂典迈伦400联合Turbo Flash扫描模式行低管电压、低对比剂用量和流率（三低）冠状动脉CT血管造影（CCTA）的可行性。方法 将120例接受CCTA患者随机分为A组（n=60）和B组（n=60）。对试验组采用Turbo Flash扫描模式，以典迈伦400为对比剂，流率4 ml/s，总量28 ml；对照组采用Sequence扫描模式，以碘佛醇320为对比剂，流率5 ml/s，总量40 ml。比较2组图像主观评分、客观评价指标及有效辐射剂量（ED）的差异。结果 试验组右冠状动脉图像噪声（χ²=8.34）及左回旋支图像运动伪影（χ²=5.08）评分均高于对照组（P均<0.05），2组间其余图像主观评分及客观评价差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；试验组ED[（0.47±0.13）mSv]显著低于对照组[（2.86±1.98）mSv]（t=－6.58，P<0.01）。结论 典迈伦400联合Turbo Flash扫描模式行"三低"CCTA可在保证图像质量的同时显著降低ED。     

对比产前超声与MRI诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失及伴发脑中线结构发育异常

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失及伴发脑中线结构发育异常的价值,并与MRI进行对比分析。方法 选取50胎产前超声检查提示透明隔腔消失的胎儿,根据检查方法分为2组,对试验组28胎行产前超声及MR检查,对对照组22胎行单纯超声检查。以引产病理、影像学检查或随访结果为金标准,比较2组之间及试验组内2种检查方法的诊断准确率。结果 试验组超声总体诊断准确率为53.57%（15/28）;MRI修正及明确了13胎（13/28,46.43%）的诊断结果,MR诊断准确率为100%（28/28）,高于超声（χ²=59.740,P<0.001）。对照组超声总体诊断准确率为81.82%（18/22）,低于试验组的MRI修正后的诊断准确率（χ²=19.780,P<0.01）。结论 CSP缺失是胎儿颅内结构异常的重要线索之一;产前超声发现胎儿CSP缺失时,应注意检查中枢神经系统其他结构。MRI是重要的补充检查,有助于提高诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失的准确率及预后评估能力。     

腹股沟管脂肪瘤CT表现

目的 分析腹股沟管脂肪瘤（ICLS）的CT表现。方法 回顾性分析104例ICLS患者的CT影像资料,通过MPR图像观察其影像特征。结果 ICLS主要CT表现为腹股沟管内的脂肪密度影,不与腹腔内脂肪相通。104例ICLS患者中,男性（90/104,86.54%）多于女性（14/104,13.46%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²＝55.538,P＜0.001）。除8例为双侧ICLS外,ICLS左侧病灶（66例）多于右侧（30例）,差异有统计学意义（χ²＝13.500,P＜0.001）。ICLS最大横截面积为（3.89±2.12）cm²,男、女性别间ICLS最大横截面积差异无统计学意义（t=1.038,P=0.302）。结论 ICLS患者男性多于女性,病灶多位于左侧,其CT表现具有一定特征,MPR图像有助于ICLS的诊断。     

99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈SPECT/CT显像对慢性肾病继发甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺病灶的诊断效能

目的 探讨SPECT/CT术前准确定位慢性肾病（CKD）继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（sHPT）患者甲状旁腺病灶的价值。方法 52例甲状旁腺切除术sHPT患者均于术前2周内接受^99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈（⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI）双时相平面显像和延迟相SPECT/CT检查。以病理结果为金标准,计算并比较⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像、SPECT、CT和SPECT/CT术前检出甲状旁腺病灶的灵敏度、特异度和准确率。结果 经手术病理证实,52例共检出172个甲状旁腺病灶,其中甲状旁腺瘤（PM）13个、腺瘤样增生（AH）26个、甲状旁腺增生（PH）133个。⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像、SPECT、CT、SPECT/CT诊断甲状旁腺病灶的灵敏度分别为55.81%（96/172）、70.35%（121/172）、79.65%（137/172）和81.40%（140/172）,特异度分别为92.05%（81/88）、90.91%（80/88）、76.14%（67/88）和93.18%（82/88）,准确率分别为68.08%（177/260）、77.31%（201/260）、78.46%（204/260）和85.38%（222/260）。SPECT/CT的灵敏度明显高于SPECT（χ²=17.053,P<0.001）及⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像（χ²=44.000,P<0.001）,特异度明显高于CT（χ²=10.316,P=0.001）,准确率高于CT（χ²=13.136,P<0.001）、SPECT（χ²=14.815,P<0.001）和⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像（χ²=39.706,P<0.001）。结论 SPECT/CT术前定位诊断sHPT患者甲状旁腺病灶的价值明显优于单一⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像、SPECT或CT。     

18F-FDG PET/CT诊断梗阻性黄疸的价值

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT在梗阻性黄疸病因诊断中的价值。方法 28例梗阻性黄疸患者根据梗阻病因分为良性梗阻组（n=11）和恶性梗阻组（n=17）,对比分析两组患者¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT的显像特征、最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）水平;比较PET/CT、MRI诊断梗阻性黄疸的效能。结果 28例患者中,胆道无或轻度扩张15例（15/28,53.57%）,中-重度扩张13例（13/28,46.42%）。恶性梗阻组中,肝门胆管癌2例、胆总管癌5例、胰头癌6例、壶腹癌4例,其中14例¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像表现为梗阻部位近端高代谢结节。良性梗阻组中,胆道炎性狭窄7例,其中4例合并胆管结石,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像6例表现为相应梗阻部位条片状或结节状轻度代谢增高;自身免疫性胰腺炎4例,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像表现为胰腺多节段性多发条带状或结节状肿大,代谢普遍性增高。恶性梗阻组SUV_max（6.88±2.81）明显高于良性梗阻组SUV_max（4.20±1.70;t=3.143,P<0.05）。¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT、MRI诊断恶性梗阻性黄疸的敏感度为94.12%（16/17）和58.82%（10/17）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.086 5,P=0.043）,特异度为81.82%（9/11）和63.64%（7/11）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.229 2,P=0.632）,准确率为89.29%（25/28）和60.71%（17/28）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.666 7,P=0.031）。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT对梗阻性黄疸的诊断具有重要价值,对临床治疗决策具有重要指导意义。     

活性煅烧骨复合骨水泥修复骨缺损:修复后的血管化及结构变化

目的观察活性煅烧骨(TBC)复合骨水泥(BC)修复骨缺损后的血管化及结构变化。方法将活性TBC和BC复合后植入兔尺骨缺损部位,不同时间行印度墨汁动脉血管灌注及材料断面扫描电镜观察,观察血管生成情况及结构变化。结果墨汁灌注2周时见TBC周围血管形成密集,并向材料中长入,4、8和12周时新生血管逐渐增多,并深入材料中央。电镜观察4周时TBC周围及内部孔隙被胶原纤维束充填,部分胶原矿化。8～12周新生骨组织附于TBC颗粒及BC表面,原孔隙接近消失,TBC颗粒少量降解。结论活性TBC复合BC具有骨诱导作用,新生血管及新生骨组织生成良好,是理想的骨缺损修复材料。     

活性煅烧骨颗粒与骨水泥修复微波灭活后骨缺损

目的探讨活性煅烧骨颗粒和骨水泥复合修复微波灭活后骨缺损的效果.方法用复合材料修复兔右侧股骨中段微波灭活后的骨缺损,左侧单纯植入骨水泥做对照.分别于术后不同时间行X-射线照相、99mTc-MDP骨扫描、组织学观察.结果4周开始形成骨痂,12周骨痂最丰富,24周复合材料与宿主骨边缘模糊,边缘部分的煅烧骨颗粒被新生骨替代,并与宿主骨融合.结论活性煅烧骨颗粒和骨水泥复合易塑形,能修复骨肿瘤微波灭活后的骨缺损.     

理想的骨缺损修复材料研究- - 首次将提取牛煅烧骨形态发生蛋白骨水泥复合材料的成骨诱导活性报告

目的探讨煅烧骨粒、骨形态发生蛋白(bBMP)及骨水泥复合材料的成骨诱导活性.方法小鼠股部肌袋内植入复合材料,不同时间取材HE染色观察复合材料的异位诱导成骨活性.结果7d时材料外即形成间充质组织包膜,并沿材料不规则裂隙向内部长入;14d间充质组织细胞向软骨细胞分化;21d软骨样组织生成量增多,煅烧骨颗粒部分被新生软骨样组织包裹,间有新骨生成;28d较多量的新骨生成,并可见类似哈佛氏系统样组织,有吸收现象.结论复合材料具有诱导成骨活性,其中的煅烧骨颗粒能降解.     

骨髓抽吸-活检双标本一步法取材在骨髓转移癌诊断中的应用

本研究旨在探讨骨髓抽吸-活检双标本一步法取材在骨髓转移癌诊断中的价值。对我院46例骨髓转移癌患者采用骨髓抽吸-活检双标本一步法取材,同步分析骨髓穿刺涂片及骨髓活检组织切片结果。结果表明,骨髓抽吸-活检双标本一步法取材成功率95.7%。46例患者中45例(97.8%)骨髓活检组织切片中可观察到多少不等的成团、成簇的转移癌细胞,且可见形态异常改变。骨髓涂片中可观察到癌细胞团者占54.3%。转移癌患者骨髓活检中有不同程度的骨髓纤维组织增生,以轻中度增生为主。除食管癌中骨髓活检诊断阳性率为83.3%外,其余转移癌骨髓活检诊断阳性率为100%。骨髓涂片在卵巢肿瘤、胸椎肿瘤、肺癌、胃癌、乙状结肠癌、食管癌及不明原发灶转移癌中诊断阳性率分别为33.3%、50%、72.2%、60%、50%、33.3%和25%。骨髓活检诊断阳性率高于骨髓涂片。结论:骨髓抽吸-活检双标本一步法取材成功率高;骨髓活检在骨髓转移癌诊断方面优于骨髓涂片,将两者结合同步分析能提高诊断准确率。     

Long-term pamidronate treatment of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone: A case series in young adults

Background: Limited information is available about long-term pamidronate treatment in adults with fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone.Objective: The aim of this case series was to report the clinical outcomes and the biochemical and densitometric findings in a group of young adult patients with polyostotic FD treated for ≥3 years with IV pamidronate.Methods: Pamidronate was administered every 6 months (60 mg/d for 3 days) for 2 years. Thereafter, treatment was individualized. Pamidronate was administered at shorter or longer intervals based on response. Bone pain, radiography, serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity, and urinary C-terminal cross-linking telopep-tide of type I collagen (CTX-I) concentration were assessed for a mean of 7 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) of FD areas (FDas) and contralateral areas (CLas) were measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 months. Data were collected prospectively.Results: Seven patients (5 women, 2 men; mean [SD] age, 31.0 [7.2] years [range, 22-43 years]) were included in the study. Patients received IV pamidronate for a mean of 6.9 years (median, 7.1 years [range, 3.7-10.9 years]). Pamidronate was associated with a reduction in bone pain and a significant reduction in BALP in all patients at the end of follow-up (P < 0.02). The mean reduction from baseline in CTX-I concentration (measured in 3 patients) was 56%; this difference was not significant. Mean BMD values of FDas were significantly increased at 12 months (by 5.9%; P < 0.05) compared with baseline; but was not significantly increased at 24 months (7.3%), probably reflecting a higher dispersion of values due to individual responses to treatment. No significant changes were observed in CLa BMDs. Mean BMD of FDa had a numerically lower decrease of 15.3% compared with CLa at baseline; these decreases with pamidronate were 10.8% at 12 months (P = NS) and 9.3% at 24 months (P < 0.05). Refilling of osteolytic lesions was not observed.Conclusions: These patients with FD of bone treated with IV pamidronate long term had improvement in bone pain and BMD. The effectiveness of individualized pamidronate administration in the long-term treatment of FD in adult patients should be investigated in blinded controlled trials.     

The breast tumor microenvironment: role in cancer development,progression and response to therapy

Introduction: Numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies have provided ample evidence supporting that the tumor microenvironment plays a significant role during breast cancer development, progression and in determining the therapeutic response.

Areas covered: This review focuses on the evolving concept of the microenvironment as the critical participant in each step of the multi-stage process of malignant progression. Currently, only a small number of molecules form part of routine molecular diagnostics in breast caner, but microenvironment-derived biomarkers are potential additions to existing predictive and prognostic marker panels. The authors discuss the dependency of the breast tumor cells on different components of the microenvironment for their survival, dissemination, dormancy and establishment in secondary sites to form overt metastasis, as well as the potential as a therapeutic target to improve breast cancer outcome.

Expert commentary: Despite the importance in the development of breast cancer, the contribution of the microenvironment is not considered in routine diagnostic testing or informing therapeutic decisions. However, introduction of immunotherapy will increasingly require patient selection based on the stromal composition of the primary breast tumor. Better understanding of the role of specific microenvironment-derived molecules is likely to inform personalized therapy, leading to improved patient outcome.     

骨形态发生蛋白复合材料修复兔皮质骨缺损

目的通过磷酸钙骨水泥(CPC)复合同种异体脱钙骨基质颗粒(DBM)及骨形态发生蛋白(bBMP)修复皮质骨缺损,探讨其对骨缺损的修复情况。方法在兔前肢桡骨制作长1cm的骨缺损,填充CPC与复合bBMP异体同种的DBM的复合物,应用大体标本观察、X线摄片、组织学观测、印度墨汁灌注等方法观察其对骨缺损的修复情况,对侧以单纯的CPC做对照。结果第2周开始复合材料组有血管长入,第4周X线片上显示可见、骨痂形成,12周后,复合材料与两端的骨质愈合良好,局部板层骨致密,哈夫氏系统排列整齐。结论磷酸钙骨水泥复合bBMP及同种异体脱钙骨颗粒修复、皮质骨缺损有较好的效果。     

Guiding Patient Decision-Making Regarding Bone Marrow Donation

Primary care providers (PCPs) must have accurate information regarding bone marrow donation to effectively educate patients. Since unrelated bone marrow donors are important sources for individuals requiring bone marrow transplant, providers must understand the donation process in order to facilitate it. How bone marrow donations are used, how to join the registry, the process of donation, and the risks and benefits of donation are described. With the increasing need for bone marrow donation, PCPs who are well-educated on this subject can guide their patients in making the potentially life-saving decision to donate.     

Anatomical sector analysis of load-bearing tibial bone structure during 90-day bed rest and 1-year recovery

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the bone response to long bed rest-related immobility and during subsequent recovery differed at anatomically different sectors of tibial epiphysis and diaphysis. For this study, peripheral quantitative tomographic (pQCT) scans obtained from a previous 90-day 'Long Term Bed Rest' intervention were preprocessed with a new method based on statistical approach and re-analysed sector-wise. The pQCT was performed on 25 young healthy males twice before the bed rest, after the bed rest and after 1-year follow-up. All men underwent a strict bed rest intervention, and in addition, seven of them received pamidronate treatment and nine did flywheel exercises as countermeasures against disuse-related bone loss. Clearly, 3-9% sector-specific losses in trabecular density were observed at the tibial epiphysis on average. Similarly, cortical density decreased in a sector-specific way being the largest at the anterior sector of tibial diaphysis. During recovery, the bed rest-induced bone losses were practically restored and no consistent sector-specific modulation was observed in any subgroup. It is concluded that the sector-specific analysis of bone cross-sections has potential to reveal skeletal responses to various interventions that cannot be inferred from the average analysis of the whole bone cross-section. This approach is considered also useful for evaluating the bone responses from the biomechanical point of view.