乳腺MRI特征及ADC值预测乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类良恶性病变

目的 探讨乳腺MRI特征及ADC值对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类良恶性病变的预测能力，并尝试建立Logistic回归预测模型。方法 收集MRI诊断为BI-RADS 4类病变、并取得病理结果的79例乳腺病变患者（82个病变）。采用单因素二元Logistic回归及两独立样本t检验分析各MRI特征和ADC值鉴别良恶性乳腺病变的统计学意义，并建立多因素Logistic回归预测模型，绘制ROC曲线评价回归模型预测BI-RADS 4类病变良恶性的效能。结果 肿块型病变中，将边缘、内部强化及ADC值纳入Logistic回归预测模型中（P均<0.05，伪R²=0.62），其诊断良恶性乳腺病变的ROC曲线AUC为0.981，敏感度为87.80%，特异度为100%。非肿块型病变中，无预测变量纳入建立Logistic回归预测模型（P均>0.1）。结论 乳腺MRI特征（边缘、内部强化）及ADC值对预测肿块型BI-RADS 4类病变的良恶性具有一定意义；Logistic回归预测模型可有效鉴别BI-RADS 4类肿块型病变性质。     

Logistic回归分析乳腺癌常规超声征象与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系

目的 采用Logistic回归分析乳腺癌常规超声征象与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。方法 收集820例女性乳腺癌共874个乳腺原发病灶的超声声像图,根据发生腋窝淋巴结转移与否分为转移组（n=334）和未转移组（n=540）;对比2组乳腺癌病灶的超声特征（位置、形态、边界、边缘、有无钙化、最大径、纵横比、内部回声、后方回声及Alder血流分级）;采用组间差异有统计学意义的参数建立Logistic回归模型,分析其预测淋巴结转移的价值。结果 转移组与未转移组乳腺癌病理类型及原发病灶最大径、纵横比、内部回声、边界和Adler血流分级差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。根据原发病灶最大径>2 cm、纵横比 ≤ 1、内部回声不均、边界不清及Adler血流Ⅱ~Ⅲ级预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的AUC分别为0.571、0.571、0.512、0.588及0.579;联合以上5个超声特征构建预测模型,以0.407为截断值时,AUC为0.696,大于单一特征（P均<0.05）,且与病理学结果的一致性尚可（Kappa=0.702）。结论 根据乳腺癌常规超声征象构建的Logistic联合模型可预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移;原发病灶最大径>2 cm、纵横比 ≤ 1、内部回声不均匀、边界不清晰及Adler血流Ⅱ~Ⅲ级提示转移风险较高。     

基于灰阶超声的影像组学模型预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗效果

目的 探讨基于灰阶超声的影像组学模型预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗（NACT）效果的应用价值。方法 选取53例乳腺癌患者，根据NACT疗效分为临床应答与临床无应答组，比较二组临床资料及灰阶超声特征。提取基于灰阶超声的乳腺癌影像组学特征，采用Logistic回归分析建立基于上述特征的模型，采用ROC曲线评价模型预测乳腺癌NACT后临床应答的效能。结果 NACT后临床应答组32例、临床无应答组21例，2组间年龄、绝经比例、分期及分子分型差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05），声像图所示病灶最大径、内部回声、钙化、边缘、后方回声、形态差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。共6个影像学特征纳入Logistic回归模型，该模型预测乳腺癌NACT后临床应答的AUC为0.88[95% CI（0.78，0.99）]，敏感度0.88，特异度0.81。结论 基于灰阶超声的影像组学模型对评价乳腺癌NACT效果有一定价值。     

CEUS评估不同大小BI-RADS 4类乳腺病灶恶性风险

目的 探讨CEUS对不同大小乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类乳腺病灶恶性风险的评估价值。方法 回顾性分析经获病理结果的直径≤ 2 cm（n=120）与直径>2 cm（n=63）的BI-RADS 4类乳腺良恶性病灶的CEUS特征,采用二元Logistic回归分析筛选能够预测恶性病灶的CEUS特征参数。结果 直径≤ 2 cm良恶性病灶的CEUS增强形态、增强程度、增强均匀性、灌注模式、滋养血管、增强范围扩大及初始增强速度、消退速度差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,回归分析筛选出增强范围扩大、有滋养血管与BI-RADS 4类乳腺恶性病灶独立相关（P均<0.05）;直径>2 cm良恶性病灶的增强形态、灌注模式、滋养血管、增强范围扩大及初始增强速度差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,回归分析筛出有滋养血管、灌注模式呈向心性、增强范围扩大与BI-RADS 4类乳腺恶性病灶独立相关（P均<0.05）。结论 CEUS能够用于评估BI-RADS 4类不同大小乳腺病灶的恶性风险。     

腮腺多形性腺瘤及腺淋巴瘤的多因素Logistic回归分析

目的 观察腮腺多形性腺瘤及腺淋巴瘤的声像图特征,构建Logistics回归模型鉴别腮腺多形性腺瘤及腺淋巴瘤。方法 回顾性分析第一组患者的超声图像,建立多因素Logistic回归模型,以第二组患者资料验证模型的可行性。结果 经多分类Logistic回归分析,年龄、边界、后方回声3个自变量有助于鉴别多形性腺瘤,以P=0.5为分界,ROC曲线下面积为0.826±0.030(P<0.001)。性别、年龄、无回声区、边界四个自变量有助于鉴别腺淋巴瘤,以P=0.5为分界,ROC曲线下面积为0.969±0.014(P<0.001)。模型预测多形性腺瘤的准确率为56.48%(48/85),敏感度为88.00%(22/25),预测腺淋巴瘤的准确率为58.82%(50/85),敏感度为100%(19/19)。结论 Logistic回归筛选自变量,建立简便、有效的回归模型,对预测腮腺多形性腺瘤及腺淋巴瘤有良好的临床应用价值。     

基于支持向量机多模态超声模型诊断肾疾病

目的 比较基于支持向量机（SVM）和传统Logistic回归法基于常规超声、彩色多普勒超声和弹性成像参数构建的多模态超声模型诊断肾脏疾病的效能。方法 收集94例肾脏疾病患者（肾病组）及无肾脏疾病的对照组患者109名，分别进行常规超声、彩色超声和剪切波弹性检查。采用Logistic回归法和SVM构建模型。利用随机数字法将全部201例患者按照3：1分为2组，以其中153例为训练样本，进行单因素变量判断和建立SVM模型；以50例为验证样本，评价SVM模型的预测效果。结果 Logistic回归方程纳入左肾皮质弹性硬度和右肾宽度。Logistic回归模型预测肾脏疾病的准确率为83.74%，SVM模型为85.10%（χ²=0.21，P=0.65）。结论 多模态超声对于肾脏疾病具有较高诊断效能；SVM和Logistic模型的诊断效能相似。     

MR动态增强图像纹理分析判断乳腺结节良恶性的价值

目的 探讨MR动态增强图像纹理分析鉴别诊断乳腺结节良恶性的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的78例患者共80个乳腺结节的MR动态增强图像,每个结节获得63个纹理特征参数。绘制纹理参数鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺结节的ROC曲线,并与MR乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）的诊断效能比较。结果 78例患者的80个乳腺结节中,纹理参数中灰度游程长不均匀度判断乳腺结节良恶性的AUC值（0.836）最大且诊断准确率高,其诊断恶性乳腺结节的敏感度为82.93%（34/41）、特异度为94.87%（37/39）、准确率为88.75%（71/80）、阳性预测值为94.44%（34/36）、阴性预测值为84.09%（37/44）。MR BI-RADS分类诊断恶性乳腺结节的敏感度为95.12%（39/41）、特异度为87.18%（34/39）、准确率为91.25%（73/80）、阳性预测值为88.63%（39/44）、阴性预测值为94.44%（34/36）。MR BI-RADS分类和纹理分析判断恶性乳腺结节准确率差异无统计学意义（P=0.11）。与单独应用BI-RADS分类比较,两者联合应用可明显提高诊断恶性乳腺结节的特异度（P<0.001）。结论 MR纹理分析可作为传统诊断乳腺良恶性结节的补充。     

多层感知器模型预测纯磨玻璃结节肺腺癌浸润程度

目的 利用CT数据建立预测纯磨玻璃结节（pGGN）肺腺癌浸润程度的多层感知器（MLP）模型，并验证其诊断效能。方法 收集2015年1月—2018年10月393例接受手术治疗并经术后病理证实为肺腺癌或不典型腺瘤样增生（AAH）的pGGN患者（共442枚pGGN）作为训练集，建立MLP模型和二元Logistic回归模型。以2019年6月―8月89例接受手术治疗的pGGN患者（共100枚pGGN）作为验证集，利用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）及模型预测准确率、敏感度及特异度评估其效能。结果 二元Logistic回归模型验证集的AUC、预测准确率、敏感度及特异度分别为0.799、0.820、0.683及0.915，而MLP模型验证集分别为0.869、0.880、0.805及0.932，MLP模型较二元Logistic回归模型绝对净重新分类改善指数（NRI）为6%（Z=3.473、P=0.001）。结论 所建MLP模型对预测表现为pGGN的肺腺癌中的IA具有较高准确率。     

基于临床及常规MRI征象Logistic回归模型列线图诊断胎盘植入

目的 评估基于临床特征及常规MRI征象的Logistic回归模型列线图预测胎盘植入的价值。方法 回顾性分析47例临床疑诊胎盘植入患者,其中18例发生胎盘植入、29例未植入,比较有无胎盘植入患者临床特征及MRI表现差异。采用Logistic回归方法构建预测胎盘植入模型,并制作列线图,绘制校正曲线,评估模型的预测效能。结果 有无胎盘植入患者孕次、剖宫产次数、胎盘位置、胎盘下血管异常差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,而年龄、流产史、阴道流血史、胎盘与子宫肌层分界面中断、胎盘局部膨出及胎盘信号差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。剖宫产次>1及胎盘下血管异常是胎盘植入的独立危险因素,二者联合预测胎盘植入的准确率、灵敏度、特异度、阴性预测值分别为82.98%、77.78%、86.21%、86.21%,均高于单一参数（P均<0.05）;校正曲线显示模型预测胎盘植入概率与实际概率的一致性较好。结论 基于临床特征及常规MRI征象的Logistic回归模型列线图可作为术前预测胎盘植入的辅助工具。     

乳腺假血管瘤样间质增生的超声和X线表现

目的 观察乳腺假血管瘤样间质增生（PASH）超声和乳房X线片表现。方法 纳入51例经病理证实PASH 患者,共54个结节,观察其超声及X线表现。采用Newcombe法评价超声及X线结节检出率的差异。结果 54个乳腺PASH结节中,26个（26/54,48.15%）经超声评价为乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）3类、28个51.85%（28/54）为BI-RADS 4类;其中41个（41/54,75.93%）表现为低回声;31个为椭圆形（31/54,57.41%）;29个（29/54,53.70%）边缘不光整;52个（52/54,96.30%）结节内未见钙化;44个（44/54,81.48%）未见血流信号。30例接受X线检查,15例未见占位,其中3例仅显示腺体密度不对称;12例（12个结节）可见无钙化的高密度影;7个（7/12,58.33%）边缘清晰。超声及X线对乳腺PASH结节的检出率分别为100.00%（54/54）和40.00%（12/30）,95%CI为（26.69%,63.86%）（P<0.05）。结论 乳腺PASH超声及X线表现均缺乏特异性,但超声检出率显著高于X线。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.