骨科感染偶发分枝杆菌的临床案例分析一例

目的偶发分枝杆菌属于快速生长的分枝杆菌,在自然界分布广泛,但其导致的骨科感染病例少见报道,现分析我院骨科感染偶发分枝杆菌病例一例,为临床治疗提供参考。方法回顾分析其实验室检查过程、临床特点及治疗过程,并随访其治疗效果。结果非结核分枝杆菌容易漏诊、误诊,常规细菌培养不易检出,其导致的感染难以控制,且治疗过程较长。结论非结核分枝杆菌导致的感染报道越来越多,但是治疗过程较复杂,治疗时间较长,其分离、培养及鉴定对临床有着极其重要的意义。     

非结核性分枝杆菌肺感染病及肺结核未确诊一例

结核分枝杆菌导致的肺结核是呼吸系统常见病。非结核性分枝杆菌（nontuberculosismycobacteria,NTM）是指结核分枝杆菌和麻风分枝杆菌以外的所有分枝杆菌。NTM是一类环境微生物,为条件致病菌。非结核分枝杆菌病指人类感染NTM并引起相关组织或脏器的病变,全国报道上百例非结核性分枝杆菌病,该病属于罕见病例。     

54例非结核分枝杆菌感染者对二线抗结核药的耐药分析

目的：观察分析非结核分枝杆菌（NTM）的耐药情况。方法收集本院分枝杆菌培养阳性并鉴定为非结核分枝杆菌的病例,并对其药效结果进行分析。结果320例分枝杆菌培养阳性病例中,54例为非结核分枝杆菌,占16.9%,对二线抗结核药物阿米卡星（AK）,卷曲霉素（CPM）,对氨基水杨酸钠（PAS）,莫西沙星（MFX）,左氧氟沙星（LFX）和丙硫异烟胺（TH1321）均有不同程度的耐药,耐药率高达87.0%,且大多数呈现多耐药。结论非结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药呈现耐药现象,故临床用药困难,对临床抗结核治疗效果不佳或疑似NTM肺病的患者应及早做痰培养、菌型鉴定及药物敏感试验并寻求其他有效的治疗方法。     

肝移植术后肺部结核分枝杆菌感染的临床诊治分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后肺部结核分枝杆菌感染的临床表现及诊治策略。方法 收集2018年1月至2021年1月期间在深圳市第三人民医院接受肝移植手术,且术后合并肺部结核分枝杆菌感染的7例病例临床资料,分析其临床表现、影像学特征、诊疗方法及治疗结局。结果 肝移植术后发生结核分枝杆菌感染的时间为术后2.5～48个月,中位时间为12个月,感染部位均在肺部。7例病例中有5例在确诊时无明显临床症状（占比71.4%）,有3例肺部CT有典型结核杆菌感染的影像学表现（占比42.9%）;有5例结核特异抗原检测阳性（占比71.4%）,3例结核分枝杆菌培养阳性（痰液1例,14.3%;肺泡灌洗液2例,28.6%）,2例结核分枝杆菌核酸检测阳性（占比28.6%）。7例病例的抗结核治疗策略有HRZE方案1例,异烟肼单药1例,左氧氟沙星+异烟肼+乙胺丁醇方案1例,莫西沙星+利奈唑胺+乙胺丁醇+异烟肼方案1例,莫西沙星+利奈唑胺方案2例,利福喷丁+异烟肼方案1例。随访2个月～19个月,2例于肝移植术后3个月余死亡,3例肺部结核分枝杆菌感染治愈,2例仍在抗结核治疗中。结论 肝移植术后合并肺部结核分枝杆菌感染临床表现常不典型,诊...     

抗干扰素γ自身抗体综合征导致哥伦比亚分枝杆菌播散性感染一例

目的探讨抗干扰素(IFN)γ抗体综合征导致非结核分枝杆菌(哥伦比亚分枝杆菌)播散性感染的临床特点和治疗方法。方法1例66岁的老年女性因“反复发热伴淋巴结肿痛6个月”于2020年11月21日至深圳市第三人民医院住院治疗。分析该例IFN-γ抗体综合征导致的哥伦比亚分枝杆菌播散性感染者的临床诊疗经过,并行相关文献复习。结果该患者于外院行淋巴结活检组织、肺泡灌洗液宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)检测均提示哥伦比亚分枝杆菌感染。正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET-CT)示多处淋巴结肿大伴代谢升高,全身多处骨质破坏,右肺上叶前段病变伴高代谢。查体:全身皮疹,多处浅表淋巴结肿大,部分溃破伴少量脓液。入院查患者外周血:免疫球蛋白G定量、免疫球蛋白A定量、T淋巴细胞绝对计数、CD4^(+)T和CD8^(+)T细胞计数均正常。患者血液标本行IFN-γ抗体检测滴度为32700 ng/ml(正常值<5000 ng/ml),确诊为抗IFN-γ自身抗体免疫缺陷综合征导致的哥伦比亚分枝杆菌播散性感染。给予抗哥伦比亚分枝杆菌治疗,并给予丙种球蛋白和激素治疗,患者皮疹消退,破溃淋巴结愈合,肿大淋巴结明显缩小,病情好转,门诊继续给予抗非结核分枝杆菌治疗并随访。结论临床上对于非结核分枝杆菌播散性感染者,需要考虑到IFN-γ抗体综合征的可能,应行IFN-γ抗体检测,在针对病原体治疗的同时需进行免疫治疗。     

广西HIV感染者呼吸道非结核分枝杆菌定植情况和临床特点分析

目的呼吸道非结核分枝杆菌定植是HIV感染者发生播散性非结核分枝杆菌感染的危险因素,并可能对肺结核的诊断造成干扰。我国HIV感染者中非结核分枝杆菌呼吸道定植情况和临床特点目前尚无较大样本的研究报道。本文分析HIV感染者痰培养中非结核分枝杆菌的阳性率和相关因素,从而总结其临床特点。方法 2006年8月至2008年7月,对广西省4个诊疗机构中CD4〈350的HIV感染者进行临床症状、胸片、痰涂片,痰分枝杆菌培养和血液分枝杆菌培养在内的结核筛查。结果 1073例HIV感染者在结核筛查时进行了痰分枝杆菌培养,检出非结核分枝杆菌87例（8.1%）,129例（12.0%）为结核分枝杆菌。在痰培养阳性的标本中,43%为非结核分枝杆菌。非结核分枝杆菌在呼吸道的定植率随着患者CD4水平降低而逐渐升高,在CD4计数〉200/μl、100～200/μl、50～100/μl和〈50/μl的患者组中分别为2.8%、6.4%、7.1%和9.8%。痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性的患者中12.0%为非结核分枝杆菌,非结核分枝杆菌呼吸道定植的患者中8.5%痰涂片结果为抗酸杆菌阳性。与痰培养阴性的患者相比,有呼吸道非结核分枝杆菌定植的患者CD4水平较低,除体重下降更多见外,其他临床症状如发热、咳嗽、盗汗、乏力等,以及胸片异常表现均未增加。结论我国HIV感染者中痰培养非结核分枝杆菌的阳性率较高,尤其是在CD4〈200的患者中,需要加强临床观察。在未有进行细菌培养的情况下,非结核分枝杆菌在呼吸道的定植可能造成结核的误诊,应给予重视。     

注射溶脂致非结核分枝杆菌感染11例临床分析

目的：了解与注射溶脂相关的非结核分枝杆菌(Nontuberculous?mycobacteria,NTM)皮肤及软组织感染临床特点，总结治疗经验。方法：对2020年12月-2021年2月收治的11例注射溶脂术后出现NTM感染患者的临床资料（临床特点、微生物学检查、治疗方法及疗效）进行回顾性分析。结果：感染出现症状的中位时间为14?d，微生物学检查发现，5例快生长非结核分枝杆菌感染，3例NTM与其他病原体合并感染，采取综合治疗方案，11例感染均得到治愈。结论：早期识别注射溶脂术后并发NTM感染十分重要，相关微生物学检查可以明确诊断，采取综合治疗方案可以有效控制感染症状，最大限度的保护正常组织，避免容貌损害。     

狼疮肾炎慢性肾衰竭患者合并皮肤海分枝杆菌感染1例

<正>海分枝杆菌是一种非结核分枝杆菌（non-tuberculous mycobacteria,NTM）,是淡水和海水鱼的主要致病菌,也有感染人的相关报道,临床以皮肤感染为主,感染后表现为皮肤出现丘疹、红斑、结节、溃疡等。感染者多有水体接触史,如划船、鱼刺伤、游泳等,又称“游泳池肉芽肿、鱼缸肉芽肿”[1]。因其主要存在于水体及海产品中,在沿海地区感染该细菌的报道较多,而北方较少,河北医科大学第三医院肾内科从1例慢性肾衰竭尿毒症期患者的皮肤脓肿分泌物中分离出了海分枝杆菌,现报道如下。     

皮肤软组织非结核分枝杆菌感染临床分析并国内相关文献复习

目的了解非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)皮肤感染的临床特征、病原学特点及耐药情况,提高对该病的认识及诊治水平。方法回顾性分析本院2009至2013年收治的5例皮肤软组织感染快速生长型非结核分枝杆菌患者的临床表现及预后,并结合1998至2012年相关国内文献进行复习。结果本研究共纳入5例皮肤软组织NTM患者,其中男性1例,女性4例,年龄22~60岁。5例患者可以分为医源性感染组(4例),非医源性感染组(1例),所有患者均为脓肿分枝杆菌感染。检索CBM、CNKI、维普和万方数据库,自1998#以来医源性和非医源性皮肤感染非结核分枝杆菌分别为377例和9例,仅本文报道的1例非结核分枝杆菌感染者对常用抗结核药物及克拉霉素等出现多重耐药。所有患者均接受3~12个月单用克拉霉素或联合抗结核治疗后病情痊愈。结论非结核分枝杆菌所致皮肤感染仍为少见病,且多为院内暴发感染。重视皮肤软组织非结核分枝杆菌感染,早诊断,联合治疗对患者预后良好。     

全国脊柱结核治疗专题座谈会纪要

近年脊柱结核发病率有逐年上升的趋势，有关脊柱结核的治疗原则、手术适应证、手术时机、术式选择、化疗方案的制定仍存在很多争议。目前脊柱结核治疗中存在的主要问题有（1）结核分枝杆菌和非结核分枝杆菌及其它细菌引起的脊柱感染鉴别困难；（2）抗结核用药、化疗疗程针对性不强；（3）复治、复发、耐药病例的治疗不规范；（4）手术指征、手术时机选择及围手术期处理不规范；[第一段]     

Mycobacterial infection at the transverse process of the 2d lumbar vertebra caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum

The authors report on a tuberculous infection at an unusual location, caused by trauma in the region of the transverse process of the second lumbar vertebra. The pathogen was identified as mycobacterium fortuitum. This is a conditionally pathogenic, atypical mycobacterium of Group IV, the rapidly-growing mycobacteria. It is distinguished by its primary resistance to almost all tuberculostatica. The treatment of choice is therefore the radical surgical removal of the tuberculous focus. Since tuberculosis of a spinous process has not yet been described, the authors have termed this disease spondylitis tuberculosa lateralis.     

Atypical mycobacterial spondylitis in HIV-negative patients identified by genotyping

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections pose a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We report two cases of such infection of the spine in HIV-negative patients who presented with deformity and neurological deficit. The histopathological features in both specimens were diagnostic of tuberculosis. The isolates were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare and M. fortuitum by genotyping (MicroSeq 16S rDNA Full Gene assay) and as M. tuberculosis and a mycobacterium other than tuberculosis, respectively, by culture. There is a growing need for molecular diagnostic tools that can differentiate accurately between M. tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, especially in regions of the developing world which are experiencing an increase in non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.     

Ventral hernia synthetic mesh repair infected by Mycobacterium fortuitum.

We report the occurrence of a refractory infection caused by the "rapidly growing" nontuberculous mycobacterium, Mycobacterium fortuitum, after incisional hernia repair using synthetic mesh. The patient had previously undergone three herniorrhaphies incorporating polypropylene mesh. Multiple surgical debridements were required, along with complete removal of all the mesh, to eradicate the infection. Prolonged antimicrobial therapy with sulfamethoxazole, an agent active against the patient's isolate, was also used. Although this atypical mycobacterium has been reported to cause a variety of infections, including many types of periprosthetic infections, this case represents successful treatment of M. fortuitum infecting abdominal wall mesh.     

Non-tuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

Introduction: Peritoneal dialysis (pd)-associated mycobacterium peritonitis is an important clinical entity in patients with end stage renal disease. They present a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians because clinical findings and laboratory investigations can not be differentiated from symptoms caused by non-tuberculous mycobacterium (ntm), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb) or other bacteria. The aim of the present article is to know the differences between the clinical manifestations and laboratory investigations, the appropriate diagnosis, treatment strategies and prognosis for tb and ntm disease in patients with pd-associated mycobacterial infections. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted over a period of 25 years. Out of 1737 patients, only 7 were diagnosed with mycobacterial peritonitis. Result: Evaluable data showed that there were three patients diagnosed with ntm peritonitis and four patients with tuberculous peritonitis. The mean age of the patients was 53.9?±?11.8 years. Although all patients developed abdominal pain and cloudy dialysate, only four patients (57.1%) had fever. Two patients (28.6%) suffered severe sepsis and septic shock. Therefore, the patient survival rates for ntm and tuberculous peritonitis were 100.0% and 75.0%, respectively. Two patients were shifted to long-term hemodialysis; therefore, the technical survival rates for ntm and tuberculous peritonitis were 66.7% and 50.0%, respectively. Notably, recurrence of mycobacterial infection was found in one patient with both pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous peritonitis. Conclusion: The diagnosis of mycobacterial peritonitis remains a challenge to medical staffs because of its insidious nature, the variability of its presentation and the limitations of available diagnostic test.     

Mycobacterium fortuitum sternal wound infection following mitral valve replacement

Mycobacterium fortuitum infection of the sternum following cardiac surgery is a rare occurrence.It is usually diagnosed late and has a considerable mortality. We present a female patient with mycobacterium fortuitum sternal wound infection following mitral valve replacement, who was successfully managed with radical surgical debridement combined with multidrug antibiotics. Multidrug antibiotic therapy is essential because of the emergence of resistant strains.     

聚合酶链反应与分离培养技术检测结核分支杆菌诊断关节结核的对照研究

目的：研究聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术在关节结核标本结核分支杆菌检测方面的作用,探讨PCR技术对关节结核诊断的临床价值。方法：自1993年6月至2001年8月,对95例（男55例,女40例;年龄2～75岁）关节结核标本分别应用PCR技术和分离培养法盲法检测结核分支杆菌,计算两者检测阳性率,通过统计学处理进行比较。结果：95例关节结核标本结核分支杆菌检测中,PCR技术检测阳性78例,阴性17例,阳性率82％;分离培养法检测阳性15例,阴性80例,P13性率16％。PCR技术与分离培养法比较,Х^2=67,P〈0．001,两种方法对于关节结核标本结核分支杆菌的检出率比较差异有统计学意义。PCR扩增整个过程自动化控制,可在数小时内完成。结论：PCR技术检测关节结核标本具有快速、简便、敏感与特异等优点,明显优于分离培养,对关节结核的早期快速诊断与鉴别诊断具有较重要的临床价值。     

Endovascular stent graft placement in the treatment of a ruptured tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to Pott's disease of the spine

Ruptured thoracic aortic tuberculous pseudoaneurysms as a complication of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the spine are rare. Conventional treatment of a ruptured tuberculous pseudoaneurysm involves surgery with graft interposition or patch repair. We report successful repair of a ruptured tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta by endovascular stent graft placement and provide a literature review of such entities.     

Mycobacterium farcinogenes infection after total hip arthroplasty

Atypical mycobacterium infection after total hip arthroplasty is a very rare but a potential cause of implant failure. We present the first report of Mycobacterium farcinogenes infection in human beings. Although the treatment of atypical mycobacterium infection after total hip arthroplasty is controversial, we successfully treated the infection in this case, after consultation with a microbiologist regarding infection management, with both surgery and chemotherapy. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion for atypical mycobacterium infection, particularly when standard culture findings are negative despite strong clinical evidence of prosthesis infection.     

Deep sepsis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis after total hip replacement. Case report

One case of deep sepsis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurring two years after total hip replacement is reported. The patient had no history of previous tuberculous infection nor showed any sign of systemic disease at the time of surgery. The clinical and pathogenic implications are discussed.     

Prosthetic joint infections secondary to rapidly growing Mycobacterium fortuitum

Infection is an uncommon but catastrophic complication of joint arthroplasty, usually requiring removal of the implant. In a 30-year-old woman a knee arthroplasty was infected with the rapidly growing mycobacterium Mycobacterium fortuitum. Review of other reports of arthroplasties infected with this organism illustrates the problem, diagnosis, and treatment. M. fortuitum is widely distributed in nature, and although usually of low pathogenicity, it can cause infection in conditions of reduced local tissue resistance, i.e. hypodermic abscesses, implant inflammations, and trauma. Only six cases of M. fortuitum prosthetic joint infection have been previously described. Persistent drainage characterized cases in which the prosthesis was left in place. Although antibiotic treatment temporarily suppressed the signs and symptoms of infection, cure required removal of the prosthesis, as in the present case. Diagnosis of M. fortuitum infection is difficult because acid-fast stains of the organisms are often negative. Routinely bacterial cultures are continued for less than about five days, a period not long enough for growth of M. fortuitum. M. fortuitum infections should be considered in draining prosthetic joints with negative bacterial cultures and in those that have had repeated glucocorticoid intraarticular injections.