HPLC法测定大青龙汤颗粒剂中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

摘 要 目的:建立HPLC测定大青龙汤颗粒剂中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的方法,为该制剂的质量控制提供依据。方法: 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-含0.3%三乙胺的0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用磷酸调节至pH=3.0）(5∶95)为流动相,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,波长：207 nm。结果:盐酸麻黄碱在64～640 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）,平均回收率为101.66%,RSD为2.59%(n=6);盐酸伪麻黄碱在31.8～318 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为99.70%,RSD为1.58%(n=6)。结论:该法简便易行,结果准确,可用于大青龙汤颗粒剂的质量控制。     

黄芪饮片中4个异黄酮类成分的含量测定

摘 要 目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定黄芪饮片中4个异黄酮成分的含量方法。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) ,流动相为乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为260 nm, 柱温30℃,进样量10 μl。结果:毛蕊异黄酮-7-葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素分别在4.42～442 μg·ml^-1、2.06～206 μg·ml^-1、3.36～336 μg·ml^-1、4.60～460 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为99.4%(RSD=5.34%)、94.8%(RSD=2.39%)、98.9%(RSD=3.69%)、102.3%(RSD=3.01%)(n=9)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于黄芪饮片的质量控制。     

HPLC测定肾炎宁片中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及雷公藤甲素的含量

目的 建立HPLC测定肾炎宁片中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及雷公藤甲素的含量。方法 大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的测定采用流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸（70∶30）,检测波长为254 nm;雷公藤甲素采用流动相为乙腈-水（25∶75）,检测波长为220 nm;两者均采用Lichrospher-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 mm）,流速均为1.0 ml·min^-1。结果 大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚以及雷公藤甲素分别在1.83~14.64 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,2.895~23.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）,7.625~61.00 μg·ml^-1 （r=0.999 8）以及1.52~24.32 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,大黄酸平均回收率为103.2%,RSD=1.73% （n=9）;大黄素平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=3.94%（n=9）;大黄酚平均回收率为98.3%,RSD=2.54%（n=9）;雷公藤甲素平均回收率为99.61%,RSD=2.83%（n=9）。结论 本方法准确、可靠、专属性强,可作为该制剂的定量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定妥布霉素滴眼液中5种抑菌剂

目的 建立同时测定妥布霉素滴眼液中5种抑菌剂(羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟苯丙酯、苯扎溴铵和苯扎氯铵)的HPLC方法。方法 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相A为1%三乙胺（磷酸调节pH值至3.5±0.05）;流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35 ℃,检测波长为214 nm。结果 羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟苯丙酯、苯扎溴铵/苯扎氯铵各峰均分离良好;羟苯乙酯在0.77～192.5 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为100.0%(RSD=0.9%,n=9);硫柳汞在2.16～541.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.6%,n=9);羟苯丙酯在0.84～209.8 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.3%(RSD=1.0%,n=9);苯扎溴铵在4.36～1090 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9992),平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.5%,n=9);苯扎氯铵（n-C12H25）3.22～805.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=1.1%,n=9);苯扎氯铵（n-C14H29）1.66～413.9 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.6%,n=9)。结论 该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于妥布霉素滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟丙丙酯、苯扎溴铵及苯扎氯铵5种抑菌剂的检查。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸利多卡因注射液的含量

目的 建立紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸利多卡因注射液中盐酸利多卡因和薄荷脑的含量。方法 盐酸利多卡因采用以水为空白,检测波长为261 nm。薄荷脑采用以阴性对照液加显色剂为空白,检测波长为507 nm。结果 盐酸利多卡因在200μg·ml^-1～450μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为102.1%,RSD为1.80%(n=9)。薄荷脑在1.6μg·ml^-1～6.4μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为98.5%,RSD为1.70%(n=9)。结论 本方法简便、快捷、准确、可靠。     

HPLC法检测醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中5种抑菌剂

目的：检测醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中是否添加苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯5种抑菌剂。方法：采用C18（L）（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相A为水,流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长为220 nm及256 nm。结果：苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯各峰均分离良好;苯酚在1.29~258.60 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为100.0%（n=9）;苯甲醇在2.72~544.20 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9997）,平均回收率为100.3%（n=9）;三氯叔丁醇在9.95~1990.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为100.9%（n=9）;对羟基苯甲酸甲酯在0.27~53.80 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为100.5%（n=9）;对羟基苯甲酸丙酯在0.26~52.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为99.4%（n=9）;91批醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中均未检出5种抑菌剂。结论：该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯5种抑菌剂的检查。     

畲药食凉茶HPLC特征图谱和4种成分含量测定

目的 采用HPLC建立畲药食凉茶的特征图谱,并同时测定4种成分的含量。方法 以芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素和山柰素为对照品;采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,柱温30 ℃;乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长360 nm。采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统对结果进行分析。结果 建立了食凉茶的特征图谱,确定5个共有峰。芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素和山柰素的线性范围分别为4.525~452.8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,8.096~809.6 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）,0.654~85.15 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）,2.048~ 136.6 μg·mL^-1 （r=1.000 0）;平均加样回收率分别为100.51%（n=6,RSD=0.43%）,100.19%（n=6,RSD=0.88%）,99.98%（n=6,RSD=0.77%）,100.26%（n=6,RSD=0.69%）。结论 所建立的特征图谱相关性强,可结合4种成分含量测定全面控制畲药食凉茶的质量,为其规范使用提供科学依据。     

复方氨基酸注射液中有关物质N，N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸测定

建立测定复方氨基酸注射液中乙酰半胱氨酸有关物质N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Atlantis dC18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm）,以甲酸铵溶液（取甲酸铵315 mg,加水960 mL溶解,摇匀）-乙腈-甲酸（970:30:1）为流动相,流速为0.7 mL·min^-1,检测波长为210 nm。结果:N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸浓度在2.697~53.94 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,检测限和定量限分别为1.4 μg·mL^-1和4.4 μg·mL^-1,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.5%。结论:经方法学验证,证明本法适用于复方氨基酸注射液中N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸的含量测定。     

基于多指标评价的金蕾颗粒质量标准研究

目的 基于多指标评价建立金蕾颗粒的质量标准。方法 根据2020年版《中国药典》颗粒剂项下相关规定,对金蕾颗粒性状、溶化性、粒度、水分进行评价;采用薄层色谱（TLC）法对金蕾颗粒中的湿生扁蕾、金钱草进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定当药黄素、木犀草素、山柰酚的含量,色谱柱Agilent SB-C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）,以0.10%磷酸水溶液(A)-甲醇(B) 为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为360nm,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30 ℃,进样量5 μL。结果 金蕾颗粒性状、溶化性、粒度、水分均符合2020年版《中国药典》相关规定;湿生扁蕾、金钱草的薄层色谱斑点清晰,无干扰,专属性好;当药黄素、木犀草素和山柰酚分别在20.0～240.0 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)、24.0～288.0 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、0.4～10.0 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.23%、99.42%、99.49%（n=6）,RSD分别为1.88%、1.32%、2.84%（n=6）。结论 本研究所建立的金蕾颗粒定性定量分析方法专属性好,且操作简单结果准确,为金蕾颗粒的质量控制研究奠定基础。     

CO2超临界流体色谱法同时测定莪术油中3个倍半萜类成分的含量

目的 建立CO₂超临界流体色谱法测定莪术油中呋喃二烯、牻牛儿酮和莪术二酮含量的方法。方法 采用ACQUITY UPC² HSS C₁₈ SB色谱柱（3.0 mm×150 mm,1.8 μm）,以CO₂-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为216 nm,柱温为55℃,背压为2 000 psi。结果 呋喃二烯在2.67~1 337.26μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为97.94%（n=6,RSD=1.50%）。牻牛儿酮在2.77~1 386.00 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为96.07%（n=6,RSD=1.68%）;莪术二酮在6.99~3 493.00 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为99.33%（n=6,RSD=1.88%）。结论 本方法快捷准确、稳定且绿色环保,可用于莪术油中上述3个倍半萜类成分的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.