多西紫杉醇纳米制剂的研究进展

摘 要多西紫杉醇作为一种高效广谱的抗肿瘤药,临床上用于不同类型实体瘤的治疗,但是水溶性差限制了其制剂的开发。纳米载药系统在提高难溶性药物溶解度、靶向给药、减少药物不良反应等方面极具发展前景。因此,采用纳米载体传递多西紫杉醇的研究受到广泛关注。本文综述了近几年来多西紫杉醇纳米制剂的研究进展,包括脂质体、纳米粒、生物共轭物、聚合物胶束、纳米乳、纳米囊、树枝状聚合物等,以期为新型纳米制剂的开发和应用提供参考。     

人血浆蛋白多烯紫杉醇纳米粒子的自组装及对肿瘤的靶向性

目的：提高多烯紫杉醇的溶解度,提高其靶向性能。方法用二硫键断裂法制备人血清白蛋白多烯紫杉醇纳米粒子,并用电镜进行观察。对粒子载药量、稳定性及粒子对肿瘤部位趋向性进行表征。结果二硫键断裂法成功组装了白蛋白?多烯紫杉醇纳米粒子。电镜观察该纳米粒子外貌为80～100 nm左右的球形粒子,高效液相和蛋白质定量检测多烯紫杉醇载药量可达21．5％。结果白蛋白多烯紫杉醇纳米制剂可显著提高多烯紫杉醇的溶解度,提高对肿瘤靶向性。结论白蛋白?多烯紫杉醇纳米粒子对肿瘤细胞具有良好的靶向作用,具有临床运用的潜在价值。     

紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液的制备及表征

目的 对紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液的处方和制备工艺进行优化,对所优化的混悬液进行物理表征,并考察其体外释放特征。方法 采用单因素试验法筛选高压均质机制备紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液的处方工艺;使用透射电镜等考察纳米晶外观形态、粒径分布;采用高效液相色谱法考察其平衡溶解度、体外释放特征。结果 制备的纳米晶的平均粒径为(239.5±1.98)nm,PDI为0.111±0.011,Zeta电位为-(24.6±1.13)mV;电镜下紫杉醇纳米晶呈短棒状,均匀分布;纳米晶体在水和pH 7.4的PBS溶液中的平衡溶解度分别是原料药的1 800倍和250倍;在0.5%SDS-PBS(pH 7.4)溶液中紫杉醇纳米晶体5 min释放91.6%,物理混合物2 h释放67.7%。结论 制备的紫杉醇纳米晶混悬液粒径分布均匀,处方简单,制备工艺简便可行,且显著提高了紫杉醇的溶解度和释放速率。     

HP-β-CD 包合紫杉醇的研究

目的:研究HP-β-CD(hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin)与紫杉醇在水溶液中的包合作用.方法:采用等摩尔系列法和相溶解度法等测定HP-β-CD与紫杉醇在水溶液中的包合比及包合过程中的热力学参数变化.结果:HP-β-CD与紫杉醇在水中可形成1∶2以上摩尔比的包合物.紫杉醇与HP-β-CD的相溶解度曲线呈现典型的AP型,△H大于0,升高温度有利于包合反应的进行,且附加剂的加入有助于提高紫杉醇的溶解度.结论:HP-β-CD可增加药物紫杉醇的溶解度,选择合适的投料比、适当的温度和恰当的水溶性辅料(HPMC)对包合物的制备是至关重要的.     

注射用紫杉醇纳米制剂的研究进展

紫杉醇广泛用于卵巢癌、乳腺癌、肺癌等多种肿瘤的治疗。传统的紫杉醇制剂生物利用度低,临床应用有限。纳米给药系统是现代药物制剂的研究热点,近年来临床上陆续开发了紫杉醇的纳米新剂型。纳米乳、纳米粒、胶束等也正在实验研究之中。本文就紫杉醇纳米制剂的开发和应用进展进行综述。     

紫杉醇靶向制剂的研究进展

目的介绍紫杉醇靶向制剂的研究进展。方法综述近年来国内外相关研究,介绍紫杉醇靶向制剂的制备方法、性能和药效等,指出目前紫杉醇靶向制剂的研究前景。结果紫杉醇靶向制剂不仅提高紫杉醇的溶解度,而且降低其毒副作用。结论紫杉醇靶向制剂为癌症化疗提供了新的研究途径,是很有临床应用前景的抗癌药物剂型。     

基于甘草酸为载体的紫杉醇-甘草酸纳米胶束的构建和口服生物利用度的评价

目的：构建紫杉醇-甘草酸纳米胶束（paclitaxel-loaded glycyrrhizic acid micelles）并对其理化性质及口服生物利用度进行考察。方法：所制备纳米胶束的包封率和载药量通过高效液相色谱法检测并计算;采用动态光散射仪测定其粒径分布;以紫杉醇溶液作为对照组,考察纳米胶束口服给药后药动学的变化;采用在体in-situ肠封闭法考察不同肠道对紫杉醇的吸收差异。结果：采用超声分散法制备载紫杉醇-甘草酸纳米胶束大小均匀,平均粒径为（245.42±5.62） nm;药物胶束的包封率为90.22%±0.27% （n=3）,载药量为7.90%±0.10%（n=3）;与对照组相比,纳米胶束口服生物利用度提高约6倍,很大程度上是由于紫杉醇在空肠以及结肠上吸收的增加引起。结论：该方法所制备的纳米胶束制剂能有效提高紫杉醇口服生物利用度,发挥甘草酸药物载体的特点以及药用安全性的优点,该纳米胶束可作为紫杉醇新的药物传递系统,具有临床应用前景。     

纳米晶体药物研究进展

纳米晶体技术能够有效提高难溶性药物的溶解度和溶出速度,从而提高其口服生物利用度,降低食物效应,是难溶性药物递送系统最具潜力的研究方向。在调研国内外文献的基础上,本文就纳米晶体药物的特点、组成、制备技术、临床应用及纳米效应的定量表达等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

叶酸受体介导的负载紫杉醇纳米药物输送系统的体外生物活性的研究

目的:叶酸受体介导的负载紫杉醇纳米药物输送系统的的体外生物活性研究。方法:应用激光共聚焦观察肝素-叶酸-紫杉醇纳米粒进入叶酸受体阳性表达KB细胞和叶酸受体阴性表达A549细胞的情况,考察纳米粒对靶细胞摄取情况;以原药紫杉醇为对照组,应用MTT法检测纳米粒子对叶酸受体阳性表达KB细胞的抗癌抑制活性;应用流式细胞仪对纳米粒子抗癌机制进行分析。结果:细胞摄取实验表明,肝素-叶酸-紫杉醇纳米药物是通过叶酸受体介导的内吞作用实现对靶细胞的特异性;与紫杉醇对比,纳米粒子的针对叶酸受体阳性细胞的抑制效果更好,半数抑制浓度(IC50)为0.06g/mL,MTT实验结果与细胞摄取实验结果一致;流式细胞仪检测表明肝素-叶酸-紫杉醇纳米药物也表现出与紫杉醇相似的抑制作用,即G2/M期均有所增长。结论:体外生物活性检测表明叶酸受体介导的负载紫杉醇的纳米药物输送系统有较好的靶向性,其应用前景值得期待。     

紫杉醇新剂型的研究进展

紫杉醇是一种广谱、高效的抗肿瘤药物,但由于其水溶性差,临床上应用的注射剂加入聚氧乙烯蓖麻油以增加紫杉醇的水溶性,但聚氧乙烯蓖麻油在体内会产生严重的毒副作用.为了解决紫杉醇注射剂中聚氧乙烯蓖麻油的毒性问题,开发紫杉醇新剂型是近年来新药研发的热点之一.该文综述了近年来研发的一些紫杉醇新剂型,如乳剂、胶束、环糊精包合物、脂质体、微球、纳米粒和药物释放支架等,并对其可行性进行了分析.     

Paclitaxel and its formulations

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a promising anti-tumor agent with poor water solubility. It is effective for various cancers especially ovarian and breast cancer. Intravenous administration of a current formulation in a non-aqueous vehicle containing Cremophor EL may cause allergic reactions and precipitation on aqueous dilution. Moreover, the extensive clinical use of this drug is somewhat delayed due to the lack of appropriate delivery vehicles. Due to this there is a need for the development of alternate formulation of paclitaxel having good aqueous solubility and at the same time free of any side effects. Various approaches employed so far include cosolvents, emulsions, micelles, liposomes, microspheres nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, pastes, and implants etc. which are discussed in this paper.     

A thermally responsive biopolymer conjugated to an acid-sensitive derivative of paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules, arrests cell cycle, and induces apoptosis

Poor aqueous solubility limits the therapeutic index of paclitaxel as an anti-cancer drug. Synthesis of soluble prodrugs of paclitaxel, or conjugation of the drug to macromolecular carriers have been reported to increase its water-solubility. Macromolecular drug carriers have an added advantage of targeting the drug to the tumor site due to the abnormal tumor blood and lymphatic vasculature. This study describes a thermally responsive macromolecular carrier, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) for the delivery of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel was bound to ELP by conjugation with the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of paclitaxel, an acid-sensitive paclitaxel prodrug, for the potential treatment of breast cancer. Focused hyperthermia above a specific transition temperature at the site of a tumor causes ELP to aggregate and accumulate, thereby increasing the local concentration of the drug cargo. The paclitaxel prodrug described here bears an acid-sensitive linker that is cleavable at the lysosomal/endosomal pH, which allows a controlled intracellular release of the drug. The ELP-delivered paclitaxel in the presence of hyperthermia inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by stabilizing the microtubule structures, arresting the cells at the G2/M stage, and inducing apoptosis in a manner similar to conventional paclitaxel. It also inhibits proliferation of a paclitaxel resistant MCF-7 cell line. These data provide an in vitro proof of concept for the use of ELP as a delivery vehicle of paclitaxel.     

Localized paclitaxel delivery

While the search for new antineoplastic agents is in progress, optimization of delivery for existing drugs will remarkably improve the current scenario in the management of cancer. Paclitaxel, a new antineoplastic agent, is one such drug deserving attention in the field of regional drug delivery, offering immense pharmacokinetic as well as therapeutic advantage via localized delivery. The antiangiogenic activity of paclitaxel has been demonstrated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM). This review focuses on the antiangiogenic activity of paclitaxel supported by the evidence that angiogenesis inhibitors display potential synergism with cytotoxic agents in the treatment of primary and metastatic cancers. Preclinical trials have confirmed that the biological and cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel on several tumor cell lines are enhanced by the increase in both the drug concentration and the duration of exposure. Sufficient experimental evidence has accumulated to state that localized delivery will exploit the multiple pharmacological effects of paclitaxel in the treatment of refractory and metastatic cancerous diseases. The drug delivery systems, namely, microspheres, surgical pastes and implants, fabricated for localized paclitaxel delivery are reviewed explaining the concept of increased tumor burden alleviating body burden as a consequence of such delivery systems. Some of the preclinical trials are very encouraging and speculate a promising future for these devices in the battle against solid tumors. Finally, the review briefs on the possibilities for better paclitaxel delivery and the future drug delivery systems for localized cancer chemotherapy.     

人参皂苷类化合物水溶性提升方法的研究进展

水溶性是人参皂苷类化合物关键的物理化学性质,也是其药物研发过程中极为重要的问题之一。人参皂苷类药物具有良好的水溶性会有助于药效的发挥和药动学性质的改善,所以其水溶性提升方法的研究引起了人们的关注。通过查阅整理近十年的国内外文献,对人参皂苷类化合物水溶性提升的方法进行了综述,包括成盐、引入极性基团、降低不饱和度、氨基酸酯化、糖基化、二元酸酯化等化学方法,以及制成微球以及自微乳释药系统等物理化学方法,为该类化合物的进一步研发利用提供参考。     

Advances of paclitaxel formulations based on nanosystem delivery technology

In this paper, an overview of recent advances of paclitaxel formulations based on nanosystems is provided. Paclitaxel is very effective in the treatment of various cancers especially ovarian and breast cancer, but it demonstrates poor aqueous solubility, which results in the difficulty challenging the development of paclitaxel parenteral formulations, so its clinical application is greatly restricted. The conventional paclitaxel formulation uses Cremophor EL and ethanol to solubilize paclitaxel, which could cause severe side effects. Nanotechnology has been widely exploited in the field of antitumor research, and paclitaxel is no exception. In recent decades, a series of novel formulations of paclitaxel based on nanotechnology have been developed, including albumin-bound paclitaxel, polymeric micelle-formulated paclitaxel, polymer-paclitaxel conjugates, liposome encapsulated paclitaxel etc. The common advantage shared with these novel injectable formulations is that they are developed based on nanotechnology and Cremophor EL-free. In addition, these nanoformulations can significantly reduce toxicities of paclitaxel and greatly promote its antitumor efficiency.     

Development of innovative paclitaxel-loaded small PLGA nanoparticles: Study of their antiproliferative activity and their molecular interactions on prostatic cancer cells

Taxanes, including paclitaxel, are anti-cancer drugs approved for the treatment of prostate cancer but which have limited clinical application due to their hydrophobicity, their low therapeutic index and the emergence of chemoresistance. These side effects may be avoided through the use of new drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, and paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles up to 200 nm in size have shown encouraging results. As it is known that size affects the tissular penetration and distribution of tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention effect, so nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm are potentially interesting vehicles for improving paclitaxel delivery and efficacy.     

青蒿素及其衍生物纳米制剂在抗肿瘤领域中的研究进展

摘 要青蒿素及其部分衍生物在抗肿瘤方面具有潜在的临床应用价值,但存在水溶性差、半衰期短等缺点,故促使众多学者对其药物制剂进行开发和研究。纳米药物传输系统是一种新型药物递送工具,相比传统的片剂、栓剂、注射剂等,具有稳定性好、靶向释药和联合载药等诸多优点。本文综述了青蒿素类药物的纳米传输载体,包括：纳米粒、脂质体、胶束、纳米微乳和其他纳米载体,概括了青蒿素类药物纳米制剂在肿瘤治疗方面的成果和特点,其中着重介绍青蒿素类药物与转铁蛋白的联合载药递药体系的研究进展。     

紫杉醇类前药的研究进展

紫杉醇(paclitaxel)及其半合成类似物多西紫杉醇(docetaxel) 是迄今为止发现的最为有效的抗癌药物之一,然而该类药物对正常组织、系统具有严重的毒性,而且水溶性较低以及对多药耐药 (MDR) 细胞几乎无活性等,使其临床应用受到限制。近年来,在提高紫杉醇类前药生物利用度和靶向性以及解决紫杉醇对于多药耐药肿瘤细胞无效等方面的研究和开发取得了很大进展。该文对近十几年来紫杉醇类前药的研究进展进行综述。 关键词：紫杉醇;前药;轭合物;水溶性;靶向性 中图分类号: