慢性阻塞性肺疾病与骨质疏松

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD)为进行性不完全可逆的气流受限,伴有一些显著的肺外效应,其中包括骨质疏松等疾病,COPD致骨质疏松的发病机制不是很明确,可能与吸烟、低氧、运动减少、使用糖皮质激素等因素有关。吸烟是COPD的重要发病因素,也是骨质疏松的危险因素,COPD患者体力和耐力下降,运动量不足,骨丢失增多,低氧血症和高碳酸血症引起破骨细胞活性增强,抑制骨形成,在COPD患者中糖皮质激素的应用使得患者骨强度下降,低体重与骨密度密切相关,营养不良可减少营养吸收,炎症因子在骨质疏松中也扮演了重要作用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与骨质疏松

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患随着病情进展，变得更加虚弱。骨质疏松症(OP)是很常见的,由于骨量的丢失，患脊椎或髋骨骨折的危险增加；骨折引起严重的后果，如疼痛、呼吸功能降低、活动受限甚至死亡。认识并及早防治OP可避免骨折的发生。     

老年男性慢性阻塞性肺疾病与骨质疏松的关系

目的探索老年男性慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)水平及骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)发生率,进而探讨COPD与OP可能存在的联系。方法选取2013年1月至2017年9月期间入我院的60周岁以上共94名老年男性作为研究对象,并分为COPD组52名和对照组42名,利用双能X线骨密度仪测量不同部位的骨密度T值(腰椎TL2-4、股骨颈TNeck、髋部TTotal);肺通气功能仪测量肺通气指标值(FEV1%、FEV1/FVC%、VC%、MVV%)。计量资料采用独立样本t检验或曼-惠特尼U检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,多因素分析采用二分类Logistic回归分析。结果老年男性COPD患者的骨密度指标值(TNeck、TTotal)及肺通气各项指标值(FEV1%、FEV1/FVC%、VC%、MVV%)均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义。老年男性COPD组与对照组的骨质疏松、骨量减少和骨量正常构成比分别为21.2%、55.8%、23.1%和9.5%、42.9%、47.6%,差异具有统计学意义。老年男性COPD的影响因素包括身高、体重、BMI指数、TNeck及FEV1/FVC%。结论老年男性COPD患者的股骨颈及髋部BMD显著低于对照组、骨质疏松的发生率显著高于对照组;老年男性患者股骨颈BMD值越高,COPD发生的风险越低。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发骨质疏松的常见原因分析

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者存在诸多影响骨质代谢的因素,导致骨质疏松的发生,严重威胁着患者的身心健康。其中吸烟、低氧血症与高碳酸血症、营养不良与低体重、糖皮质激素的应用、免疫及细胞因子的作用、血液高凝状态、废用性萎缩等都起到一定的作用。可以将骨质疏松当作COPD肺外疾病表现考虑,也可以认为COPD是骨质疏松的危险因素。尽管慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并骨质疏松的机制尚未完全明确,但了解二者的相关性对于指导临床治疗,提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的生存质量有重要意义。     

68例慢性阻塞性肺疾病护理体会

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的护理方法.方法:对68例COPD患者在给予抗感染、化痰、平喘等综合治基础上,同时实施基础护理、营养指导、心理护理、合理氧疗、呼吸道护理、呼吸功能锻炼等针对性的护理干预.结果:64例经治疗和护理后咳嗽、咯痰、呼吸困难均较前减轻,病情好转出院,有效率94.1％.结论:对COPD患者给予合理的治疗以及护理措施能有效控制呼吸道感染,改善肺心功能,从而控制病情发展,提高患者生活质量.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的外科治疗进展

有严重呼吸困难症状的晚期慢性阻塞性肺疾病单纯内科治疗效果不佳 ,目前常用的外科治疗方法有肺大疱切除、肺移植和肺减容术 (LVRS)。但每一术式均有其优缺点 ,应严格掌握手术的适应证和禁忌证。肺大疱切除术 ,是有症状的巨大肺大疱和肺大疱引起反复气胸的首选术式。LVRS的理想指征是过度气肿 ,非均质病变 ,FEV1>2 0 %和正常的PaCO2 。而弥漫性病变、低FEV1、高碳酸血症、合并肺动脉高压则首选肺移植术     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺血栓栓塞症原因分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺血栓栓塞症的临床特点及误诊原因,总结经验教训。方法回顾慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并肺血栓栓塞症误诊的18例患者的临床资料,进行分析与总结。结果肺血栓栓塞症主要临床特点有呼吸困难、咳嗽、胸闷、咯血,诊断方法应用螺旋CT肺动脉造影、核素肺通气＋灌注（V/Q）显像、彩色多普勒检查。结论对可疑患者早期明确诊断,积极治疗,提高诊断率,减少误诊率,降低病死率。     

骨碎补总黄酮联合鲑鱼降钙素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并骨质疏松症中的疗效

目的研究老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并骨质疏松症患者应用骨碎补总黄酮联合鲑鱼降钙素对患者的影响。方法 98名COPD合并骨质疏松症患者随机分为两组即治疗组(n=49)、和对照组(n=49)。对照组的患者给予鲑鱼降钙素治疗,治疗组的患者给予骨碎补总黄酮联合鲑鱼降钙素治疗,为期6个月。检测两组患者治疗前后腰椎1-4 (L_(1-4))和股骨颈骨密度改变,VAS评分及ODI评分改善情况,血清转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和白细胞介素17(IL-17)水平改变以及骨代谢指标抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRACP)和骨碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平的改变。同时观察治疗期间两组患者出现的药物不良反应情况。结果治疗后6个月后,治疗组腰椎1-4 (L_(1-4))和股骨颈骨密度均显著高于同时期对照组和治疗前(P0. 05);治疗6个月后,治疗组的VAS评分、ODI评分均显著低于对照组同期和治疗前(P0. 05);治疗后6个月后,治疗组TGF-β1和ALP水平显著高于对照组和治疗前,而IL-17及TRACP水平明显低于对照组和治疗前(P0. 05);两组药品不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论骨碎补总黄酮联合鲑鱼降钙素提升COPD患者骨密度,改善骨代谢状态和降低细胞因子水平,可以安全有效防治老年COPD合并骨质疏松症。     

哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺病重叠症（ACO）合并骨质疏松研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）和骨质疏松在老年人中常见,且具有高度相关性。随着老龄化的发展,哮喘在老年人中的患病率也逐渐升高。哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺病重叠症(ACO)作为近几年新定义的气道疾病,具有哮喘及COPD双重病理特征,不仅严重影响中老年患者的呼吸功能,对患者全身各系统的危害也很大,常以多系统共病存在,骨质疏松及其脆性骨折均是常见的并发疾病。ACO通过多种机制（如肺功能、钙和维生素D水平、糖皮质激素应用、全身炎症免疫反应等）影响患者全身骨量及骨代谢,使骨密度及骨强度下降,增加罹患骨质疏松和脆性骨折的风险。ACO合并骨质疏松的临床治疗报道较少,尚缺乏统一标准及指南,还需要大量临床探索,以提高临床规范化诊治水平。     

慢性阻塞性肺病对骨强度作用的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)及骨质疏松均好发于老年人,且两者之间存在共病关系,可通过多种机制互相影响,降低患者生存质量.骨强度包括骨密度及骨质量,骨密度是目前诊断骨质疏松的金标准,占骨强度的70％,但骨质量也在COPD患者导致骨质疏松和骨折过程中承担着重要角色.COPD对骨强度的影响是多方面综合作用,如体质指数、运动耐量...     

腹腔镜抗反流手术治疗胃食管反流病对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的影响

目的观察腹腔镜抗反流手术治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的影响。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月期间在郑州大学第一附属医院住院且采用腹腔镜抗反流手术治疗的20例GERD合并COPD患者,对所有患者采用反流诊断量表、肺功能、肺功能评估测试量表、24 h食管pH-阻抗监测和食管压力测定并对其结果作相关性分析。所有患者经保守治疗无效后选择腹腔镜下抗反流手术,12个月后完成随访,并再次对治疗前、后COPD和GERD相关参数结果进行对比,评价治疗效果。结果本组20例GERD患者均成功实施腹腔镜手术,无疝补片修补患者,无死亡病例,所有患者未发生食管破裂、出血、感染等术后严重并发症。术后8例患者出现不同程度的吞咽困难和10例出现不同程度的腹胀,均自行缓解。对20例GERD合并COPD患者在术后随访1年,无一例失访。与治疗前比较,治疗后患者的GERD症状评分、反流次数、DeMeester评分、COPD评估测试量表评分均明显降低(P<0.05),下食管括约肌压力、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)占预计值百分率和FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)均明显升高(P<0.05)。按照全球创议慢性阻塞性肺病分级标准,8例痊愈患者中5例Ⅰ级、2例Ⅱ级、1例Ⅲ级,9例改善患者中1例Ⅰ级、4例Ⅱ级、4例Ⅲ级,3例无效患者中1例Ⅰ级、1例Ⅱ级、1例Ⅳ级,总有效率85%(17/20)。结论 COPD与GERD密切相关,腹腔镜抗反流术的治疗不仅能治疗GERD,还可以明显改善COPD。     

Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: A systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of tiotropium, a long acting anticholinergic drug, on clinical events, symptom scales, pulmonary function, and adverse events in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: A systematic search was made of the Cochrane trials database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and a hand search of 20 respiratory journals. Missing data were obtained from authors and the manufacturer. Randomised controlled trials of > or =12 weeks' duration comparing tiotropium with placebo, ipratropium bromide, or long acting beta2 agonists (LABA) were reviewed. Studies were pooled to yield odds ratios (OR) or weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Nine trials (8002 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Tiotropium reduced the odds of a COPD exacerbation (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.81) and related hospitalisation (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.84) but not pulmonary (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.29) or all-cause (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.47) mortality compared with placebo and ipratropium. Reductions in exacerbations and hospitalisations compared with LABA were not statistically significant. Similar patterns were evident for quality of life and symptom scales. Tiotropium yielded greater increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from baseline to 6-12 months than did placebo, ipratropium, and LABA. Decline in FEV1 over 1 year was 30 ml (95% CI 7 to 53) slower with tiotropium than with placebo and ipratropium (data were not available for LABA). Reports of dry mouth and urinary tract infections were increased with tiotropium. CONCLUSIONS: Tiotropium reduced COPD exacerbations and related hospitalisations, improved quality of life and symptoms, and may have slowed the decline in FEV1. Long term trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of tiotropium on decline in FEV1 and to clarify its role compared with LABA.     

Perioperative rehabilitation and physiotherapy for lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on surgical morbidity and lung function in lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Prospectively, 22 lung cancer patients with COPD who underwent lobectomy between 2000 and 2003 were enrolled for this study as a rehabilitation group (Rehab. Group). The criteria of COPD were preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEVl)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ≦70% and more than 50% of low attenuation area in a computed tomography. Preoperatively patients performed aggressive pulmonary exercise for two weeks and received chest physiotherapy postoperatively. As a historical control, 60 patients with lung cancer who fulfilled the same criteria but did not receive rehabilitation between 1995 and 1999 (control group) were entered in this study. Results: Patient backgrounds were all equivalent between the two groups. However, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were significantly lower in the Rehab. Group (p<0.05). Prolonged oxygen supplement and tracheostomy tended to be more frequent in the control group. The ratio of actual postoperative to predicted postoperative FEV1 was significantly better in the Rehab. Group (p=0.047). Furthermore, postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in the control group (p=0.0003). Conclusion: Despite lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in the Rehab. Group, postoperative pulmonary complications and long hospital stay could be effectively prevented and FEV1 was well preserved by rehabilitation and physiotherapy.     

Psychological distress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Stress is defined as the exposure of an individual to a threatening stimulus or overwhelming event. Increased rates of psychological distress have been established in patients with chronic diseases compared to healthy individuals. The objective of the present study is to assess the indicators and correlates of psychological distress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. We evaluated the stress exposure (stressful events that COPD patients and control subjects had been exposed) by a life events checklist and psychological distress by General Health Questionnaire in 74 COPD patients and 30 control subjects. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels were measured as biochemical indicators of stress. Distress score was higher in COPD group compared to age‐matched controls, although the stress exposure score were not statistically different; indicating that COPD itself is a source of distress. 92% of COPD patients and 87% of control subjects had varying degrees of distress. Severe distress was more frequent in COPD group. Distress score was further increased in patients with severe COPD and severe hypoxemia.There was no significant difference in serum ACTH and cortisol levels of COPD patients and control subjects and distress scores were not correlated to serum ACTH and cortisol levels. However, serum cortisol was higher in patients with severe hypoxemia. These findings support the importance of screening for psychological distress symptoms in COPD outpatients. Since high degree of distress contributes to impaired quality of life and added morbidity, patients with COPD need a comprehensive care including a psychological evaluation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Association between markers of emphysema and more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: The predominant emphysema phenotype is associated with more severe airflow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study was undertaken to investigate whether COPD patients, with or without emphysema quantitatively confirmed by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), have different COPD severity as assessed by the BODE index (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise performance) and inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity ratio (IC/TLC), and by different biological markers of lung parenchymal destruction. METHODS: Twenty six outpatients with COPD and eight healthy non-smokers were examined. Each subject underwent HRCT scanning, pulmonary function tests, cell counts, and measurements of neutrophil elastase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in induced sputum, as well as measurement of desmosine, a marker of elastin degradation in urine, plasma and sputum. RESULTS: Patients with HRCT confirmed emphysema had a higher BODE index and lower IC/TLC ratio than subjects without HRCT confirmed emphysema and controls. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), FEV(1)/forced vital capacity ratio, and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient were lower, whereas the number of eosinophils, MMP-9, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in sputum were higher in patients with emphysema. In COPD patients the number of sputum eosinophils was the biological variable that correlated positively with the HRCT score of emphysema (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that COPD associated with HRCT confirmed emphysema is characterised by more severe lung function impairment, more intense airway inflammation and, possibly, more serious systemic dysfunction than COPD not associated with HRCT confirmed emphysema.