双去甲氧基姜黄素对小鼠乳腺癌的抗肿瘤作用及机制

目的　本研究旨在研究双去甲氧基姜黄素（bisdesmethoxycurcumin,BDMC）对小鼠乳腺癌的影响及机制。方法　采用小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞,分为Control组及不同剂量（3、9、27 μM）BDMC组,通过CCK8法检测BDMC对小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞增殖的影响,TUNEL染色检测BDMC对4T1细胞凋亡的影响,Western blot检测BDMC对4T1细胞Bax、Bcl-2及cleaved caspase-3表达的影响;采用4T1乳腺癌荷瘤小鼠模型,分为Control组及不同剂量（10、30 mg/kg）BDMC组,检测BDMC对小鼠肿瘤体积及体质量的影响,Western blot检测BDMC对乳腺癌小鼠肿瘤组织Bax、Bcl-2及cleaved caspase-3表达的影响。采用单因素方差分析。结果　与Control组相比,9、27 μM BDMC均能明显抑制4T1细胞增殖（均P<0.01）,促进其凋亡（均P<0.01）,同时上调细胞Bax/Bcl-2比值及cleaved caspase-3表达（均P<0.01）;10、30 mg/kg BDMC均能明显抑制乳腺癌小鼠肿瘤体积的增长（均P<0.05）,同时明显上调肿瘤组织Bax/Bcl-2比值及cleaved caspase-3表达（均P<0.05）,但对体质量无明显影响。结论　BDMC对乳腺癌小鼠模型具有明显的抗肿瘤作用,其机制与激活线粒体凋亡通路有关。     

双去甲氧基姜黄素对肥胖模型小鼠糖脂代谢的影响及机制

目的 研究双去甲氧基姜黄素(bisdemethoxycurcumin,BDMC)对高糖高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠胰岛素抵抗、糖脂代谢紊乱的影响,并探讨其机制。方法 C57BL/6小鼠40只随机分为正常组(10只)和高糖高脂饮食组(30只),正常组小鼠给予常规饲料,其余小鼠饲喂高糖高脂饮食诱导肥胖,造模8周。造模成功后,高糖高脂饮食组小鼠随机分为模型组、BDMC低剂量组(20 mg·kg^-1)、BDMC高剂量组(40 mg·kg^-1),每组10只。分别按剂量灌胃给药,每日1次,每周5次,连续8周。给药结束后,检测小鼠体质量、肝脏及脂肪重量,观察肝脏病理改变及脂质堆积情况,监测小鼠血糖、血脂、血清胰岛素等生化指标,并考察BDMC对TRPV1、AMPK及下游胰岛素信号、糖脂代谢通路的影响。结果 与正常组相比,模型组小鼠体质量及脏器指数增加,肝脏出现明显的病理改变,脂质堆积严重,血清胰岛素、血糖、血脂参数(TC、TG、LDL-C)显著增高,HDL-C显著降低;肝损伤(ALT、AST)加重;肝脏组织中TRPV1、SREBP、FAS蛋白表达显著升高,p-IRS1、p-AMPK、GLUT4、p-ACC表达显著降低。与模型组相比,给予BDMC治疗后,肝脏脂质堆积减少,组织病理改变得到改善,血糖、血清胰岛素、TC、TG、LDL-C、ALT、AST显著降低(P<0.05),HDL-C显著升高,肝脏中p-IRS1、p-AMPK、GLUT4、p-ACC表达升高,TRPV1、SREBP、FAS表达显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 BDMC能改善胰岛素抵抗,调节糖脂代谢紊乱,治疗高糖高脂饮食诱导的肥胖,其作用可能与调节TRPV1和AMPK信号通路有关。     

双去甲氧基姜黄素对小鼠脑神经母瘤细胞的促神经分化作用及机制研究

目的 研究姜黄素衍生物双去甲氧基姜黄素（BC）对小鼠脑神经母瘤细胞Neuro-2a(N2a)的促神经分化作用及机制。方法 采用MTT法检测BC(1、2、4、6、8、10μmol/L)对N2a细胞存活率的影响,确定药物处理浓度范围。设对照组、视黄酸（RA）组（10μmol/L）和BC组（1、2、4μmol/L）,培养48、72 h后,对分化细胞的神经突起长度进行测量并计算细胞分化率;采用Western blot法检测4μmol/L BC作用5、15、30、60、120 min后细胞中蛋白激酶B(Akt)、细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38）蛋白的磷酸化水平。以抑制剂LY294002(LY)和PD98059(PD)干预后,进一步验证BC对Akt和ERK蛋白磷酸化水平及促神经分化的影响。结果 根据MTT实验确定后续诱导细胞分化的BC浓度为1、2、4μmol/L。分化48 h后,与对照组比较,RA组和BC 1、2、4μmol/L组细胞分化率及BC 4μmol/L组细胞神经突起长度均显著升高/增加（P<0.05或P<0.01）;BC继续诱导分化...     

去甲氧基姜黄素Mannich碱衍生物的合成及体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计并合成去甲氧基姜黄素的曼尼希碱衍生物,评价其体外抗肿瘤增殖活性。方法以乙酰丙酮为起始原料,与香草醛及对羟基苯甲醛经两次Adol缩合制得去甲氧基姜黄素,乙酰化保护后再经亲核取代反应引入双苄基,然后经脱保护及Mannich反应合成目标化合物。采用MTT法测定了目标化合物对人宫颈癌细胞、人乳腺癌细胞、人肝癌细胞、人纤维肉瘤细胞及人慢性髓原白血病细胞等5种细胞的抗增殖活性。结果与结论合成了14个未见文献报道的化合物,其中11个为去甲氧基姜黄素的Mannich碱类化合物,结构经1H-NMR和HR-MS确证;初步药理结果显示活性大多高于去甲氧基姜黄素。     

啤酒花总黄酮对硫代乙酰胺所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨啤酒花总黄酮对硫代乙酰胺所致的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法采用硫代乙酰胺诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型;采用试剂盒测定血清转氨酶、脂质过氧化酶、抗氧化酶;采用H&E和免疫组织化学法检测组织病理学的改变;采用Western blot法检测凋亡通路的表达。结果啤酒花总黄酮各组的小鼠血清中ALT酶以及AST酶的数量都显著性下降;啤酒花总黄酮不仅可以降低肝组织中脂质过氧化物的含量,还能够升高超氧化物岐化酶(superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)的活力;通过免疫组织化学法得出的结果是啤酒花总黄酮可以显著性地抑制NF-κB受体阳性反应产物在肝细胞中的表达;通过Western blot法得出的结果是啤酒花总黄酮可以抑制Bax蛋白的表达,提高Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结论啤酒花总黄酮对急性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

多穗柯总黄酮对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨多穗柯总黄酮(TFL)对四氯化碳(CCl₄)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法小鼠随机均分为6组,正常对照组、模型对照组(6%CCl₄橄榄油溶液)、水飞蓟素组(水飞蓟素120 mg·kg^-1)、TFL低、中、高剂量组(50,100,150 mg·kg^-1)。正常对照组、模型对照组灌胃等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液,其余各组按剂量连续灌胃7 d,末次用药2 h后,按剂量5 mL·kg^-1腹腔注射6%CCl₄橄榄油溶液建立急性肝损伤模型,造模6 h后收集血清和肝脏组织。测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平以及肝组织白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色进行常规组织学观察,Western blotting法检测肝组织中含NLR家族Pyrin域蛋白3(NLRP3)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)...     

HPLC法测定通络胶囊中姜黄素、脱甲氧基姜黄素、双脱甲氧基姜黄素的含量

目的 建立通络胶囊中多种有效成分的含量测定方法。方法 采用HPLC法测定制剂中姜黄素、脱甲氧基姜黄索、双脱甲氧基姜黄素等有效成分的含量。结果 姜黄素在0．02048-0．2048μg范围内线性良好，加样回收率为98．89％，RSD为1．04％；脱甲氧基姜黄素在0．00968-0．0968μg范围内线性良好，加样回收率为97．86％，RSD为0．51％；双脱甲氧基姜黄素在0．00992-0．0992μg范围内线性良好，加样回收率为98．66％，RSD为1．82％。结论 本测定方法简便可行、重复性好，可用于本制剂的质量控制。     

蓬子菜总黄酮对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及机制

目的 探讨蓬子菜总黄酮（total flavonoids extracts of Galium verum L.,TFG）对CCl₄致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响及其机制。方法 60只昆明小鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、阳性对照组、TFG组。各治疗组予以相应的药物灌胃6 d后,除正常组外其余各组腹腔注射6% CCl₄造模,24 h后取样,肝组织HE染色,检测血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）以及肝肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,分析血清中TNF-α和IL-6水平。昆明小鼠50只,随机分成正常组、模型组、TFG组（200 mg·kg^-1）、抗IL-6单抗（40 mg·kg^-1）+TFG（200 mg·kg^-1）组、抗TNF-α单抗（5 mg·kg^-1）+TFG（200 mg·kg^-1）组,各治疗组予以相应的药物处理6 d后,除正常组外,其余各组腹腔注射6% CCl₄造模,24 h后取血清分析AST、ALT水平。结果 与模型组比较,蓬子菜总黄酮能改善肝损伤,降低血清中AST、ALT活性以及肝肾中MDA含量,提高肝肾SOD活性、GSH含量,降低血清中TNF-α和IL-6表达（P<0.05或P<0.01）。抗IL-6、TNF-α单抗能明显降低血清中AST、ALT活性（P<0.05）。结论 蓬子菜总黄酮能通过清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化,保护细胞膜和线粒体膜的完整性。同时减少IL-6、TNF-α的释放,改善急性肝损伤。     

维药昆仑雪菊多糖对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的预防作用及机制研究

目的:研究维药昆仑雪菊多糖(KSCP)对四氯化碳(CCl_4)所致小鼠急性肝损伤的预防作用及机制。方法:将96只小鼠随机分为正常组(生理盐水)、模型组(生理盐水)、联苯双酯滴丸组(阳性对照,1.5 mg/10 g)和KSCP低、中、高剂量组(0.3、0.6、1.2 mg/10 g),每组16只,ig给药,每天1次,连续10 d。除正常组外,其余各组小鼠均ip 1%CCl_4菜籽油溶液诱导肝损伤。造模24 h后,检测各组小鼠血清中谷氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1(IL-1)的水平和肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化物(SOD)的水平,计算小鼠肝、脾指数,观察肝组织病理变化并进行病理评分,检测肝组织中凋亡相关基因Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-1水平和肝组织中MDA水平以及肝、肾指数均明显升高(P<0.01),肝组织中SOD水平明显降低(P<0.01);肝组织发生肝细胞坏死、变性和炎症细胞浸润等病理变化,病理评分明显增加(P<0.01);肝组织中Caspase-3蛋白表达水平以及Bcl-2/Bax比值均明显降低(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各给药组小鼠上述指标均明显改善(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:KSCP对CCl_4所致小鼠急性肝损伤有一定预防作用,其机制可能与抗氧化、抗炎及调节凋亡相关蛋白的表达有关。     

番茄红素对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 观察番茄红素对四氯化碳(CC14)引起的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用.方法 将小鼠分为正常组、模型组、番茄红素组和阳性药联苯双酯组.番茄红素组和联苯双酯组分别用番茄红素和联苯双酯ig进行预给药干预,正常组和模型组以溶剂0.1％羧甲基纤维素钠ig,连续给药7d后ip CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤.计算肝脏指数,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)以及肝组织中的超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的水平,并观察肝组织HE染色切片的病理变化.结果 番茄红素能显著降低急性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性;升高肝组织匀浆中SOD活力,降低MDA含量和LDH活性;病理切片表明给药组小鼠肝损伤均减轻.结论 番茄红素对CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与番茄红素所具有抗脂质过氧化和清除体内过多的氧自由基的作用有关.     

Sodium butyrate potentiates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), a prominent member of the class I HDAC family, plays crucial roles in inflammation and other pathological processes. Recent studies have found that the activity and expression of HDAC2 were altered under oxidative stress conditions. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the expression and the possible pathophysiological significance of HDAC2 in CCl₄-induced oxidative hepatitis. Our resultant data indicated that the expression of HDAC2 in liver increased after CCl₄ exposure, which was attenuated by antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine or α-lipoic acid. Administration of sodium butyrate (NaB), a representative HDAC inhibitor resulted in further elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, enhanced oxidative stress, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and aggravated hepatocellular necrosis as well as leukocyte infiltration in liver. The results suggested that oxidative stress in CCl₄-exposed mice induce the expression of HDAC2, while inhibition of HDAC result in exacerbated liver injury. Therefore, HDAC might be involved in the pathogenesis of CCl₄-induced liver injury and provide protective benefit.     

Central injection of astressin inhibits carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats

The effect of intracisternal astressin, a specific and potent corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)₁ and CRF₂ receptor antagonist on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute liver injury was investigated in rats. Intracisternal astressin inhibited the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase level induced by CCl₄. Intracisternal astressin also reduced CCl₄-induced liver histological changes. The protective effect of central astressin on CCl₄-induced liver damage was abolished by sympathectomy but not by hepatic branch vagotomy. These findings demonstrate that astressin acts in the central nervous system to induce hepatic cytoprotection, possibly through the sympathetic pathways in rats. These results further establish a role of endogenous CRF in the brain in hepatic pathophysiological regulation.     

Protective effects of salecan against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is a well‐established model for screening hepato‐protective drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of a novel soluble β‐glucan salecan on acute liver injury induced by CCl₄ in mice and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. Mice were given salecan (40 mg kg^?1) or phosphate‐buffered saline for 3 days prior to treatment with a single intraperitoneal dose of CCl₄ (1 ml kg^?1 body weight). Animals were sacrificed at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post‐injection of CCl₄. Serum liver enzyme levels, histology, lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH) content, expression of antioxidant enzymes and hepatocyte proliferation were subsequently evaluated. The serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers were markedly reduced in the salecan pretreatment group compared with the control group. Histopathological examination of the livers revealed that hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis were significantly attenuated at an early stage during CCl₄ intoxication and liver recovery was markedly accelerated at a later stage in salecan pre‐administered mice. Furthermore, salecan administration remarkably alleviated lipid peroxidation and restored GSH depletion. Meanwhile, the expression of antioxidant genes was significantly elevated in the salecan‐treated group. Interestingly, the administration of salecan remarkably enhanced hepatocyte proliferation in the recovery phase after CCl₄ injection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that salecan exhibits a protective action on acute hepatic injury induced by CCl₄ through attenuating oxidative stress and accelerating hepatocyte regeneration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resveratrol ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

The planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are the attractive candidates for bio-control of plankton communities to eliminate odorous populations of cyanobacteria. However, few studies focused on the health of such fishes in natural water body with vigorous toxic blooms. Blood parameters are useful and sensitive for diagnosis of diseases and monitoring of the physiological status of fish exposed to toxicants. To evaluate the impact of toxic cyanobacterial blooms on the planktivorous fish, 12 serum chemistry variables were investigated in silver carp and bighead carp for 9 months, in a large net cage in Meiliang Bay, a hypereutrophic region of Lake Taihu. The results confirmed adverse effects of cyanobacterial blooms on two phytoplanktivorous fish, which mainly characterized with potential toxicogenomic effects and metabolism disorders in liver, and kidney dysfunction. In addition, cholestasis was intensively implied by distinct elevation of all four related biomarkers (ALP, GGT, DBIL, TBIL) in bighead carp. The combination of LDH, AST activities and DBIL, URIC contents for silver carp, and the combination of ALT, ALP activities and TBIL, DBIL, URIC concentrations for bighead carps were found to most strongly indicate toxic effects from cyanobacterial blooms in such fishes by a multivariate discriminant analysis.     

Resveratrol ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

Present investigation aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of resveratrol (30 mg/kg, po) in mice following two different routes (po and sc) of exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄, 1.0 ml/kg). Administration of CCl₄ caused significant increase in the release of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, creatinine kinase, total bilirubin, urea and uric acid in serum. Significantly enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione with marked depletion in reduced glutathione were observed after CCl₄ intoxication. It was also found that CCl₄ administration caused severe alterations in liver histology. Hepatic injury was more severe in those animals who received CCl₄ by oral route than those who exposed to CCl₄ subcutaneously. Resveratrol treatment was able to mitigate hepatic damage induced by acute intoxication of CCl₄ and showed pronounced curative effect against lipid peroxidation and deviated serum enzymatic variables as well as maintained glutathione status toward control. Treatment of resveratrol lessened CCl₄ induced damage in liver. The results of the present study suggest that resveratrol has potential to exert curative effects against liver injury.     

姜黄素-3脂质体对小鼠四氯化碳急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的：研究姜黄素-3脂质体对肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法：取昆明种小鼠40只,随机分成4组,每组10只：正常对照组、四氯化碳（CCl4）肝损伤模型组、姜黄素-3注射剂组、姜黄素-3脂质体组。采用腹腔注射CCl4致小鼠肝损伤模型,测定动物血清ALT、AST的活性和肝组织脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量;研究肝组织病理变化。结果：模型组血清ALT、AST及肝组织MDA较正常对照组明显增高,肝组织切片出现肝小叶内炎细胞浸润;治疗组小鼠各生化指标及炎症程度较模型组均明显减轻,脂质体组对肝损伤的药效明显优于注射剂组。结论：姜黄素-3脂质体对小鼠四氯化碳性肝损伤有显著的保护作用,可通过降低肝内脂质的过氧化反应而增加其对肝脏内皮细胞的保护作用。     

Xanthohumol prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats

Xanthohumol (XN), a prenyl flavonoid present in beer, prevents the acute hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in rats. Pre-treatment of rats with XN significantly reduced the increased liver weight observed in CCl₄-intoxicated rats, normalised the increased values of plasma lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities and reduced the incidence of histopathological alterations produced by CCl₄. The oxidative stress induced by CCl₄ administration elicited a significant decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione as well as an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and H₂O₂ concentrations. Pre-treatment of rats with XN resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) content and a reduction in TBARS and H₂O₂ concentrations to their normal values. XN pre-treatment also prevented the significant reductions of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities observed in CCl₄-treated rats compared to control animals.     

Protection of mice against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury by endogenous and exogenous estrogens

Gender is a crucial factor determining susceptibility to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in humans and experimental animals. However, no general concept of sex differences in DILI has been established, as metabolic events specific to one DILI model are difficult to apply to other DILI models. Herein, we examined sex differences in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity, a widely employed DILI model. Male and female CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally administered CCl₄. Additionally, some male mice were administered genistein or another isoflavone to evaluate the effects of exogenous estrogens. Dose-dependent alanine aminotransferase leakage was observed at a CCl₄ range of 0.5–10 mmol/kg, with male-dominant sex differences mainly observed at lower doses. No sex differences in hepatic glutathione levels or thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance formation were detected. CCl₄ induced hepatic inflammatory genes, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, predominantly in female mice, which might be involved in DILI resistance, observed in female mice. Treatment of male mice with phytoestrogens, especially genistein, attenuated CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, genistein inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α expression, suggesting possible hepatoprotection via immunosuppression. In conclusion, female mice are resistant to CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity, and male mice were afforded protection by genistein, probably via mechanisms based on anti-estrogenic, antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects.     

Sodium butyrate potentiates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), a prominent member of the class I HDAC family, plays crucial roles in inflammation and other pathological processes. Recent studies have found that the activity and expression of HDAC2 were altered under oxidative stress conditions. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the expression and the possible pathophysiological significance of HDAC2 in CCl(4)-induced oxidative hepatitis. Our resultant data indicated that the expression of HDAC2 in liver increased after CCl(4) exposure, which was attenuated by antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine or α-lipoic acid. Administration of sodium butyrate (NaB), a representative HDAC inhibitor resulted in further elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, enhanced oxidative stress, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and aggravated hepatocellular necrosis as well as leukocyte infiltration in liver. The results suggested that oxidative stress in CCl(4)-exposed mice induce the expression of HDAC2, while inhibition of HDAC result in exacerbated liver injury. Therefore, HDAC might be involved in the pathogenesis of CCl(4)-induced liver injury and provide protective benefit.