极低出生体重儿早期喂养的临床观察

目的研究早期微量喂养对极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）的生长发育、胃肠功能成熟及生命体征的影响,为VLBWI的早期微量喂养提供依据。方法将2005年2月至2006年2月北京协和医院NICU住院的符合人选标准的29例VLBWI随机分为早喂组和晚喂组。两组一般情况及合并症差异无统计学意义。对两组的生长发育、胃肠耐受情况、血清胃泌素和胃动素水平、胃肠动力、胃电活动、肠系膜上动脉血流速度、胃食管返流情况进行观察监测。结果研究期间两组生长发育情况、平均肠外营养时间及住院时间差异无统计学意义;喂养耐受性早喂组较晚喂组明显增强（P=0．039）;血清胃动素水平早喂组较晚喂组在第7、14天明显升高;两组血清胃泌素水平差异无统计学意义;第28天时早喂组的胃电图检查更为成熟;早喂组的胎便排完时间更短;卡红胃肠道转运时间第28天早喂组更短;血流动力学参数变化差异无统计学意义。结论早期喂养可以促进VLBWI的胃肠道成熟,改善喂养不耐受,包括减少喂养并发症、促进胃肠激素分泌、促进胃电生理活动成熟、加强胃肠动力。     

极低出生体重儿早期静脉营养的临床研究

目的 研究极低出生体重儿对早期静脉营养的耐受情况和疗效.方法 32例极低出生体重儿随机分为2组:经典静脉营养组(CPN)和实验静脉营养组(EPN).CPN组生后24～48 h内仅给予5%～10%葡萄糖,之后加6%小儿氨基酸和20%脂肪乳,氨基酸从1.0 g/(kg·d)开始每口递增0.5 g/(kg·d),直至3.0 g/(kg·d);脂肪乳选用含中长链脂肪酸,从0.5 g/(kg·d)开始每日递增0.5 g/(kg·d),直至3.0 g/(kg·d).EPN组生后24 h内起即予6%小儿氨基酸2.4 g/(kg·d)和脂肪乳2.4 g/(kg·d),72 h内均增至3.0 g/(kg·d),即达到足量静脉营养.1周内每天计算总热卡包括胃肠内和胃肠外热卡,检测入院72 h内和1周后监测血脂、胆红素、肾功能、血碳酸氢盐、血糖等生化指标.并记录体质量最大丢失,计算1周后可以部分胃肠营养的患儿百分比、恢复出生体质量时间和达到完全胃肠营养时间等指标.结果 与CPN组相比,EPN组的总能量摄入以及胃肠外提供热卡在生后前5 d明显增高,1周内体质量丢失较少,恢复出生体重时间和恢复完全胃肠营养时间缩短,且末增加代谢性酸中毒、脂质代谢紊乱、高胆红素血症以及肾功能损伤等并发症.结论 极低出生体重儿早期可以耐受较大剂量的静脉营养,且有一定的临床效应.     

极低出生体重儿早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方的临床观察

目的 观察早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方、早产儿配方奶对极低出生体重儿（very low birth weight,VLBW）的胃肠耐受、生长发育的影响,为VLBW的早期胃肠喂养提供科学依据.方法 将出生体重≤l 500g的126例早产儿分成观察组（63例）和对照组（63例）.在常规综合治疗的基础上,观察组早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方,对照组早期微量喂养早产儿配方奶,对两组患儿的胃肠耐受、并发症及生长发育进行监测.结果 观察组恢复出生体重日、达全肠道喂养日龄、住院天数、出院时宫外生长发育迟缓发生率、喂养不耐受发生率、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率、喂养消化不良性腹泻发生率分别为12.81 d、25.76 d、37.95 d、23.8％、14.3％、6.3％、3.2％,对照组以上指标分别为16.02 d、27.75 d、45.49 d、42.9％、30.2％、19.0％、12.7％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 积极进行早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白,可以降低极低出生体重儿喂养并发症的发生率,对近期生长发育有良好促进作用,适合临床使用.     

极低出生体重儿十二指肠喂养临床探讨

我科自2003年2月至2004年9月对18例极低体重儿（VLBWI）采用了十二指肠喂养与部分肠道外营养相结合的方法，达到了理想生长指标，现报告如下。     

极低出生体重儿早期经口微量喂养的临床研究

随着围生医学及新生儿急救技术的发展,极低出生体重儿（very low birth weight infants VLBWI）的存活率逐年提高,其中营养条件的改善起了重要的作用.所谓早期微量喂养，即对于VLBW在生后24h给予持续胃管喂养，速度为每小时1mL／kg。过去认为在VLBW生后即给予肠道喂养增加坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）的发病率，但近年的研究发现，早期微量喂养对VLBW的生长发育有较好的促进作用。     

极低出生体重儿早期干预及预后分析

随着围产期保健的进一步发展，低出生体重儿(LBW)存活率增加，统计显示，我国LBW发生率占新生儿的6．4％，极低体重儿(VLBW)的发生率占LBW的7．4％，占新生儿的0．5％。我国LBW死亡率为176．4％o，极低出生体重儿成活者的10％～12％可遗留体格和智能发育阻碍。为了改善VLBW体格和智能发育，提高其生活质量，笔者对31     

早期喂养对极低出生体重儿血糖影响的研究

目的探讨早期喂养对极低出生体重儿(VLBWI)血糖的影响。方法将59例VLB-WI分为早期喂养组29例,常规喂养组30例,两组的基本情况无差异。早期喂养组平均在生后1·08d开奶,采用间歇性经口胃管法,每次1~2ml/kg,间隔2h,以每天10~20ml/kg的速度加奶;常规喂养组平均在生后6·1d开奶,采用奶瓶喂养,开奶量、加奶方法与早期喂养组相同。两组均于生后第3天开始静脉营养。所有患儿入院后均常规按时采微量血监测血糖,血糖紊乱者给予对症处理。比较两组入院后血糖监测结果及血糖稳定时间。结果两组入院时检测血糖结果无明显差异,治疗24h后早期喂养组发生血糖紊乱例数明显少于常规喂养组(P<0·05),且血糖稳定时间(3·02±1·58)d与常规喂养组(5·10±2·23)d相比明显缩短(P<0·01)。结论早期喂养可以减少VLBWI血糖紊乱的发生,提高VLBWI的生存率及生存质量。     

极低出生体重儿的预后

极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）是指体重低于1500克的新生儿，这些患儿由于脏器功能不成熟，病死率很高，80年代以来，随着新生儿监护病房完善，极低出生体重儿存活率已有显著提高”’‘’。但他们的预后如何，备受人们关注。今就极低出生体重地的预后作一概述。存活率在6O年代，体重低于I000克的新生儿死亡率高达gO％以上，目前已下降到SO％以下”’，Sel卜’总结了4O个医疗中心的资料后，指出在1983年，出生体重＜750克的新生儿子均死亡率为63．9％，751一I000克的新生儿平均死亡率为33．9％。Kitchen等‘”把他，们在1985一1987年的一组…     

极低出生体重儿静脉营养临床观察

本文总结了12例极低出生作重儿成功应用静脉营养的经验。患儿胎龄26—36周，出生体重1200－1499克，应用静脉营养时间7－35天不等，氨基酸和脂肪乳每日从0．5g／kg·d开始，最大量分别为2．5－3g／kg·d和2－3g／kg·d，同时应用维生素和微量元素．结果发现静脉营养应用5天以后体重稳步增长，平均每日增加约30克，此时氨基酸和脂肪乳用量达1．5—2g／kg·d，热卡达80cal／kg·d。静脉营养期间所有病人血电解质、血脂、血浆蛋白、BUN均在正常范围，除2例病人外肝功能也在正常范围，2例发生胆汁瘀积，并发现当患儿有严重原发病时血糖易随葡萄糖输注速度而波动。     

Early enteral feeding in very low birth weight infants

Background/aim

Debate exists about when to initiate enteral feeding (EF) in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. This retrospective study compared the effectiveness of an education-based quality improvement project and the relationship of time of the first EF to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or death incidence and parenteral nutrition (PN) days in VLBW infants.

Study design/subjects

VLBW infants born in 2 epochs were compared for hour of the first feed, PN days, NEC or death incidence, and feeding type. The 2 epochs were temporally divided by a quality improvement initiative to standardize initiation of EF in postnatal hours 6–24.

Results

603 VLBW infants were included. Median time of feed initiation decreased from 33 (Epoch 1) to 14 h (Epoch 2) (p < 0.0001). Median PN days were 14 vs. 12, respectively (p = 0.07). The incidence of NEC or death was 13.4% vs. 9.5%, respectively (p = 0.14). When controlling for birth weight, gestational age, race, gender, and time period, earlier feed initiation was associated with decreased NEC or death (p = 0.003). Evaluation of the relationship of early EF (defined as within the first 24 h) in Epoch 2 alone showed that early EF was significantly associated with decreased NEC or death (6.3 vs 15.1%) (RR, 95% CI = 0.28, 0.13–0.58) and less PN days (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

In a VLBW infant cohort, an education-based process improvement initiative decreased time of EF initiation to a median of 14 h with no associated increase in NEC or death. In fact, results suggest that earlier feeding is associated with decreased NEC or death.     

极低出生体重儿肠内营养与生长速度的研究进展

本文阐述了极低出生体重儿消化系统特点、肠内营养方式、乳类选择、开始时间、奶量增长速度及理想的生长速度,旨在了解不同的肠内营养开始时间对极低出生体重儿消化功能及生长速度的影响,以期寻找极低出生体重儿适宜的肠内营养开始时间,为临床制定极低出生体重儿肠内营养方案提供依据.     

超低出生体重儿的营养管理

超低出生体重儿由于其胃肠道发育极不成熟以及生后疾病状态的影响,生后的喂养成为一大难题。早期积极给予胃肠道外营养以及恰当的胃肠道内营养对于超低出生体重儿的生长发育具有很大的促进作用,该文将分别从这两个方面进行综述。     

Transthyretin levels are not related to Apgar score in low birth weight and very low birth weight infants

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported an increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction in premature/low birth weight infants. The cord blood concentrations of transthyretin (TTR), a thyroid hormone binding protein, have also been found to be decreased in preterm infants. While thyroid hormone concentrations are decreased in sick infants, it is not known if physical condition influences TTR levels. Serial concentrations of TTR following birth have not previously been reported. AIMS: To measure serial serum concentrations of TTR in premature infants following birth, and determine whether TTR levels are related to physical condition. METHODS: A cohort of 65 premature very low birth weight (VLBW) and LBW infants were studied. Serum samples were obtained on the day of birth, and for 8 weeks following birth. Apgar scores at birth as well as the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were noted. RESULTS: Baseline serum T4 concentrations and Apgar scores were significantly lower in VLBW infants, while the severity of RDS was significantly higher in the VLBW group. Multivariate analyses revealed that T4 levels were negatively associated with RDS, while TSH concentrations were positively related to gestational age. TTR concentrations were not related to gestational age at birth, Apgar score, or RDS, and did not change markedly over 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum TTR concentrations are not related to birth weight/gestational age and are not associated with either clinical condition at birth (as assessed by Apgar score) or the occurrence of RDS. Reference values for TTR concentrations in VLBW and LBW infants are provided from birth to 8 weeks of age.     

Plasma amino acid patterns in very low birth weight infants during parenteral nutrition

Plasma amino acids were measured in eight very low birth weight infants (≤ 1000 gm) before and after infusion of parenteral alimentations with Freamine III. Significant elevation in serum threonine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, serine, proline, glycine and omithine was noted after twenty four hours of infusion. On the other hand, significant decreases in taurine and tyrosine levels were noted. Our study suggests that current solution is not optimal for premature neonates and the amount of protein administered during the first week in infants weighing ≤ 1000 gm should be decreased from the recommended 2.5–3.0 gm/kg/day.     

超低出生体重儿胃肠道内喂养24例临床分析

目的 回顾超低出生体重儿(ELBWI)胃肠道内喂养的临床资料,分析影响ELBWI胃肠道内喂养的各种因素.方法 对2000年1月至2010年1月间的24例ELBWI的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据达到足量胃肠道内喂养的时间分为A组和B组,比较两组之间各项指标的差异.结果 24例ELBWI胎龄为(29.0±1.8)周(26.14～34.43周),出生体重为[(882±67)(730～970)]g,A组11例,达到足量喂养时间为(27±6)d;B组13例,达到足量喂养时间为(46±10)d.生后窒息(18.2%∶61.5%,P=0.047)、脐静脉插管时间长于10 d(18.2%∶61.5%,P=0.047)、机械通气时间长于14 d(27.3%∶76.9%,P=0.038)的比例,以及第21、28天的奶量[(88.9±35.4)ml:(37.4±34.9)ml,P=0.002;(121.1±37.4)ml:(53.2±33.1)ml,P=0.000]在两组间差异有统计学意义.胎龄、出生体重、动脉导管未闭、红细胞增多症、血糖异常、败血症、开奶日龄、开奶量、第1周加奶量、第2周加奶量、第3、7、14天奶量均无统计学差异.结论 窒息、脐静脉插管时间、机械通气时间可能影响ELBWI的胃肠道内喂养,喂养较顺利的ELBWI在生后第3周时即可表现出较好的耐受性.但因ELBWI的胃肠道内喂养可能受到多种因素的影响,在进行喂养时应针对不同情况制定个体化方案.

Abstract：

Objective To review the clinical data of enteral feeding of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI), and analyze the influencing factors. Method From Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2010, data of 31 ELBWI from Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively collected. ELBWI were assigned to different groups according to the time achieving full enteral feeding, comparison was done between two groups for enteral feeding. Result Twenty-four infants were analyzed, their mean gestational age was ( 29. 0 ±1.8) weeks (26. 14-34. 43 weeks), birth weight (882 ±67)g(730-970 g), there were 11 infants in group A, whose time for achieving full enteral feeding was (27 ±6)days, there were 13 infants in group B, whose time achieving full enteral feeding was ( 46 ± 10 ) days. The ratio of asphyxia ( 18.2% vs. 61.5%, P =0. 047 ), duration of umbilical vein catheterization longer than 10 days ( 18. 2% vs. 61.5%, P = 0. 047 ),and duration of mechanical ventilation longer than 14 days(27.3% vs. 76.9% ,P = 0. 038 )in group A was higher than in group B. The milk volume on the 21st and 28th day in group A was much more than that in groupB[(88.9±35.4)mlvs. (37.4±34.9) ml, P=0. 002;(121.1±37.4) ml vs. (53.2±33.1) ml,P =0. 000]. There were no significant differences between the two groups in gestational age, birth weight,patent ductus arterious, erythrocytosis, dysglycemia, sepsis, the time to begin enteral feeding, the beginning milk volume, the adding milk volume in the 1st, 2nd week, and the milk volume on the 3rd, 7th, 14th day.Conclusion Asphyxia, duration of umbilical vein catheterization, and duration of mechanical ventilation are likely to influence the enteral feeding of ELBWI, ELBWI with successful enteral feeding could show good tolerance in the 3rd week. But individual program should be made for enteral feeding of ELBWI, because enteral feeding could be influenced by multiple factors.     

Early iron supplementation in very low birth weight infants – a randomized controlled trial

Aim: To evaluate if supplementing iron at 2 weeks of age improves serum ferritin and/or haematological parameters at 2 months of life in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
Methods: Preterm VLBW infants who received at least 100 mL/kg/day of oral feeds by day 14 of life were randomized to either 'early iron' (3–4 mg/kg/day orally from 2 weeks) or 'control' (no iron until 60 days) groups. Infants were followed up fortnightly and all morbidities were prospectively recorded. Serum ferritin was measured at 60 days by enzyme immunoassay method.
Results: Forty-six infants were included in the study; primary outcome was available for 42 infants. There was no difference in either serum ferritin (mean: 50.8 vs. 45.3 μg/L; adjusted difference in means: 5.8, 95% CI: −3.0, 14.6; p = 0.19) or haematocrit (32.5 ± 5.3 vs. 30.8 ± 6.3%; p = 0.35) at 60 days between the early iron and control groups. The magnitude of fall in serum ferritin from baseline to the end of study period was also not different between the groups (4.9 vs. 13.8 μg/L; difference in means: 8.8; 95% CI: −0.3, 17.9; p = 0.06). The requirement of blood transfusions (9.5 vs. 13%; p = 0.63) and a composite outcome of common neonatal morbidities (19% vs. 21.7%; p = 0.55) were also not different between the two groups.
Conclusion: Supplementing iron at 2 weeks of age in preterm VLBW infants did not improve either serum ferritin or the haematological parameters at 2 months when compared to the standard practice of starting iron from 8 weeks of age.     

极低出生体重儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积高危因素分析

目的：胆汁淤积是婴儿肠外营养最常见的并发症,本研究旨在调查极低出生体重儿长期肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的高危因素。方法：回顾性分析2006年8月至2011年12月在重症监护室住院且肠外营养时间大于2周的极低出生体重儿204例,使用营养液前后定期检测肝功能,发生胆汁淤积的观察组和未发生胆汁淤积的对照组进行单因素及多因素分析。结果：204例极低出生体重儿发生胆汁淤积46例（22.5%）;单因素分析显示经鼻持续正压通气（CPAP）、呼吸衰竭、呼吸窘迫综合征、支气管肺发育不良及早产儿视网膜病在观察组的比例明显高于对照组;另外,与对照组相比,观察组出生体重低、吸氧时间长、第一次开奶时间晚、禁食时间长、肠外营养持续时间长、总氨基酸和总脂肪的摄入量高。Logistic回归分析显示禁食时间（OR:1.115,95%CI： 1.031~1.207）是胆汁淤积的高危因素。结论：胆汁淤积的发生是多因素的,危重儿尽早开展肠内营养,减少肠外营养时间,降低胆汁淤积的发生。     

极低及超低出生体重儿肺出血的影响因素及预后分析

目的 探讨极低及超低出生体重(出生体重≤1200g)早产儿肺出血的影响因素及预后.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年12月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院第二新生儿科住院、出生体重≤1200g、住院期间发生肺出血的极低及超低出生体重儿临床资料,同期住院、相同体重范围非肺出血早产儿作为对照组.比较两组母孕期及新生儿期特点,多元回归分析探讨肺出血影响因素,了解肺出血新生儿的近期预后.结果 肺出血新生儿(肺出血组)71例,对照组364例.肺出血发生于 3d 以内者57例(占80.3%),肺出血组胎龄(28.2±1.7)周、出生体重(936±192)g,均明显低于对照组[(29.5±2.1)周,(1033±134)g,t分别为4.776、-5.145,P<0.01].肺出血组呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)(76.1%)、肺表面活性物质治疗(76.1%,其中≥2次使用率9.9%)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)(66.2%)比例均明显高于对照组[41.2%、30.8%(4.1%)和38.7%,χ2值分别为33.457、28.970(4.074)和32.798,P<0.05].肺出血组产前类固醇激素治疗率(21.1%)亦明显低于对照组(41.2%,χ2=10.177,P<0.01).多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,RDS(OR=3.739,95%CI 1.383-10.113,P<0.05)、PDA(OR=2.206,95%CI 1.205-4.093,P<0.05)及5 min Apgar评分<7(OR=2.851,95%CI 1.191-6.828)是肺出血的独立危险因素;出生体重大(OR=0.998,95%CI 0.996-1.000,P<0.05)及母孕期应用激素 (OR=0.432,95%CI 0.224-0.834,P<0.05)是肺出血的保护因素.肺出血组颅内出血、早产儿视网膜病及重度支气管肺发育不良发生率(16.9%、12.7%及18.3%)明显高于对照组(5.8%、4.4%及2.2%,χ2值分别为36.824、7.520及33.568,P<0.01).肺出血组病死率(49.3%)亦明显高于对照组(14.0%,χ2=46.634,P<0.01).结论 多种围生期因素与肺出血有关;预防早产及产前类固醇激素治疗有助于预防肺出血;肺出血新生儿不良预后发生率高.