杀菌／通透性增加蛋白对休克大鼠组织细胞因子mRNA表达的影响

作者在大鼠失血性休克模型上,观察了重组杀菌／通透性增加蛋白（ＢＰＩ）对肺组织肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、白人素－６（ＩＬ－６）ｍＲＮＡ表达及急性肺损伤的影响,并对肠源性内毒素血症与炎症细胞因子诱发的关系进行了探讨。结果显示：失血性休克可导致血浆内毒素含量显著升高,肺组织ＴＮＦ,ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ表达分别在复苏后２、８小时明显增多（Ｐ〈０．０５－０．０１）;给予ＢＰＩ治疗则完全中和休克所致内毒素血症,并不     

地塞米松对创伤性急性肺损伤家兔肿瘤坏死因子-α的干预作用

目的 探讨地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）对创伤性急性肺损伤（ＡＬＩ）治疗作用的可能机制。方法 采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）、酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测２４只大耳白兔肺组织肿瘤坏死因子－α基因（ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ）表达及肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）、白细胞介素（ＩＬ）－６水平。结果 创伤性ＡＬＩ兔肺组织ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ表达及ＡＭ培养上清液中ＴＮＦ－α,ＩＬ－６含量较正常对照组比较明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。Ｄｅｘ治疗后能显著下调ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ的表达（６８％,Ｐ〈０．０１）,降低ＡＭ分泌ＴＮＦ－α（Ｐ〈０．０５）及ＩＬ－６水平（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 Ｄｅｘ能缓解创伤性ＡＬＩ的发生、发展。其机制与其对ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－６等炎性介质的调节作用密切相关。     

肠源性内毒素血症对组织脂多糖结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨烫伤后肠源性内毒素血症对不同组织脂多糖结合蛋白（ＬＢＰ）ｍＲＮＡ表达的影响。方法采用大鼠３５％体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤模型，观察门、体循环内毒素含量及肝、肺、肠、肾等组织ＬＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达的改变。结果烫伤后血浆内毒素水平（门、体循环均值分别为０．７０７ＥＵ／ｍｌ与０．３４２ＥＵ／ｍｌ）及细菌移位率（３７．１％）较伤前值均有显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时，肝、肺、肠、肾等组织ＬＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达亦显著增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）。给予杀菌／通透性增加蛋白（ＢＰＩ）治疗后可明显降低门、体循环血浆内毒素水平及肺、肠、肾等组织ＬＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），其中以肠道改变最为显著（治疗组与烫伤组均值分别为０．９９０与１．７２９，Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析显示，肺组织ＬＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达与血浆内毒素水平呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．５９４，Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论创伤后肠源性内毒素血症可显著影响不同组织ＬＢＰｍＲＮＡ的表达，ＬＢＰｍＲＮＡ在局部组织表达增多可能与增敏内毒素血症的组织器官损伤有关。     

己酮可可碱对内毒素肺损伤肺组织TNFmRNA表达的影响

目的：观察己酮可可碱对内毒素血症引起的肺组织ＴＮＦｍＲＮＡ表达及血浆ＴＮＦ的影响。方法：选用ＳＤ大鼠６３只，分三组：①生理盐水组（Ｃ组）；②内毒素组（Ｅ组），大肠杆菌Ｏ５５Ｂ５内毒素１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注；③内毒素＋己酮可可碱组（Ｅ＋Ｐ组），１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ内毒素加２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ己酮可可碱静注，６ｍｇ／ｋｇ己酮可可碱维持。每组分１、３、６小时三个时间点，用差别聚合酶链反应测定肺组织ＴＮＦｍＲＮＡ的变化，双抗体夹心法测定血浆ＴＮＦ的变化。结果：内毒素组血浆ＴＮＦ在１小时达高峰，３小时仍升高，６小时接近生理盐水组水平，己酮可可碱组１小时和３小时血浆ＴＮＦ与相应内毒素组比明显下降（Ｐ分别＜０．０１，０．０５）；ＴＮＦｍＲＮＡ表达在内毒素组１小时和３小时明显升高，己酮可可碱治疗后ＴＮＦｍＲＮＡ表达和内毒素组比明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），己酮可可碱组病理损害明显减轻。结论：ＴＮＦ是一个早期的重要炎症介质，己酮可可碱能抑制ＴＮＦ的产生，通过抑制其转录而产生作用，己酮可可碱对内毒素肺损伤具有保护作用。     

家兔创伤休克后血浆内毒素,TNF和IL—6的动态变化

目的：探讨创伤休克对内毒素移位的影响及其与ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６产生的关系。方法：选用家兔１６只，随机分为创伤合并失血性休克（Ⅰ组）和单纯失血性休克组（Ⅱ组），采用鲎试验基质显色法，ＥＬＩＳＡ和细胞生物测定法分别测定血浆内毒素、ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ－６水平。结果：休克１．５小时，Ⅰ组血浆内毒素水平即明显高于伤前，至复苏后０．５小时达峰值，复苏后１小时仍明显高于伤前。休克后Ⅰ组血浆内毒素水平明显高于Ⅱ组；休克及复苏后，血浆ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６水平也先后显著升高，其中ＴＮＦ升高较早，Ⅰ组血浆细胞因子水平明显高于Ⅱ组；相关分析表明，创伤休克后血浆ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６均值分别与血浆内毒素均值呈显著正相关。结论：创伤休克可导致明显的内毒素血症及ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６等细胞因子过量产生，且较单纯休克时明显，创伤后细胞因子产生与内毒素移位有一定的内在联系。     

大面积烧伤休克期切痂对全身炎症反应综合征的防治

目的 探讨休克期切痂对全身炎症反应综合征（ＳＩＲＳ）的作用。方法 临床观察８１例烧伤患者，根据切痂植皮的时间不同成分休克期切痂组（Ａ组）及非休克期切痂组（Ｂ组）。结果 Ｂ组术前及术后ＳＩＲＳ发生率均高于Ａ组（Ｐ〈０．０１），且切痂前、后血浆内毒素（ＬＰＳ）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－α）、白介素－６（ＩＬ－６）及白介素－８（ＩＬ－８）含量居高不下，显著高于Ａ组（Ｐ〈０．０５￣０．０１），Ａ组ＳＩＲＳ并     

大面积烧伤休克期切痂对全身炎症反应综合征的防治

目的探讨休克期切痂对全身炎症反应综合征（ＳＩＲＳ）的作用。方法临床观察８１例烧伤患者，根据切痂植皮的时间不同分成休克期切痂组（Ａ组）及非休克期切痂组（Ｂ组）。结果Ｂ组术前及术后ＳＩＲＳ发生率均高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），且切痂前、后血浆内毒素（ＬＰＳ）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－α）、白介素－６（ＩＬ－６）及白介素－８（ＩＬ－８）含量居高不下，显著高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），Ａ组ＳＩＲＳ并发症的发生率明显低于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），死亡率也明显降低。结论休克期切痂可以在一定程度上控制早期主要炎性介质的大量释放，减少ＳＩＲＳ及其并发症的发生，对预防ＭＯＤＳ的发生和发展有一定意义     

严重烧伤后休克期切痂对肠道细菌和内毒素移位的影响

为探讨严重烧伤休克期切痂与肠源性细菌感染的关系，作者采用ＳＰＦ大鼠１５０只，随机分成三组：休克期切痂组（Ｂ组）与常规切痂组（Ｃ组）均致３０％ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烫伤，伤后１小时开始补液治疗，分别于伤后２４小时、５天切痂植皮。另设单纯植皮组（Ａ组），不烫伤，仅植皮对照。结果显示，Ｂ组切痂前、后血浆ＬＰＳ及ＴＮＦ含量均明显低于Ｃ组，但高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１），痂下菌量（１．５×１０３±０．３×１０ｃｆｕ／ｇ组织）也明显低于Ｃ组（４．３×１０６±１．７×１０ｃｆｕ／ｇ组织）（Ｐ＜０．００１）。Ｂ组内脏细菌检出率显著低于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。结果表明，休克期切痂可以减轻肠源性内毒素血症，及其细菌和毒素移位。内毒素在肠道内细菌和毒素移位中起重要作用。     

磷脂酶A2抑制剂溴苯乙酮对大鼠急性失血性休克复苏后早期肺损伤的保护作用

目的观察磷脂酶Ａ_２抑制剂４－二溴苯乙酮（４－ＢＰＢ）对大鼠急性失血性休克复苏后早期肺损伤的保护作用。方法纯种ＳＤ大鼠３６只,随机分为假手术组（对照组）、乳酸林格氏液复苏组（ＬＲ组）、乳酸林格氏液＋４－ＢＰＢ复苏组（保护组）。两复苏组动物放血并维持低血压（ＭＡＰ ４～５．３ｋＰａ） ６０分钟,其后１０分钟内分别输入全部自体抗凝血或同时静注４－ＢＰＢ（２５μｍｏｌ）;２０分钟内输入２倍放血量的乳酸林格氏液,观察６０分钟。实验结束时收集血清、肺组织标本或作支气管肺泡灌洗。双缩脲法测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）及血清中蛋白的浓度;放免法检测血清中ＴＮＦａ、ＩＬ－１β、ＩＬ－６及ＩＬ－８水平。光镜下比较观察各组大鼠肺组织形态学改变。结果保护组血清ＴＮＦα水平明显低于 ＬＲ组（Ｐ＜０． ０１）,而与对照组无明显差异。三组血清ＩＬ－１β,ＩＬ－６及ＩＬ－８水平除ＬＲ组ＩＬ－６与对照组比较有明显差别外,其余则均无明显差异。保护组肺通透指数与对照组比较无显著性差异,而ＬＲ组明显高于其它两组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。支气管肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量ＬＲ组明显高于其它两组,保护组明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。各组支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞数及ＰＭ     

思密达在重度失血性休克中的应用

目的 研究口服思密达对重度失血性休克预后的影响。方法 经股动脉放血制作兔失血性休克模型，分为休克组、思密达组（休克前经胃管注入思密达），观察休克前后血浆内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、一氧化氮（ＮＯ）水平的动态变化及２４、４８小时的存活率。结果 休克组休克后血浆ＴＮＦα、ＩＬ－６、ＮＯ水平明显高于休克前（Ｐ〈０．０１）；与休克组比较，思密达组动态休克后血浆上述物质水平时显     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.