氟马西尼对异氟醚残余麻醉作用的拮抗作用

目的:探讨氟马西尼是否可以拮抗异氟醚的麻醉残余作用,加速麻醉苏醒。方法:采用随机、双盲、对照方法,选择择期手术、年龄18～60岁、ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级且无术前用药患者60例,芬太尼3μg/kg、丙泊酚2mg/kg、维库溴胺0.1mg/kg诱导,异氟醚、芬太尼、维库溴胺维持麻醉。手术结束停止异氟醚的吸入,继续机械通气,当呼气末异氟醚浓度降至0.45%～0.5%时,分为3组,分别给予生理盐水(对照组)、氟马西尼0.5mg(0.5mg组)和氟马西尼1.0mg(1.0mg组)。每间隔1分钟进行1次意识评价,至患者定向力恢复。记录呼之睁眼、指令运动、正确回答问题、定向力恢复的时间,以及血压、脉搏、脑电双频指数(BIS)值、体温、呼气末异氟醚浓度、呼气末二氧化碳值。并在手术诱导前,定向力恢复时,定向力恢复后15、30、60、120min分别给患者出示一张不同的图片,术后24h随访患者对图片的记忆情况。结果:患者的一般情况差异无显著性(P>0.05)。对照组、0.5mg组和1.0mg组患者从停止吸入异氟醚至指令运动恢复时间分别为(19.58±6.91)min、(22.05±9.19)min和(20.32±6.44)min(P...     

不同氧流量对异氟醚吸入和呼出浓度的影响

目的：研究半紧闭低流量麻醉时等量异氟醚不同氧流量对异氟醚吸入和呼出浓度的影响。方法：30例美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）评分Ⅰ~Ⅱ级静吸复合麻醉腹部手术患者随机分为A组和B组,每组15例,分别在新鲜气流量O20.6L/min时设定异氟醚挥发罐浓度（Fd）为5%和新鲜气流量O21L/min时设定异氟醚挥发罐浓度为3%,即每分钟向回路内输入30mL异氟醚气体。用Datex-Ohmeda S/5气体监测仪连续监测麻醉气体吸入浓度（Fi）、呼气末浓度（Fa）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、吸入氧浓度,观察30min。结果：（1）2组异氟醚Fi和Fa上升缓慢,相同时间点Fi和FaA组显著高于B组（P〈0.05）。（2）A组异氟醚的Fa/Fi上升速率在12min内显著高于B组（P〈0.05）,随后逐渐接近。（3）A组异氟醚的Fi/Fd显著低于B组（P〈0.05）。结论：半紧闭低流量麻醉时向回路内输入等量的异氟醚,降低流量的同时提高挥发罐设定浓度,能达到较高的麻醉深度,该方法有一定的临床实用价值。     

右美托咪定对妇科腹腔镜手术患者异氟醚吸入麻醉效果的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对妇科腹腔镜手术患者异氟醚吸入麻醉效果的影响。方法以100例行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者为研究对象,采用盲选法将分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组麻醉诱导前后给予生理盐水,观察组麻醉诱导前后给予右美托咪定,比较两组不同时间点异氟醚吸气末浓度及血流动力学变化,记录两组躁动及寒战发生率与麻醉苏醒时间。结果观察组各不同时间段异氟醚呼气末浓度明显低于对照组(P<0.05);各不同时间段舒张压及收缩压明显低于对照组(P<0.05);躁动及寒战发生率明显少于对照组(P<0.05);麻醉苏醒时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论针对妇科腹腔镜手术患者,采用右美托咪定麻醉后,异氟醚呼气末浓度得以降低,血流动力学得以稳定,且缩短麻醉苏醒时间,减少躁动及寒战的发生率,具有积极的临床推广价值。     

胸腔镜下胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症250例的麻醉体会

目的回顾性观察电视胸腔镜行双侧T2～T4交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症的麻醉方法,术中、术后不良反应的发生及其处理效果。方法250例手汗症患者在双腔支气管内麻醉下经电视胸腔镜行双侧T2～T4交感神经干切断术。根据吸入麻醉药的不同分为异氟醚吸入麻醉组(157例)和七氟醚吸入麻醉组(93例),分别吸入异氟醚-笑气或七氟醚-笑气,万可松维持麻醉。术中行单肺通气,术毕不放置胸腔引流。观察术中单肺通气效果、手术后苏醒时间、呼吸抑制及疼痛情况。结果七氟醚吸入麻醉组手术结束至病人清醒时间为(8.31±3.77)min,明显短于异氟醚吸入麻醉组(15.16±9.52)min(P<0.01),异氟醚吸入麻醉组有6例麻醉苏醒后出现胸闷、气短、脉搏氧饱和度轻度下降等短暂的呼吸不顺症状。术中单肺通气效果满意,翻转体位时,双腔气管导管出现移位27例,其中左支气管插管11例,右支气管插管16例,均在纤维支气管镜明视下调整入位。手术第1天需使用镇痛药病人71例,发生率为29.2%,第2天疼痛均能够缓解,未使用镇痛药。结论七氟醚吸入麻醉较异氟醚更适合用于电视胸腔镜下行双侧T2～T4交感神经干切断手术。纤维支气管镜在支气管插管中的定位具有明显的优势。     

七氟醚联合丙泊酚用于麻醉维持在全麻复合硬膜外麻醉中的临床观察

目的：比较丙泊酚联合七氟醚用于全身麻醉维持与七氟醚单独用于麻醉维持对于患者苏醒的影响。方法：随机将160例择期在硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉下行胃肠手术的患者分为七氟醚组(S组,n=80)和七氟醚/丙泊酚组(SP组,n=80)。麻醉诱导后,S组采用七氟醚维持麻醉,SP组采用七氟醚联合丙泊酚(1.2μg/mL)维持麻醉。麻醉维持期间维持脑电双频指数(BIS)在40～60。记录拔管时间、苏醒期间严重呛咳和躁动以及其他相关事件的发生率。结果：SP组苏醒和拔管时间分别为(7.2±2.0)min和(8.0±1.8)min,S组苏醒和拔管时间分别为（12.3±1.5）min和（12.8±1.6）min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。SP组严重呛咳和躁动的发生率分别为30%和25%,S组严重呛咳和躁动的发生率分别为68%和53%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。两组患者拔管时BIS值、麻醉期间芬太尼和肌松药用量差异无统计学意义。结论：与七氟醚维持相比,七氟醚联合丙泊酚用于麻醉维持,患者麻醉苏醒更快,且苏醒期呛咳和躁动的发生率较低。     

老年人经喉罩全凭七氟醚吸入用于 支气管镜检查的可行性

目的观察老年人经喉罩全凭七氟醚吸入在支气管镜检查术中的麻醉效果及安全性。方法 30例择期行支气管镜检查老年人患者,年龄65~81岁,性别不限,ASA I~III级。经面罩全凭吸入七氟醚进行诱导,全凭七氟醚吸入维持,围手术期将麻醉深度指数(NI)维持在(40±10)范围内调整七氟醚呼气末浓度。记录麻醉诱导前(T1)、置入喉罩后即刻(T2)、支气管镜至声门(T3)、支气管镜至支气管(T4)、灌洗或活检(T5)、术毕去除喉罩时(T6)和去除喉罩后5min(T7)时的MAP、SPO2、PETCO2、HR、NI、T2~T6时呼气末七氟醚浓度(CTsevo)、记录手术持续时间、麻醉时间、术毕至患者苏醒时间和术后读取七氟醚总用量。结果 MAP、SPO2、PETCO2及HR7个时间点均值差异无显著性,NI在T2~T5与T1比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),CTsevo在T2~T5手术时间点均值差异无显著性,手术时间为(18.7±9.2)min,麻醉时间为(21.9±9.3)min,苏醒时间为(5.1±1.2)min,七氟醚平均用量为30.4mL,30例老年患者均顺利完成手术操作。结论老年人经喉罩全凭七氟醚吸入麻醉可安全有效地应用于支气管镜检查术。     

应用单光子发射式计算机断层成像评估异氟醚对健康人全脑及局部脑血流量分布的影响

目的:观察吸入不同浓度异氟醚麻醉下健康自愿者全脑血流量和局部脑血流灌注的变化特征。方法:实验于2004-05/08在解放军第四军医大学西京医院核医学科完成。选择9名签署了知情同意书的健康自愿者,分别在清醒、吸入0.5和1.0最低肺泡有效浓度异氟醚后3种状态下采用GESPECT仪进行扫描3次,勾画出额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶、丘脑、基底核、舌回、扣带回、小脑、海马、全脑及全脑等区域的感兴趣区并计数,换算成血流量和局部脑血流。在麻醉过程中维持呼气末二氧化碳分压和平均动脉压相对稳定。结果:9名自愿者全部完成测试进入结果分析。①全脑血流量:清醒时,吸入0.5或1.0最低肺泡有效浓度异氟醚后比较无差异[(482±34),(496±42),(503±31)μL/(min·g),P>0.05]。②局部脑区局部脑血流量:额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶、丘脑、基底核、舌回、扣带回、小脑、海马等区域在清醒时和吸入不同浓度异氟醚后比较均无差异。结论:在保持呼气末二氧化碳分压和平均动脉压不变时,吸入异氟醚麻醉不影响人脑内血流量的分布。     

异氟醚吸入麻醉时药代动力学模型模型的建立及临床测评

目的 确定异氟醚 (Iso)吸入麻醉时浓度 -时间数学模型 ,并评价其可信性。方法 20例ASA1～2级全麻病人 ,气管插管后持续以1L/minO2 载入挥发罐1.5%Iso靶浓度 ,麻醉气体监测仪测定病人呼气末Iso浓度 (FETIso)。其中A组10例以FETIso与时间作图并建立数学模型 ;B组10例根据数学模型计算理论值 ,并与实际值进行执行误差(PE %)分析。 结果 1.本实验条件下数学模型为FETIso(t)/104=43.4136e0.1042t-27.2380e-11.7658t;2.理论值执行误差除1min为 +30.3%外 ,其他各点均在±10 %以内。结论 该数学模型能较为正确地预测FETIso ;而挥发罐所给定的Iso靶浓度在实验观察结束时尚未能达到。     

复合麻醉临床应用体会

异丙酚、异氟醚均具有诱导迅速、可控性好、苏醒快的特点。术中单纯异氟醚吸入苏醒期躁动和术后恶心、呕吐较多。我们利用异丙酚的药物特性 ,以异丙酚静脉滴注、异氟醚吸入复合麻醉与单纯异氟醚吸入麻醉作比较 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法一般资料 :本组病例 6 0例 ,男 37例 ,女 2 3例 ,年龄 32～ 75岁 ,体重 45～ 75ｋｇ ,两组病人体重、年龄无显著差异 (Ｐ >0 0 5 ) ,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅲ级。其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术 41例 ,剖腹胆囊切除术 19例。手术均在 4ｈ内完成。麻醉及准备与分组 :随机分两组 (Ａ组和Ｂ组 ) ,每组 30例。所有病人术前 30ｍｉ…     

吸入全麻和吸入全麻联合硬膜外麻醉对胃癌根治术患者清醒时MAC的影响

目的:比较吸入全麻和吸入全麻联合硬膜外麻醉对术后清醒时M AC和S tew ard苏醒评分的影响。方法:30例择期行胃癌根治术的患者,随机分成两组:吸入全麻组(全麻组)和吸入全麻联合硬膜外麻醉组(联合组),每组15例。联合组硬膜外给予1.6%利多卡因12~14 m l,两组均采用异丙酚2 m g/kg和琥珀胆碱1.5 m g/kg诱导插管,用维库溴铵、异氟醚维持麻醉,两组异氟醚用量相同。手术结束时快速洗出体内异氟醚,进行S tew ard苏醒评分。结果:全麻组清醒M AC为(0.40±0.06)%,S tew ard苏醒评分4.10±0.04;联合组清醒M AC为(0.25±0.05)%,S tew ard苏醒评分为4.70±0.05。结论:吸入麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉术后清醒时M AC降低,S tew ard苏醒评分高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.