胶乳免疫散射比浊法测定β2微球蛋白在全自动生化分析仪上的应用研究

目的探讨胶乳免疫散射比浊法检测血清及尿液中的β2微球蛋白在全自动生化分析仪上的应用。方法采用Hi-tachi7170S全自动生化分析仪,终点法测定,主波长540nm,副波长700nm,温度37℃,血清∶试剂1∶试剂2为:3μl∶270μl∶30μl,并与放射免疫方法进行对比。结果对比试验:取50份血清及30份尿液标本分别用全自动生化分析仪胶乳凝集比浊法和放免法进行测定,两法差异无显著性。精密度实验:血清批内CV值为2.3%,批间3.4%;尿液批内CV值2.5%,批间4.4%。回收实验:回收率在96%~103%之间,平均99.6%。线性测定:该法线性范围为0~18mg/L。结论应用胶乳免疫散射比浊法检测血清及尿液β2微球蛋白在全自动生化分析仪测定,其反应的线性、准确性、精密度良好,方法简便稳定,适用于临床应用。     

全自动生化分析仪双速率法检测G6PD的探讨

目的探讨用双速率法和传统的双通道单速率法在全自动生化分析仪上检测葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）活性结果是否存在显著差异。方法在7600全自动生化分析仪上同时采用两种方法对92例样本进行G6PD检测。结果双速率法与双通道单速率法对92例样本的G6PD测定结果的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,两种方法相关性较好（r=0．9705）,两法具有良好的可比性。结论应用7600全自动生化分析仪的双速率法检测G6PD,既简便、准确、快捷,又能减少试剂用量,减少仪器损耗,降低成本,可作为一种更为经济和实用性强的检测方法,值得应用推广。     

微孔板速率法在丙氨酸氨基转移酶检测中的应用

目的研究微孔板速率法在丙氨酸氨基转移酶检测中的可行性和应用价值。方法取体检和筛查合格的8 327例无偿献血者血清标本和135例ALT异常献血者血清标本,用全自动生化分析仪法,微孔板速率法分别测定ALT活性。结果全自动生化分析仪法,微孔板速率法对8327例无偿献血者血清标本的检测,有显著相关性(r=0.945 1),结果无显著性差异(P>0.05)。两种方法检测135例阳性血样,微孔板速率法有漏检现象,但无统计学意义,结果差异无显著性,变异系数为6.32%,符合要求。结论微孔板速率法是一种理想的检测ALT活性的方法,与全自动生化分析仪法联合应用或除全自动生化分析仪外,首选微孔板速率法,可提高检测的准确性,减少输血传染病的风险。     

试剂前预温对半自动生化分析仪酶学测定的影响

半自动生化分析仪酶活性测定简便、快速，适用于急诊或标本较少的中小医院。但由于操作不规范、忽略试剂前预温，致使酶活性检测偏低，与全自动生化分析仪不具可比性。实验观察表明试剂基础温度是影响半自动生化分析仪酶活性测定的重要因素。一、材料和方法1·试剂ALT、LDH、CK     

速率法测定酶活性结果可靠性的监控

速率法测定酶的活性与终点法相比具有快速、准确、能自动化等优点。随全自动生化分析仪在各医院的普及，酶测定终点法逐步被速率法所取代．在实际工作中，由于普及开展酶质控工作受现有条件的约束还有一定的难度，所以对实验结果可靠性的监控主要通过对仪器、试剂的监控及对实验数据的分析来进行．结合我种意大利产BT2000型全自动生化分析仪的特点，笔者就这方面的问题谈谈自己的体会，供检验同行们参考．1对试剂的监控目前，速率法试剂一般是用试剂厂家提供的试剂盒，厂家对试剂的质量有严格的控制，但因受运输、贮存及其它一些因素的影响…     

试剂预温对半自动生化分析仪酶学测定的影响

半自动生化分析仪酶活性测定简便、快速,适用于急诊或标本较少的情况。但在日常工作中,由于操作不规范、忽略试剂在测试前预温,致使检测结果偏低,与全自动生化分析仪测试结果比较,具有显著性差异。 1 材料和方法 1．1 试剂 LDH、CK、AST、ALT试剂盒均购自中生公司。 1．2 仪器 ISP－Ⅱ或Ⅲ型半自动生化分析仪,荷兰产;ALCYON－300型全自动生化分析仪,法国产。 1．3 参数设置：参照仪器操作手册及试剂盒说明。 2 实验结果 取同一份标本分别在半自动、全自动生化分析仪上测定,半自动生化分析仪操作前先加试剂于试管中,置4℃…     

速率法检测ALT一种引起结果失真情况的探讨

目的揭示在日常全自动生化检测ALT中经常出现的一种造成结果失真的问题，分析原因并探讨解决方法。方法全自动生化分析仪7060双试剂酶偶联速率法检测ALT。结果经常有测定值过低，经稀释测定后，但实际值很高的情况出现，导致ALT的失真。结论要注意过低值的测定结果，要认真仔细，经常察看反应曲线，要结合临床症状以及其它项目测定结果，慎重发出报告，避免此类情况出现。     

酶标仪干试剂法测定钾离子的探讨

目的建立一种在酶标仪上用干试剂测定血清钾离子浓度的检测方法。方法将蛋白水解酶法的改良试剂干燥在酶标板的板孔内,封存备用。测定时将样品加入板孔,混匀后测定吸光度(OD)值。结果钾离子在2.4～8.4mmol/L浓度范围内,其OD值与浓度之间有良好的线性关系(r=0.9878),检测结果与全自动生化分析仪VITRO250相比有较好的一致性。结论酶标仪干试剂法简便有效,可用于钾离子的快速批量测定。     

2种仪器和试剂测定尿肌酐对比研究及偏倚评估

目的为了解检测标本在迈瑞BS-350全自动生化分析仪、东芝TBA-40FR型全自动生化分析仪上的检测结果是否存在偏差,同时进行偏倚评估分析。方法本次研究使用迈瑞BS-350全自动生化分析仪、东芝TBA-40FR型全自动生化分析仪这2种全自动生化分析仪进行检验结果,并且使用配套的试剂进行检测尿肌酐(Cr)。同时在样本选择的时候根据国际指定的EP9-A文件进行操作,每一天取临床尿样品8份以及同时检测7个质控样品进行对比分析,保持尿Cr浓度在0.3~3.0g/L左右,在分别使用不同的仪器和试剂进行统计检测的结果。结果通过2种方法试剂检测患者尿液样本尿Cr浓度结果的线性回归方程为Y=0.948 X+0.05,并且决定系数R2=0.995 3。同时2种方法试剂检测结果的相对偏倚分别为6.5%、3.8%、2.7%、4.2%、4.8%、22.5%、8.7%。2个检验系统测定尿Cr结果进行对比,发现相对偏倚在线性范围内被接受。结论使用迈瑞BS-350全自动生化分析仪、东芝TBA-40FR型全自动生化分析仪这2种不同仪器和配套试剂在检测患者Cr时,检测结果显示相对偏倚均保持在允许的范围内。     

献血者采血前ALT初筛检测可行性探讨

目的　探讨干化学仪用于无偿献血者采血前ALT检测的实用性。方法　用Reflotron快速全自动生化分析仪、ALT干化学试剂条检测 5 91份全血标本 ,同时采用微量速率法、BACKMAN自动生化分析仪作平行血清实验。结果　 3种检测方法所得结果符合率达 95 .9%。结论　Reflotron快速全自动生化分析仪是目前较为先进的干化学测定仪 ,用于无偿献血采血前的ALT及临床门诊或急诊病人生化指标的检测 ,快速 ,简便     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.