额叶肿瘤患者认知功能和事件相关电位P300的研究

目的 探讨额叶肿瘤患者认知功能的损害和事件相关电位P300有关参数的变化特点,了解额叶在认知功能及P300产生中的作用.方法 对31例额叶肿瘤患者(左侧15例、右侧16例)及30例健康对照者分别进行Stroop字色干扰等多项认知神经心理学测试和P300检查.结果 与健康对照组相比,额叶肿瘤组认知功能各项测试指标评分均显著降低(P＜0.05),P300的N2、P3波潜伏期显著延长(P＜0.05),P3波幅显著降低(P＜0.05).进一步研究发现,右额叶肿瘤组患者的各项认知测试指标评分均显著低于健康对照组(P＜0.05),而左额叶肿瘤组只有词语流畅性指标评分显著低于健康对照组(P＜0.05);与健康对照组相比,左、右额叶肿瘤组P300的N2、P3波潜伏期均显著延长(P＜0.05),P3波幅均显著降低(P＜0.05);左、右额叶肿瘤组患者之间的P300比较则无统计学差异(p＞0.05).结论 额叶肿瘤患者认知功能有明显损害,右侧肿瘤患者的认知功能损害更严重:额叶可能与P300发生或传导有关,且左右额叶无明显的差异.     

左右额叶肿瘤对患者执行功能的影响

目的：研究额叶肿瘤患者执行功能损害的特点和差异,为临床治疗提供指导和依据。方法：对49例额叶肿瘤患者（左24例,右25例）及30名健康对照组分别进行神经心理测验（包括画钟测验,韦氏成人智力量表的图片排列分测验,相似性分测验）并对所得结果进行相关性分析。结果：左额叶肿瘤组与健康对照组相比,画钟测验、韦氏图片排列分测验和相似性分测验得分均低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;右侧额叶肿瘤组仅韦氏图片排列分测验得分低于健康组（P〈O．05）;左右两侧额叶组比较,左侧画钟测验、韦氏图片排列分测验和相似性分测验得分低于右侧,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,左侧额叶组损害重于右删。结论：左、右额叶肿瘤均对患者的执行功能造成影响,左侧较右侧严重。     

帕金森病患者额叶认知功能和事件相关电位相关性研究

目的:探讨事件相关电位(P300)和额叶认知测试对帕金森病患者认知障碍评价的意义。方法:对31例非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病患者和25例年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的正常对照进行P300检测,同时采用词语流畅性、连线测验、Stroop字色干扰测验对病例组和对照组分别进行测试。结果:病例组与对照组比较:额叶认知功能评分较差,P300潜伏期延长(P<0.05),波幅下降;P300潜伏期与额叶认知功能障碍程度呈正相关。结论:非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病患者存在认知功能障碍。这种障碍可能是额叶功能受损后的表现。     

脑胶质瘤患者认知功能障碍的研究

目的评价胶质瘤患者认知功能障碍的特点及手术对其的影响。方法对41例脑胶质瘤患者(胶质瘤组)的认知功能(包括注意、记忆、视觉空间、算术、数字符号、填图及相似)进行评估,比较额叶和非额叶肿瘤、左侧和右侧额叶肿瘤、术前和术后的差异,并与20名健康对照者(对照组)进行比较。结果胶质瘤组的注意、记忆、视觉空间、算术、数字符号、填图和相似的评分均明显低于对照组(均P0.01)。额叶肿瘤患者的注意、记忆和算术的评分均明显低于非额叶肿瘤患者(均P0.05)。左侧额叶肿瘤患者的注意、记忆、算术和相似的评分均明显低于右侧额叶肿瘤患者(P0.05~0.01)。胶质瘤组患者手术前后的注意、记忆、视觉空间、算术、数字符号、填图、相似的评分差异均无统计学意义。结论脑胶质瘤患者存在广泛的认知功能损害,额叶和非额叶肿瘤、左侧和右侧额叶肿瘤的认知功能损害各有特点。多模态影像学辅助的显微神经外科手术切除肿瘤没有进一步损害患者的认知功能。     

无痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者执行功能损害特征分析

目的探讨无痴呆型血管性认知障碍（VCIND）患者执行功能损害的特征。方法采用语义与语音流畅试验、数字符号编码测验、连线测验、画钟测验和Stroop色词测验对43例VCIND患者和35名性别、年龄和文化程度相匹配的正常对照进行测试。结果与正常对照组相比,VCIND组患者计时类测验明显低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）,计分类测验中数字符号编码测验、语义与语音流畅试验低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）,其中Stroop色词测验计分（P＜0.05）。与正常对照组比较,VCIND组画钟测验评分无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论VCIND患者执行功能损害主要表现为转换障碍、工作记忆损害、知觉运动与信息处理速度减慢。     

长期住院男性精神分裂症患者的认知功能与事件相关电位P300的相关性

目的 探讨长期住院的男性精神分裂症患者认知功能的变化与事件相关电位P300的关系.方法入组长期住院男性精神分裂症患者82例和健康对照52人.采用美国Nicolet Viking Quste诱发电位仪记录事件相关电位P300的潜伏期和波幅.采用动物命名测验、范畴流畅性测验、数字划消测验、连线测验(TMT-A、TMT-B)、Stroop测验(单词、颜色、色词干扰测验)、木块图测验、WMS-Ⅲ空间广度测验评估认知功能.结果患者组各项认知功能测验成绩与对照组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).患者组事件相关电位P300潜伏期较对照组明显延长(t=22.990,P<0.01),波幅较对照组明显降低(t=-9.699,P<0.01).患者组事件相关电位P300潜伏期与数字划消测验及TMT-A呈正相关(r=0.481,P<0.01;r=0.245,P<0.05).事件相关电位P300波幅与数字划消测验呈负相关(r=-0.338,P<0.01).结论长期住院男性精神分裂症患者虽处于稳定期,但仍存在认知功能的损害.事件相关电位P300的潜伏期和波幅可能是精神分裂症认知功能的电生理指标,并与患者的认知量表评估结果之间存在相关性.     

抑郁症、焦虑症与强迫症患者Stroop效应及事件相关电位的比较研究

目的:探讨色词Stroop测验及事件相关电位P300检测在抑郁症、焦虑症、强迫症患者认知功能的差异及评估价值。方法:对123例抑郁症、121例焦虑症、68例强迫症患者及110名健康志愿者(正常对照组)进行色词Stroop测验及Brain Master脑诱发电位系统完成视觉P300检测。结果:病例组较正常对照组、抑郁症组较焦虑症组和强迫症组Stroop测验D卡片的应用时间明显延长、正确阅读数减少(F=7.011,F=20.94;P均0.05)。抑郁症组P300的N1、P2、N2潜伏期短于焦虑症组及强迫症组,P3波幅低于焦虑症组及强迫症组(P均0.05);焦虑症组P2潜伏期及P3、P2波幅低于强迫症组(P均0.05)。结论:抑郁症、焦虑症及强迫症患者均存在不同程度的认知功能损害,抑郁症损害程度较重。     

首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能

目的探讨首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法采用韦氏智力测验(Wechsler adult intelligence scale,WAIS)、韦氏记忆测验(Wechsler memorys cale,WMS-R)、Stroop测验、连线测验(trail-making test,TMT)A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)对首次发病的强迫症患者30例和正常对照32名进行认知功能评估。结果患者组WMS-R中图片回忆、再认、联想学习等3项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.05),而Stroop测验中的读字色测验的错误数和用时、TMT-B时间、TMTB-A时间等4项成绩也差于正常对照组(P0.05)。此外,患者组WCST中的完成分类数、正确应答数、错误应答数、持续错误数等4项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.01)。结论首次发病的强迫症患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。     

首次发病的抑郁障碍患者视觉诱发电位P300与认知功能改变的相关性研究

目的:探讨首次发病的抑郁障碍(MDD)患者视觉诱发电位P300与认知功能改变的相关性。方法:对109例MDD患者(MDD组)及77名健康对照者(NC组)分别进行神经心理学评估以及视觉诱发电位P300检查;并对结果进行比较和分析。结果:MDD组认知功能测验中的符号数字转换测试(SDMT)、连线测试(TMT)A和B及数字广度测验(DST)成绩显著差于NC组(P均0.01);与NC组比较,视觉诱发电位中P300潜伏期显著延长,波幅显著下降(P均0.01);Pearson相关性分析显示MDD组P300波幅下降与DST得分呈负相关(r=-0.205,P=0.032)。结论:MDD患者认知功能与健康人群有显著性差异,P300潜伏期延长及波幅下降反映其认知功能损害程度。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者的神经心理学测试

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者是否有神经心理方面的损害及损害的特点,以期为早期筛查出MCI患者提供参考指标。方法采用数字颜色连线测验(CTT)、数字广度测试(DS)、词汇流畅性测试(VFT)、中文听觉词汇(CALT)、线段方向判断(JLOT)和Stroop测验对30名MCI患者和30名性别、年龄和教育程度相匹配的正常对照组进行评定。结果MCI患者的CTT、VFT、数字广度倒背和CALT与正常对照组相比差异均有显著性。JLOT、Stroop测验和数字广度顺背成绩虽有所下降,但差异均无显著性。结论MCI患者的神经心理方面有损害。对MCI危险人群进行神经心理学测试能早期筛选出MCI患者。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.