石河子市十一年鼠情动态

石河子市是新疆地区较早实现鼠害控制达标的北部城市之一[1]，从1986年至今，已多次开展大面积灭鼠。总结和分析鼠情和鼠情变化动态，对指导今后长期控制城市鼠害具有十分重要的现实意义。1隔年灭鼠的鼠密度变化从1986年11月～1990年1月的鼠密度（粉迹法）变化显示，灭鼠后仅隔6～8个月鼠密度就恢复到原有的密度，如1988年3月，1990年1月和1991年1月的鼠密度均在24％以上，接近灭鼠前的年初的鼠密度。2一年一次灭鼠的鼠密度恢复规律从1992年～1998年的6次灭鼠后鼠密度恢复情况显示，除1992年3月～1993年7月的低鼠密度（5％以下）维持时间较…     

长春市近年鼠密度波动及灭鼠技术工作措施

鼠是传播鼠疫、流行性出血热、钩端螺旋体病等多种疾病，严重危害人类健康。1998年，长春市灭鼠工作经全国爱卫会考核鉴定，达到灭鼠先进城市标准，获得了全国爱卫会授予的“无鼠害城市”称号。灭鼠工作达标后，市委、市政府把如何巩固灭鼠成果纳入重要议事日程，列入工作目标，实行目标管理；监测机构坚持开展鼠情监测和鼠生态学研究，积极开展灭鼠宣传，不断引进灭鼠新技术和新方法，逐渐完善灭鼠设施，本市灭鼠工作逐步走上了规范化、科学化轨道。     

杀它仗蜡块在热带地区灭鼠实验研究

目的 为评价在云南省西双版纳热带雨林气候区，特殊的多雨、高湿、高温条件下应用效果，以利今后推广使用。方法 分别设立了室内、室外(菜园地、鱼塘)保护带摄食率、适口性的调查，灭鼠前和灭鼠后鼠密度变化计算灭鼠率。结果3种生境摄食率分别为27．46％、18．50％、9．75％，总摄食率18．95％，灭鼠率高达100％(灭鼠前鼠密度为9．73％，灭鼠后鼠密度为0％)。结果 根据现场灭鼠观察结果，杀它仗蜡块灭鼠效果佳，在灭鼠过程中节省人力和物力。     

南澎列岛现场应用灭鼠防霉毒饵的试验研究

目的 验证灭鼠防霉毒饵的现场防霉和灭鼠效果，为南澎列岛的灭鼠和巩固灭鼠成果探索经验。方法 摄食性试验采用饵消耗法；防霉效果观察选择具代表性试验点，各投等量防霉饵和基饵大米，连续观察至全部霉变；现场灭鼠采取饱和投毒法，灭效评价采用饵消耗法和粉迹法。结果 防霉饵的消耗率为53．40％，摄食系数为1．15。对照组大米在野外的战壕、灌丛、草地等试验点，经2－3d暴露后85％霉变，4d后100％霉变。防霉饵经4d暴露后，均未霉变，至5－6d后有少数霉变，7－11d全部霉变；在野外沙滩和室内，对照组大米保持5－7d不霉变，防霉饵则保持2周以上。饵消耗法和粉迹法灭鼠率分别达97．87％和97．67％。结论 南澎列岛鼠种群对防霉饵的接受性好，防霉毒饵的防霉效果显，灭鼠效果高，且有利于巩固灭鼠成果。     

吐鲁番农村葡萄农田混作区鼠害特点及防制

调查吐鲁番农区鼠害严重的原因,根据当地特点制订出防制对策,调查鼠种和鼠密度以夹线法;农田灭鼠采用均匀投药法;灭鼠效果考核采用２４ｈ盗食法,均匀投饵。共捕获六种鼠,总获率为４５．４％,优良鼠种为小家鼠,红尾沙鼠和子午沙鼠,其次还有褐家鼠,灰仓鼠和小林姬鼠。     

湛江市甘林地区鼠蚤动态分析

目的了解43年后湛江市甘林地区家、野鼠及其鼠体蚤变化情况。方法对调查地点内的家、野鼠及其鼠体蚤进行为期一年的调查，鼠密度、蚤指数作为主要变化指标。结果全年平均家鼠密度为8．02％，所捕获的动物中褐家鼠和臭鼠句脯的比例增加，黄胸鼠仍为优势种(54．55％)；全年平均野鼠密度为3．24％，野鼠种群中黄毛鼠仍为优势种(74．59％)，社鼠(Rattus niviventer confueianus)已成为当地的稀有种群；全年平均家鼠鼠体蚤指数为2．87，印鼠客蚤在家鼠鼠体蚤种群中占绝对优势(98．46％)；全年平均野鼠鼠体蚤指数为0．33，伍氏病蚤为优势种(93．02％)。结论受住宅结构、环境气温和农业开发等综合因素的长期影响，湛江市甘林地区家、野鼠及鼠体蚤已发生相应变化。     

溴敌隆在旅客列车上的灭鼠效果观察

旅客列车鼠患严重，无论全封闭空调列车还是普通列车，都存在着程度不同的鼠患问题，如何有效控制列车鼠患已刻不容缓。目前用于列车灭鼠的方法多种多样，综合各种方法的优缺点及实践经验，化学灭鼠是适合国情的最佳方法之一。列车化学灭鼠涉及内容很广，包括饵料选择、灭鼠药物选择、最适投药方式探讨等。观察了溴敌隆在旅客列车的灭鼠效果，旨在为制定科学的灭鼠策略提供依据。     

新疆阿克苏地区城镇灭鼠组织管理与技术方法初探

鼠害是世界性公害之一,国内外都在研究探讨灭鼠的最佳组织形式和技术方法,以克服鼠密度日益上升的挑战。进入八十年代后,国内不少省(区)先后开展了无鼠害乡镇的试验研究。在诸路探讨中,内蒙古自治区创建大面积无鼠害城镇试验研究(即“一般达标”灭鼠法)首先获得成功。这些都为我们开展城乡灭鼠提供了宝贵的经验。 在新疆维吾尔自治区,特别在贫困落后的南疆少数民族地区,创建大面积无鼠害城     

实验条件下几种灭鼠剂对草原兔尾鼠的杀灭效果

草原兔尾鼠是新疆荒漠草原所特有的害鼠之一,作者在开展城市灭鼠工作的同时,用5种常用的灭鼠剂,对本所人工驯化的草原兔尾鼠进行了适口性和毒杀试验。每一试验组试鼠10～40只,雌雄各半,每5只同性鼠为一个饲养笼。对照组10只,雌雄各半。毒饵用新鲜小麦配制。在实验室条件下用0．005％和0．01％4敌隆、0．01％氯敌鼠钠盐、0．05％和0．1％敌鼠钠盐、0．035％和0．07％杀鼠迷、0．5％和1％甘氟5种灭鼠剂,配制成毒饵喂食草原兔尾鼠。分1天量和3天量两组,毒杀效果依次为甘氟＞敌鼠钠盐＞杀鼠迷＞溴敌隆＞氯敌鼠钠盐。灭鼠剂适口性逐次为溴敌隆＞氯敌鼠钠盐＞杀鼠迷＞敌鼠钠盐＞甘氟。     

贵州省鼠疫防治健康教育干预试点效果评估

目的评估贵州省鼠疫疫源乡镇目标人群健康教育干预的效果。方法调查试点乡镇开展鼠疫防治知识宣传教育活动情况,问卷调查目标人群鼠疫防治知识的知晓率和灭鼠行为正确率,了解构建基层疫情报告网络情况和干预后预防性灭鼠的效果。结果干预后,目标人群鼠疫防治和疫情“三报”知识的知晓率,村民为68．14％和83．33％,中小学生为84．13％和81．74％;灭鼠行为正确率,村民为88．73％,中小学生为72．17％;疫情报告率为83．33％、及时率为100％;大面积灭鼠的灭效为77．7％。结论在鼠疫疫源地区实施宣传鼠疫防治、疫情“三报”、科学灭鼠知识和建立基层疫情报告网络等干预措施后,可以增强群众参与鼠疫防治的自觉性和主动性,提高疫情报告的及时性,促进形成正确的灭鼠行为,有利于建立预防控制鼠疫的长效机制。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.