气囊扩张与A型肉毒杆菌毒素注射序贯联合治疗贲门失弛缓症38例临床护理

目的：探讨哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张序贯联合A型肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症（AC）的近、远期疗效和护理方法。方法：对38例AC患者应用哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张1周后注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素100 U,并进行精心护理。结果：本组治疗后1、3、6、12、24个月有效率分别为100.0%、94.7%、89.5%、81.6%、55.3%。治疗后1周食管下端括约肌压力（LESP）、食管下端括约肌松弛率（LESRR）与治疗前比较有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）,治疗后24个月LESRR与治疗后1周比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张序贯联合肌内注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗技术可靠,安全性高,采取适宜的护理措施,可取得满意的临床疗效,且降低并发症发生率。     

气囊扩张与A型肉毒杆菌毒素注射序贯联合治疗贲门失弛缓症38例临床护理

目的:探讨哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张序贯联合A型肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症(AC)的近、远期疗效和护理方法.方法:对38例AC患者应用哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张1周后注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素100 U,并进行精心护理.结果:本组治疗后1、3、6、12、24个月有效率分别为100.0%、94.7%、89.5%、81.6%、55.3%.治疗后1周食管下端括约肌压力(LESP)、食管下端括约肌松弛率(LESRR)与治疗前比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01),治疗后24个月LESRR与治疗后1周比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张序贯联合肌内注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗技术可靠,安全性高,采取适宜的护理措施,可取得满意的临床疗效,且降低并发症发生率.     

气囊扩张与肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效分析

目的:分别观察气囊扩张和肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射两种方法治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效。方法:20例采用SY-哑铃型气囊导管贲门失弛缓扩张器进行扩张治疗,20例应用肉毒杆菌毒素在内镜下用硬化剂针分点注射。结果:气囊扩张1个月的治疗有效率99.50%,6个月的有效率96.00%;12个月的有效率90.00%;24个月后有效率85.00%;75%的患者1次扩张疗效可维持5年以上。肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射1个月有效率为95.00%,6个月后有效率为70.00%;12个月后有效率为65.00%;24个月后有效率50.00%。结论:扩张治疗是一种较满意的治疗方法,其复发率及治疗费用低,在内镜直视下由富有经验的医师操作完全可避免并发症的发生,而肉毒杆菌毒素治疗操作简单、安全,但治疗费用及复发率高,对不适于进行扩张治疗的患者可选择该治疗方法。     

单纯注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素与注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素联合支架置入治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效比较

目的比较单纯注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素(注射组)和注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素联合短期置入镍钛记忆合金支架(联合组)治疗贲门失弛缓症的近、远期疗效。方法将检查确诊为贲门失弛缓症的25例患者,分为两组,即单纯注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素组(注射组)和注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素联合短期置入防反流镍钛记忆合金支架组(联合组)。治疗后通过对临床症状、X线钡餐检查等进行分析,并进行随访。结果注射组和联合组在术前1周钡餐检查结果中吞钡后5 min钡柱的高、宽之间差异无显著性。术后1周和术后12个月时吞钡后5 min钡柱的高、宽之间差异有显著性。结论联合组无论在早期,还是在中远期,治疗效果较单纯注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素明显,且无严重并发症,值得临床推广。     

胃镜下小剂量注射肉毒毒素A治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效观察

目的探讨注射小剂量肉毒毒素 A治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法与疗效。方法内镜下将小剂量肉毒毒素 A分点注射在 10例贲门失弛缓症患者的贲门处。结果 10例患者贲门口明显松弛和扩张。治疗前后贲门口直径分别为 (1.5± 1.11) mm和 (4 .3± 1.42 ) mm(P<0 .0 1) ;治疗前后食管 5分钟存留钡柱高度分别为 (2 2 9.8± 40 .9) mm和 (163 .9± 40 .3 ) mm(P<0 .0 1)。治疗前后经 Eckardt评分分级 ,治疗后均下降 1～ 3个级差。结论内镜下注射小剂量肉毒毒素 A治疗贲门失弛缓症 ,方法简便 ,近期疗效显著     

A型肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓及远期疗效观察

目的 评价内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓的临床效果。方法 对 57例贲门失弛缓病人采用内镜下注射 A型肉毒毒素治疗,通过对治疗前后主要症状评分及食管下括约肌压力（ LESP）测定评价近期疗效。治疗后半年、 1年、 2年随访,评价中远期疗效。结果 在 57例病人中有 54例治疗后症状缓解占 95％,无合并症发生。随访观察治疗后半年以上有 41例,其中 36例未复发占 88％; 1年以上 30例,有 25例未复发占 83％; 2年以上 12例,有 8例未复发占 67％。结论 内镜下注射 A型肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓是一简单、安全、有效的方法。     

肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射联合小气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

目的：探讨肉毒杆菌毒素（BT）联合小气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及食管动力学变化.方法：29例贲门失弛缓症患者, 在内镜直视下行食管下部括约肌（LES）内注射 BT联合小气囊扩张治疗,进行症状评分及食管测压检查.结果：29例患者临床症状较治疗前明显改善（P＜0.05）;食管下部括约肌压力（LESP）,松弛率（LESRR）明显降低（P＜0.01）;治疗前后食管体部均为非推进性蠕动波.结论：经内镜注射BT联合小气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症可明显缓解患者的临床症状,改善食管动力,是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法.     

大口径Rigiflex气囊序贯扩张治疗在贲门失驰缓症复发患者中的应用

目的 探讨内镜直视下采用3.5 cm Rigiflex-ABD气囊序贯扩张治疗原发性贲门失弛缓症复发患者的疗效及其安全性.方法 对27例复发的贲门失弛缓症患者在内镜直视下采用直径3.5 cm Rigiflex-ABD气囊扩张.扩张压力为12～20 Psi,每次扩张持续时间1min,扩张2、3次.术后定期随访症状积分、食管钡透检查、并发症等,与43例首次接受直径3.2 cm哑铃型气囊扩张治疗患者做临床对照.结果 在症状缓解方面,Rigiflex-ABD气囊组长期疗效(6～36个月)高于哑铃型气囊组,以治疗后12～36个月的症状缓解显著高于哑铃型气囊组.随访治疗后食管钡透检查,Rigiflex-ABD气囊组治疗后(3～36个月)贲门口直径大于哑铃型气囊组,5 min存留钡柱高度低于哑铃型气囊扩张组,差异有显著性.未出现食管大出血及穿孔等并发症.结论 选择3.5 cm直径的大口径Rigiflex气囊序贯扩张治疗复发的贲门失缓症患者,治疗安全性高,长期疗效显著,效价比突出,在目前医疗环境下,是一种首选的性价比高、安全、有效的内镜治疗手段之一,值得临床推广应用.     

贲门失弛缓症内镜下治疗的临床观察

目的贲门失弛缓症有药物、手术和内镜下治疗，各自优势如何，仍需进一步探讨。方法38例患者，肉毒毒素注射13例，球囊扩张20例，外科手术(食管下括约肌成形术)5例，比较治疗前及治疗后1，6，12和24个月食管梗阻程度和发生频率，评估疗效和不良反应。结果3种治疗均有效，治疗后1个月的缓解率显著高于治疗前。治疗后12个月，球囊扩张和手术仍有较高的缓解率，明显高于肉毒毒素注射治疗。治疗后24个月。球囊扩张术和手术治疗的许多患者症状再加重。球囊扩张术不良反应的发生率较多。结论3种治疗均是有效的方法。球囊扩张术和手术的疗效持续时间相似，均比肉毒毒素注射长，但后者具有痛苦小，安全的优点。     

食管支架治疗贲门失弛缓症

贵门失弛缓症的治疗方法主要包括药物、局部注射肉毒杆菌毒素、气囊扩张、手术治疗等。食管支架治疗是近年开展的一项新的治疗方法,有其独特的优势及较好的疗效,是一种具有较好前景的治疗方法。该文对食管支架治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究进展作一综述。     

Esophageal achalasia: intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin A versus balloon dilation.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In patients with esophageal achalasia, pneumatic dilation is the treatment of choice, but it bears the risk of perforation in about 4% of cases. A new nonsurgical method, intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin A, has shown promising initial results, and we thus undertook this study to compare the long-term outcome of these two methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective randomized study, 24 patients with definitive esophageal achalasia were divided into two equal groups and underwent either balloon dilation or injection of botulinum toxin (20 U injected into each of the four quadrants in the lower esophageal sphincter). The outcome was assessed on the basis of a symptom score documented before treatment and at regular intervals for two and a half years thereafter. Complications associated with the two techniques were also documented. RESULTS: No relevant complication occurred in either of the treatment groups. Initially, dilation was successful in 10 of 12 patients (83%), and botulinum toxin injection in 9 of 12 patients (75%). The symptom scores showed no significant differences between the two groups before and one month after treatment. Over the two and a half year follow-up, however, all nine successfully treated patients in the botulinum toxin group experienced recurrence of symptoms, but only four of the ten patients (40%) in the dilation group. CONCLUSIONS: The two treatment methods initially had equal success rates, but in the long term the effect of the botulinum toxin injection was statistically significantly shorter than that of balloon dilation. As fewer risks are associated with the injection treatment, studies should be undertaken either to identify patient subgroups in whom botulinum toxin can be effective long-term or to test substances with longer-lasting effects.     

贲门失弛缓症的内镜下治疗

目的 :比较贲门失弛缓症的几种内镜下治疗方法。方法 :使用OlympusGIF130电子胃镜、CRE球囊扩张器、A型肉毒碱、1%乙氧硬化醇 ,将 2 1例患者随机分成三组 ,分别行球囊扩张术、肉毒碱注射治疗及硬化剂注射。结果 :硬化剂注射组每例平均注射 2 .6 7次 ,疗效明显差于球囊扩张组及肉毒碱注射组 ;但患者难以忍受球囊扩张所引起的剧烈疼痛 ,且危险性大。结论 :LES内注射A型肉毒碱操作简单 ,患者痛苦小 ,安全可靠 ,不良反应极少 ;治疗费用低 ,且疗效肯定 ,值得推广。     

Pneumatic balloon dilation for esophageal achalasia

Pneumatic balloon dilation remains the medical treatment of choice for patients with achalasia. It is superior to other medical therapies including intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection. The overall efficacy rate for long-term excellent or good result is 80 to 85%. It is extremely important that the endoscopist be quite experienced in the technique of pneumatic dilation and develop a standard protocol to minimize the complications. The technique of graded balloon dilation starting with 3.0-cm Rigiflex balloon as the initial dilator and progressing to 3.5-cm and 4.0-cm balloon in absence of response to previous balloon size offers the safest approach. Patients not responding to three serial dilations should be offered surgery, although some patients may prefer repeat dilations to surgery. The overall complication rate for Rigiflex dilation is about 3% and for Witzel dilation is about 6%. Some patients will develop GER when measured by 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring, but most patients remain asymptomatic.     

Treatment of achalasia: botulinum toxin injection vs. pneumatic balloon dilation. A prospective study with long-term follow-Up.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In patients with achalasia, intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) has been suggested as an alternative regimen to balloon dilation and has been shown to be superior to placebo injection. The aim of the present study was to test the effectiveness, the long-term outcome and the cumulative costs of BTX injection in consecutive patients with symptomatic achalasia in comparison with pneumatic balloon dilation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 37 patients, who presented with symptomatic achalasia between January 1994 and December 1996 were treated with either BTX injection (n = 23) or pneumatic dilation (n = 14). Patients with short-term or long-term symptomatic failures of the initial procedure were treated again, either with the same or with the alternative method, depending on the initial response and on the patient's wish. Symptoms were assessed using a global symptom score (0 - 10) which was evaluated before treatment and 1 week, 1 month and then every 6 months after the treatment. In addition, body weight and recurrence of symptoms were noted and manometry was carried out before and after treatment. The patients were regularly contacted for the long-term follow-up. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in the global symptom scores of all patients treated, in both the BTX injection group (before 8.2 +/- 1.3, after 3.0 +/- 1.6) and the dilation group (before 8.3 +/- 1.1, after 2.3 +/- 1.9). There was also a significant decrease of lower esophageal sphincter pressure after treatment in the BTX group and the dilation group. There were no significant differences with regard to overall treatment failure and long-term outcome between patients who had or had not received previous treatment. No major complications were encountered in either group. An actuarial analysis over 48 months comparing patients receiving BTX injection or balloon dilation demonstrated that after 12 months neither therapy was significantly superior. After 24 months a single pneumatic dilation was superior to a single BTX injection, and after 48 months all patients treated by BTX injection had experienced a symptomatic relapse. In contrast, 35 % of all patients treated by dilation and 45 % of patients treated successfully by dilation were still symptom-free in an intention-to-treat analysis after 48 months. When the overall costs of treatment and further treatment after recurrence were compared, dilation and BTX injection showed a similar cost-effectiveness (costs per symptom-free day) after 48 months. CONCLUSIONS: BTX injection, which can be performed in an outpatient setting, is as safe and cost-effective as balloon dilation in symptomatic achalasia. Taking into account the lower long-term efficacy of BTX injection therapy, however, it is an alternative only in a minority of older or high-risk patients.     

Esophageal achalasia: comparison of fluoroscopically-guided double vs. endoscopically-guided single balloon dilation

Purpose To compare the long-term clinical effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided double and endoscopically guided single balloon dilations in esophageal achalasia. Materials and methods Thirty-two fluoroscopically guided balloon dilations were performed in 21 patients (group A) and 48 endoscopically guided balloon dilations were performed in 37 patients (group B). The double balloon dilation technique (10 + 20-mm, 15 + 20-mm or 20 + 20-mm in diameter), with preceding single balloon dilation (10, 15, or 20-mm in diameter), was used in group A, whereas the single balloon dilation technique (30, 35, or 40-mm in diameter) with gradually increased internal pressure was used in group B. Technical success, clinical success, complications, and primary/secondary patency rates were compared between the two groups. Results All procedures were technically successful without esophageal perforation. Clinical success was achieved in 97% (31/32) and 92% (44/48) of balloon dilations in groups A and B, respectively. The symptomatic improvement in dysphagia was significantly higher in group A than in group B. Incidence of complications was the same (18.8%) in both groups. Group A showed significantly longer primary and secondary patency periods than did group B (P < 0.05). Conclusion Fluoroscopically guided double balloon dilation has greater long-term effectiveness than endoscopically guided single balloon dilation in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. None of the authors have identified a potential conflict of interest.     

Self-expanding metal stents for endoscopic treatment of esophageal achalasia unresponsive to conventional treatments. Long-term results in eight patients.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The successful use of self-expanding metal stents has been demonstrated in the management of malignant esophagocardial strictures. This report assesses the role stents may play in the treatment of esophageal achalasia in selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 1996 and December 1997, eight patients (two men, six women; average age 67.6 years) underwent insertion of a self-expanding metal stent for management of achalasia. Previous myotomy and/or balloon dilation or injection of botulinum toxin had failed in all patients. Four nitinol coil stents and five covered Ultraflex stents, 10 cm long, were inserted, being passed through the gastroesophageal junction under mild sedation. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful and uncomplicated in all patients. Early complications were seen in five patients: chest pain (1), gastroesophageal reflux (1), proximal migration (1), and distal migration (2). One patient underwent surgery for stent impaction in the colon. During the follow-up period of 35.5 months, on average (range 29 - 44 months), four patients experienced complications: chest pain (2), reflux esophagitis (1) and stent migration (1). CONCLUSION: General use of self-expanding metal stents for esophageal achalasia cannot be recommended.     

A modified method of botulinum toxin injection in patients with achalasia: a pilot trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Injection of botulinum toxin (BT) from direct vision into the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) lowers its basal tone and improves symptomatology in most of the patients with achalasia. We hypothesized that the effect could be improved by better degree of LES infiltration by toxin administered from both prograde and retrograde views. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of this modified method of intrasphincteric BT injection in patients with achalasia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Sixteen patients with achalasia were treated with BT injection. Hundred units of BT (Botox) were diluted with 4 ml of normal saline. Aliquots of 0.5 ml were injected into four quadrants of the LES from retrovision and then into each quadrant from direct vision. The patients were followed up for a median of 25.5 months (range 19-31). RESULTS: No serious adverse events were noted. All patients responded well to the injection within one week and 3 patients (18.7 %) experienced an early relapse. The remaining 13 patients were classified as responders. After a single BT injection, 11 responders reported a relapse and 2 patients remained asymptomatic. The median symptom-free interval was 17 months (8-28). Five patients with a relapse underwent BT reinjection. Three of them remained asymptomatic and two experienced the second relapse. After BT reinjection, the median symptom-free interval was 16 months (10-19). All other patients with a relapse and without BT reinjection were treated with either balloon dilatation or surgery and are currently asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Combining injection of BT into the LES from both direct vision and retrovision was feasible, safe and produced a rapid response which was sustained for more than 1 year in the majority of patients. This method of BT administration might be superior to the traditional injection from direct view only, and a randomized and prospective study comparing those techniques of administration should be performed.     

带囊导管扩张术治疗良性食管狭窄

目的探讨球囊导管扩张治疗食管良性狭窄的方法和疗效。方法15例食管良性狭窄患者,食管癌术后吻合口狭窄11例,反流性食管炎下段狭窄1例,化学灼伤狭窄1例,贲门失弛缓症1例,食管裂孔疝术后狭窄1例,用球囊导管扩张治疗。结果12例治愈,经过1至28个月的随访保持临床无症状,治疗效果满意。结论本方法安全简单,安全易行又实用,是食管良性狭窄首选的治疗方法．