严重感染患者下丘脑-垂体-靶腺轴功能的早期改变

目的研究严重感染患者下丘脑-垂体-靶腺（HPTG）轴功能早期改变及其对病情危重程度和临床预后的影响。方法选择10例严重全身性感染患者（感染组）和12例感染性休克患者（休克组）在病程早期（确诊后1、3和5d）应用化学免疫发光法测定皮质醇（F）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、甲状腺素（T4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、生长激素（GH）、催乳激素（PRL）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH）的血清含量以及促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）的血浆含量;同期选择12例非感染、非休克患者（对照组）进行对照分析。确诊后1d留取激素测定标本后,通过1μgACTH刺激试验评价严重感染患者下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（HPAA）功能。结果感染组和休克组的ACTH、T3、T4、GH、FSH、LH和PRL均较对照组发生明显改变（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,1μgACTH刺激试验结果显示,感染组无反应6例,有反应3例;休克组无反应9例,有反应2例,两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;以急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统（APACHE）和全身性感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统（SOFA）为标准,ACTH、T3、T4、GH和PRL的变化与严重感染患者病情危重程度密切相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;存活组与死亡组ACTH、T3、T4的差异非常显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;ACTH、T4和SOFA评分与严重感染患者28d住院病死率独立相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论严重感染发生早期出现的HPTG轴功能改变与患者病情危重程度及住院病死率密切相关。     

Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin improves mortality in patients with sepsis especially for severe coagulopathy: a retrospective study

Background

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is associated with high mortality in patients with sepsis. Several studies reporting that recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhTM) reduced mortality in sepsis patients. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rhTM for patients with mild coagulopathy compared with those with severe coagulopathy.

Methods

We evaluated about 90-day mortality and SOFA score. SOFA score was also evaluated for the following components: respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal and coagulation.

Results

All 69 patients were diagnosed with sepsis, fulfilled Japanese Association for Acute Medicine criteria for DIC, and were treated with rhTM. Patients were assigned to either the mild coagulopathy group (did not fulfill the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis overt DIC criteria) or the severe coagulopathy group (fulfilled overt DIC criteria). The 90-day mortality was significant lower in severe coagulopathy group than mild coagulopathy group (P?=?0.029). Although the SOFA scores did not decrease in the mild coagulopathy group, SOFA scores decreased significantly in the severe coagulopathy group. Furthermore the respiratory component of the SOFA score significant decreased in severe coagulopathy group compared with mild coagulopathy group.

Conclusions

rhTM administration may reduce mortality by improving organ dysfunction especially for respiratory in septic patients with severe coagulopathy.

     

De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock

Purposes

We set out to assess the safety and the impact on in-hospital and 90-day mortality of antibiotic de-escalation in patients admitted to the ICU with severe sepsis or septic shock.

Methods

We carried out a prospective observational study enrolling patients admitted to the ICU with severe sepsis or septic shock. De-escalation was defined as discontinuation of an antimicrobial agent or change of antibiotic to one with a narrower spectrum once culture results were available. To control for confounding variables, we performed a conventional regression analysis and a propensity score (PS) adjusted-multivariable analysis.

Results

A total of 712 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock at ICU admission were treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Of these, 628 were evaluated (84 died before cultures were available). De-escalation was applied in 219 patients (34.9 %). By multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality were septic shock, SOFA score the day of culture results, and inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy, whereas de-escalation therapy was a protective factor [Odds-Ratio (OR) 0.58; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.93). Analysis of the 403 patients with adequate empirical therapy revealed that the factor associated with mortality was SOFA score on the day of culture results, whereas de-escalation therapy was a protective factor (OR 0.54; 95 % CI 0.33–0.89). The PS-adjusted logistic regression models confirmed that de-escalation therapy was a protective factor in both analyses. De-escalation therapy was also a protective factor for 90-day mortality.

Conclusions

De-escalation therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock is a safe strategy associated with a lower mortality. Efforts to increase the frequency of this strategy are fully justified.     

不同DIC诊断评分标准对严重脓毒症患者病情评价的比较

目的:探讨不同DIC评分标准判断严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克的患者DIC和MODS发生和预后的价值。方法:收集246例严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者入院第1、3、7天的各项生理参数和实验室指标,分别使用ISTH显性DIC评分标准、非显性DIC评分标准和JAAMDIC评分标准进行诊断评分,同时进行SOFA评分,观察不同DIC评分标准之间确诊率、诊断时间点的差异;比较DIC确诊组间的病死率、SOFA分值的差异,绘制三种DIC评分标准的ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积,衡量各个评分系统对危重患者的病情严重程度和预后的判断准确性。结果:三种评分标准均能在一定程度上准确反映危重病患者多脏器功能衰竭的发生和预后,使用ISTH显性标准确诊的患者病死率和SOFA分值最高,诊断时间点同时或晚于ISTH非显性标准和JAAM标准;在DIC确诊组间的病死率和SOFA分值的比较上,JAAM标准与ISTH显性标准之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ISTH非显性标准与ISTH显性标准之间差异有统计学意义,JAAM标准和ISTH非显性标准之间,病死率差异无统计学意义、SOFA分值差异有统计学意义;3个评分标准的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.739、0.724和0.778,相互之间比较差异均有统计学意义。结论:ISTH显性标准诊断DIC特异性最高,敏感性差;ISTH非显性标准诊断DIC敏感性最高,特异性差;JAAM标准诊断DIC敏感性和特异性均较高,对危重病患者的MODS发生和预后判断更为准确,可作为早期干预治疗的首选诊断标准。     

Impact of recent intravenous chemotherapy on outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock patients with hematological malignancies

Objective To compare the characteristics and outcome of patients with hematological malignancies referred to the ICU with severe sepsis and septic shock who had or had not received recent intravenous chemotherapy, defined as within 3 weeks prior to ICU admission. Design and setting Retrospective observational cohort study on prospectively collected data in a medical ICU of a university hospital. Patients 186 ICU patients with hematological malignancies with severe sepsis or septic shock (2000–2006). Measurements and results There were 77 patients admitted with severe sepsis and 109 with septic shock; 91 (49%) had received recent intravenous chemotherapy. Patients with recent chemotherapy more often had a high-grade malignancy and were more often neutropenic, less often had pulmonary infiltrates, and less often required mechanical ventilation. ICU, 28-day, in-hospital, and 6-month mortality rates were 33% vs. 48.4%, 40.7% vs. 57.4%, 45.1% vs. 58.9%, and 50.5% vs. 63.2% in patients with and without recent chemotherapy, respectively. Logistic regression identified four variables independently associated with 28-day mortality: SOFA score at ICU admission, pulmonary site of infection, and fungal infection were associated with worse outcome whereas previous intravenous chemotherapy was protective at borderline significance. After adjustment with a propensity score for recent chemotherapy, chemotherapy was not associated with outcome. Conclusions Patients referred to the ICU with severe sepsis and septic shock complicating active chemotherapeutic treatment have better prognosis than commonly perceived. This article is discussed in the editorial available at: .     

Diagnostic value and prognostic evaluation of Presepsin for sepsis in an emergency department

Introduction

Presepsin levels are known to be increased in sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early diagnostic and prognostic value of Presepsin compared with procalcitonin (PCT), Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score in septic patients in an emergency department (ED) and to investigate Presepsin as a new biomarker of sepsis.

Methods

This study enrolled 859 consecutive patients with at least two diagnostic criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) who were admitted to Beijing Chao-yang Hospital ED from December 2011 to October 2012, and 100 age-matched healthy controls. Patients were stratified into four groups: SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Plasma Presepsin and serum PCT were measured, and MEDS score and APACHE II score were calculated at enrollment. Comparisons were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results

On admission, the median levels of plasma Presepsin increased with sepsis severity. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curves of Presepsin were greater than those of PCT in diagnosing sepsis, and predicting severe sepsis and septic shock. The AUC of Presepsin for predicting 28-day mortality in septic patients was slightly lower than that of PCT, MEDS score and APACHE II score. The AUC of a combination of Presepsin and MEDS score or APACHE II score was significantly higher than that of MEDS score or APACHE II score alone in predicting severe sepsis, and was markedly higher than that of Presepsin alone in predicting septic shock and 28-day mortality in septic patients, respectively. Plasma Presepsin levels in septic patients were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors at 28 days’ follow-up. Presepsin, MEDS score and APACHE II score were found to be independent predictors of severe sepsis, septic shock and 28-day mortality in septic patients. The levels of plasma Presepsin were positively correlated with PCT, MEDS score and APACHE II score in every septic group.

Conclusion

Presepsin is a valuable biomarker for early diagnosis of sepsis, risk stratification, and evaluation of prognosis in septic patients in the ED.     

血清冷诱导RNA结合蛋白与脓毒性休克患者病情严重程度及预后的相关性

目的探讨血清冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(CIRP)与脓毒性休克患者病情严重程度及预后的相关性。方法回顾性选取2018年1月至2020年1月海南医学院第二附属医院急诊重症监护室(EICU)收治的脓毒性休克患者107例为研究对象。收集患者一般资料、急性生理和慢性健康状况评估系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、序贯器官衰竭估计(SOFA)评分、CIRP、血乳酸(Lac)、血清肌酐(s Cr)、血白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(NeuR)及降钙素原(PCT)。根据患者28 d预后情况将其分为死亡组和存活组。采用Pearson相关分析探讨脓毒性休克患者CIRP与SOFA评分及APACHEⅡ评分的相关性;采用Logistic回归分析探讨脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的危险因素;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线并评估各指标对脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的预测价值。结果随访28 d后,25例(23.4%)患者死亡(死亡组),82例(76.6%)患者存活(存活组)。死亡组APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、CIRP、血Lac、s Cr及PCT水平明显高于存活组(P <0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,脓毒性休克患者CIRP与SOFA评分及APACHEⅡ评分均呈正相关(r=0.337,P=0.005;r=0.249,P=0.039)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分[OR=1.138,95%CI(1.066,1.214)]、SOFA评分[OR=1.326,95%CI(1.174,1.478)]、CIRP[OR=1.322,95%CI(1.141,1.502)]及PCT[OR=1.055,95%CI(1.003,1.108)]为脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的危险因素(P <0.05)。CIRP、SOFA评分、APACHEⅡ评分、PCT预测脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.915[95%CI(0.823,0.969)]、0.834[95%CI(0.726,0.913)]、0.798[95%CI(0.684,0.885)]、0.685[95%CI(0.562,0.792)]。CIRP预测脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的AUC大于SOFA评分、APACHEⅡ评分、PCT预测脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的AUC(Z=2.134,P=0.041;Z=2.348,P=0.026;Z=3.64,P <0.001)。CIRP的最佳临界值为2.6μg/L时,预测脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的敏感度为96.8%,特异度为73.7%。结论血清CIRP与脓毒性休克患者病情严重程度及预后密切相关,为28 d死亡的独立危险因素,可作为评价脓毒性休克患者预后的较好指标。     

Levosimendan in septic shock in patients with biochemical evidence of cardiac dysfunction: a subgroup analysis of the LeoPARDS randomised trial

Myocardial dysfunction is common in sepsis but optimal treatment strategies are unclear. The inodilator, levosimendan was suggested as a possible therapy; however, the levosimendan to prevent acute organ dysfunction in Sepsis (LeoPARDS) trial found it to have no benefit in reducing organ dysfunction in septic shock. In this study we evaluated the effects of levosimendan in patients with and without biochemical cardiac dysfunction and examined its non-inotropic effects. Two cardiac biomarkers, troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and five inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma from patients recruited to the LeoPARDS trial at baseline and over the first 6 days. Mean total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and 28-day mortality were compared between patients with normal and raised cTnI and NT-proBNP values, and between patients above and below median values. Levosimendan produced no benefit in SOFA score or 28-day mortality in patients with cardiac dysfunction. There was a statistically significant treatment by subgroup interaction (p = 0.04) in patients with NT-proBNP above or below the median value. Those with NT-proBNP values above the median receiving levosimendan had higher SOFA scores than those receiving placebo (mean daily total SOFA score 7.64 (4.41) vs 6.09 (3.88), mean difference 1.55, 95% CI 0.43–2.68). Levosimendan had no effect on the rate of decline of inflammatory biomarkers. Adding levosimendan to standard care in septic shock was not associated with less severe organ dysfunction nor lower mortality in patients with biochemical evidence of cardiac dysfunction.     

英国国家早期预警评分对急诊老年严重脓毒症及脓毒症休克患者预后的评估价值

目的探讨英国国家早期预警评分(NEWS)对急诊老年严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者病情及预后的评估。方法收集首都医科大学宣武医院急诊老年严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者116例,就诊后采集患者的常规生理生化指标,并行NEWS评分,APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分,随访28 d,根据患者预后分为死亡组和存活组,分别比较死亡组和存活组NEWS评分,APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分区别;比较脓毒性休克和严重脓毒症组的NEWS评分,APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分的区别;NEWS评分与APACHEⅡ评分。SOFA评分的相关性分析;通过分析ROC曲线下面积(AUC)确定NEWS评分对老年严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后的评估价值。结果脓毒性休克组患者NEWS评分;APACHEII评分和SOFA评分大于严重脓毒症组;死亡组NEWS评分;APACHEII评分和SOFA评分均显著大于存活组(P<0.05);NEWS评分水平与APACHEⅡ评分。SOFA评分具有显著相关性(r=0.807、0.883,P<0.05),NEWS评分;APACHEII评分和SOFA评分预测死亡ROC曲线下面积分别为0.870、880、0.865(P>0.05)。结论 NEWS评分对急诊老年严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者的病情和预后具有重要的评估价值,评分愈高提示患者预后愈差。     

Impact of serial measurements of lysophosphatidylcholine on 28-day mortality prediction in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe sepsis or septic shock

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of serial lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) measurement on 28-day mortality prediction in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

This is a prospective observational study of 74 ICU patients in a tertiary hospital. Serum LPC, white blood cell, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were measured at baseline (day 1 of enrollment) and day 7. The LPC concentrations were compared with inflammatory markers using their absolute levels and relative changes.

Results

The LPC concentration on day 7 was significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors (68.45 ± 42.36 μmol/L and 99.76 ± 73.65 μmol/L; P = .04). A decreased LPC concentration on day 7 to its baseline as well as a sustained high concentration of PCT on day 7 at more than 50% of its baseline value was useful for predicting the 28-day mortality. Prognostic utility was substantially improved when combined LPC and PCT criteria were applied to 28-day mortality outcome predictions. Furthermore, LPC concentrations increased over time in patients with appropriate antibiotics but not in those with inappropriate antibiotics.

Conclusions

Serial measurements of LPC help in the prediction of 28-day mortality in ICU patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.     

Effect of neutrophil CD64 for diagnosing sepsis in emergency department

BACKGROUND:The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of neutrophil CD64(nCD64)as a novel biomarker in sepsis patients.METHODS:One hundred fifty-one adult patients diagnosed with sepsis and 20 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study.Patients with sepsis were further subdivided into a sepsis group and a septic shock group.nCD64 expression,serum procalcitonin(PCT)level,C-reactive protein(CRP)level,and white blood cell(WBC)count were obtained for each patient,and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)scores were calculated.RESULTS:nCD64 expression was higher in the sepsis group with confirmed infection than in the control group.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of nCD64 was higher than those of SOFA score,PCT,CRP and WBC for diagnosing infection.The area under the curve(AUC)of nCD64 combined with SOFA score was the highest for all parameters.The AUC of nCD64 for predicting 28-day mortality in sepsis was signifi cantly higher than those of PCT,CRP,and WBC,but slightly lower than that of SOFA score.The AUC of nCD64 or PCT combined with SOFA score was signifi cantly higher than that of any single parameter for predicting 28-day mortality.CONCLUSION:nCD64 expression and SOFA score are valuable parameters for early diagnosis of infection and prognostic evaluation of sepsis patients.     

Cell-free plasma DNA as a predictor of outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock

BACKGROUND: Increased concentrations of cell-free DNA have been found in plasma of septic and critically ill patients. We investigated the value of plasma DNA for the prediction of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality and its association with the degree of organ dysfunction and disease severity in patients with severe sepsis. METHODS: We studied 255 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. We obtained blood samples on the day of study inclusion and 72 h later and measured cell-free plasma DNA by real-time quantitative PCR assay for the beta-globin gene. RESULTS: Cell-free plasma DNA concentrations were higher at admission in ICU nonsurvivors than in survivors (median 15 904 vs 7522 genome equivalents [GE]/mL, P < 0.001) and 72 h later (median 15 176 GE/mL vs 6758 GE/mL, P = 0.004). Plasma DNA values were also higher in hospital nonsurvivors than in survivors (P = 0.008 to 0.009). By ROC analysis, plasma DNA concentrations had moderate discriminative power for ICU mortality (AUC 0.70-0.71). In multiple regression analysis, first-day plasma DNA was an independent predictor for ICU mortality (P = 0.005) but not for hospital mortality. Maximum lactate value and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score correlated independently with the first-day plasma DNA in linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Cell-free plasma DNA concentrations were significantly higher in ICU and hospital nonsurvivors than in survivors and showed a moderate discriminative power regarding ICU mortality. Plasma DNA concentration was an independent predictor for ICU mortality, but not for hospital mortality, a finding that decreases its clinical value in severe sepsis and septic shock.     

降钙素原联合血小板检测对脓毒症诊断及判断预后的临床意义

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)联合血小板(PLT)对脓毒症的诊断及判断预后的意义。方法收集160例ICU危重全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者,按脓毒症诊断标准分为脓毒症组与对照组,按是否发生脓毒性休克,将脓毒症组分为非脓毒性休克组与脓毒性休克组。所有患者急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHEⅡ)评分大于10分。收集入院24hAPACHEⅡ评分、序贯器官衰竭估计(SOFA)评分、白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、血小板计数(PLT)情况。采用SPSS21.0统计软件进行统计分析,比较非脓毒性休克组、脓毒性休克组和对照组间的PLT、CRP、PCT差异,脓毒症组PCT、PLT与SOFA、APACHEⅡ评分的相关性采用Pearson相关分析,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线确定PCT、PLT的诊断价值。结果脓毒症组PLT明显低于对照组,脓毒性休克组PLT明显低于非脓毒性休克组,脓毒症组CRP、PCT明显高于对照组,脓毒性休克组CRP、PCT明显高于非脓毒性休克组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,脓毒症组PCT与SOFA、APACHEⅡ评分呈显著正相关,PLT与二者呈显著负相关。ROC曲线确定PLT≤100×10~9/L,PCT≥2.0μg/L为最佳截点值,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.839、0.857,灵敏度分别为89.4%、87.4%,特异度分别为74.2%、69.8%。结论 PCT联合PLT对脓毒症诊断具有较高的临床意义。     

Treatment effects of high-dose antithrombin without concomitant heparin in patients with severe sepsis with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation

BACKGROUND: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious complication of sepsis that is associated with a high mortality. OBJECTIVES: Using the adapted International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) diagnostic scoring algorithm for DIC, we evaluated the treatment effects of high-dose antithrombin (AT) in patients with severe sepsis with or without DIC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From the phase III clinical trial in severe sepsis (KyberSept), 563 patients were identified (placebo, 277; AT, 286) who did not receive concomitant heparin and had sufficient data for DIC determination. RESULTS: At baseline, 40.7% of patients (229 of 563) had DIC. DIC in the placebo-treated patients was associated with an excess risk of mortality (28-day mortality: 40.0% vs. 22.2%, P < 0.01). AT-treated patients with DIC had an absolute reduction in 28-day mortality of 14.6% compared with placebo (P = 0.02) whereas in patients without DIC no effect on 28-day mortality was seen (0.1% reduction in mortality; P = 1.0). Bleeding complications in AT-treated patients with and without DIC were higher compared with placebo (major bleeding rates: 7.0% vs. 5.2% for patients with DIC, P = 0.6; 9.8% vs. 3.1% for patients without DIC, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: High-dose AT without concomitant heparin in septic patients with DIC may result in a significant mortality reduction. The adapted ISTH DIC score may identify patients with severe sepsis who potentially benefit from high-dose AT treatment.     

Plasmapheresis in severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective,randomised, controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic efficacy and safety of plasmapheresis in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, randomised, clinical trial with a planned, midstudy, interim analysis. SETTING: Intensive care unit in a university hospital in Archangels, Russia. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred and six patients were randomised to receive either standard therapy or an add-on treatment with plasmapheresis. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The primary endpoint was 28-day survival. Septic shock was diagnosed in 57% of the plasmapheresis-treated patients and 54% of the control patients. Mean APACHE III score at entry was 56.4 in the plasmapheresis group and 53.5 in the control group. The 28-day, all-cause mortality rate was 33.3% (18/54) in the plasmapheresis group and 53.8% (28/52) in the control group. This represents a relative risk for fatal outcome in the plasmapheresis group of 0.61, an absolute risk reduction of 20.5% and a number of patients needed to treat of 4.9. Apart from six transient episodes of hypotension and one allergic reaction to fresh frozen plasma, no adverse reactions were attributable to the plasmapheresis treatment in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Plasmapheresis may be an important adjuvant to conventional treatment to reduce mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Plasmapheresis is a safe procedure in the treatment of septic patients. A prospective randomised multicentre trial is warranted to confirm our results and to determine which subgroups of septic patients will benefit most from this treatment modality.     

A retrospective comparison of helicopter transport versus ground transport in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock

Background

Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) extend the reach of a tertiary care center significantly. However, its role in septic patients is unclear. Our study was performed to clarify the role of HEMS in severe sepsis and septic shock.

Methods

This is a single-center retrospective cohort study. This study was performed at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, in years 2007–2009. This study included a total of 181 consecutive adult patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit meeting criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock within 24 h of admission and transported from an acute care facility by a helicopter or ground ambulance. The primary predictive variable was the mode of transport. Multiple demographic, clinical, and treatment variables were collected and analyzed with univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis.

Results

The patients transported by HEMS had a significantly faster median transport time (1.3 versus 1.7 h, p?<?0.01), faster time to meeting criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock (1.2 versus 2.9 h, p?<?0.01), a higher SOFA score (9 versus 7, p?<?0.01), higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (38 versus 18 %, p?=?0.013), higher need for invasive mechanical ventilation (60 versus 41 % p?=?0.014), higher ICU mortality (13.3 versus 4.1 %, p?=?0.024), and an increased hospital mortality (17 versus 30 %, p?=?0.04) when compared to those transported by ground. Distance traveled was not an independent predictor of hospital mortality on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

HEMS transport is associated with faster transport time, carries sicker patients, and is associated with higher hospital mortality compared with ground ambulance services for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

     

Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of patients with sepsis according to location on a ward or in an intensive care unit. DESIGN: Prospective multicentered observational study. SETTING: Three academic hospitals in Madrid, Spain. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with sepsis admitted to participating hospitals from March 1 to June 30, 2003. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During the study period, 15,852 patients >18 yrs of age were admitted. Sepsis was identified in 702 patients, giving an estimated cumulative incidence rate of 367 cases per 100,000 adult area residents per year and a cumulative incidence rate among patients admitted to the hospital of 4.4%. Most septic patients had a community-acquired infection (71%). Severe sepsis developed in 199 patients (incidence rate, 104 cases per 100,000 adult area residents per year), and 59 patients developed septic shock (incidence rate, 31 cases per 100,000 adult area residents per year). Most of the patients met the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock on the same day that they would have qualified for the septic status one step down the scale. In the other patients, the median time between sepsis and severe sepsis was 2 days (interquartile range, 2-5) and between severe sepsis and septic shock was 3 days (interquartile range, 1-4). Only 32% of severe sepsis patients received intensive care. The hospital mortality for all septic patients was 12.8%; for severe sepsis, 20.7%; and for septic shock, 45.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the high incidence of sepsis in a general population of patients admitted to hospital. A significant proportion of patients with severe sepsis are not transferred to the intensive care unit.     

危重病严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者早期规范化液体复苏治疗——多中心、前瞻性、随机、对照研究

目的 探讨早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)对严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者的影响.方法 采用多中心、前瞻性、随机、对照研究方法,选择2005年1月至2008年1月浙江省8家三级甲等医院重症监护病房(ICU)住院的314例严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者,按随机数字表法分为常规组(151例)和EGDT组(163例).常规组以中心静脉压(CVP)、收缩压(SBP)和平均动脉压(MAP)、尿量变化指导液体复苏;EGDT组在此基础上增加中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)为观测指标进行复苏;对患者进行输液、输血和强等治疗,6 h内达标.比较两组患者28 d生存率、ICU住院病死率(主要终点)以及ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、抗生素使用时间、新发感染率和疾病严重程度评分(次要终点)的差异.结果 可供分析的有效病例中EGDT组为157例,常规组为146例.EGDT组28 d生存率较常规组增高约17.7%(75.2%比57.5%,P=0.001),EGDT组ICU住院病死率较常规组降低约15.7%(35.0%比50.7%,p=0.035).与常规组比较,EGDT能明显善患者的急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分(分:14.4±8.5比18.0±7.1,P=0.043)、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)评分(分:5.8±3.1比8.9±3.7,P=0.014)和感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分(分:5.6±2.9比10.4±3.7,P=0.001),减少抗生素使用时间(d:13.4±10.0比19.7±13.5,P=0.004),降低新发感染的发生率(37.6%比53.4%,p=0.014);EGDT对ICU住院时间、机械通气间均无明显影响.结论 EGDT能显著改善ICU中严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者28 d生存率和临床疾病严重程度评分,减少抗生素使用时间及降低新发感染的发生率.     

危重患者急性肾功能不全死亡相关因素分析

目的 :探讨影响急性肾功能不全的危重病患者预后的相关因素。方法 :回顾 1999年 8月— 2 0 0 1年5月北京协和医院加强医疗科 (ICU)收治的危重患者合并急性肾功能不全的资料 ,对住院死亡的高危因素进行分析。结果 :收治的 12 18例危重患者中 ,急性肾功能不全者 14 9例 ,其中病历资料完全者 13 5例 (随访率91% )。住院期间死亡 5 5例 (4 1% )。单因素分析发现 ,全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)、全身性感染、严重全身性感染、感染性休克、慢性呼吸功能不全、应用去甲肾上腺素、应用持续静静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)治疗、急性生理和慢性健康状况 (APACHE )评分、全身感染性相关器官功能衰竭 (SOFA)评分是急性肾功能不全患者死亡的危险因素 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;而 APACHE 评分、应用去甲肾上腺素和 CVVH是死亡的独立危险因素 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。结论 :急性肾功能不全患者的预后与基础疾病的严重程度相关 ,主要包括少尿、出凝血障碍、中枢神经系统功能不全和全身性感染。虽然应用 CVVH治疗 ,急性肾功能不全本身仍然可使危重患者的病死率升高     

Prognostic factors of mortality in patients with community-acquired bloodstream infection with severe sepsis and septic shock

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to determine the independent risk factors on mortality in patients with community-acquired severe sepsis and septic shock.

Methods

A single-site prospective cohort study was carried out in a medical-surgical intensive care unit in an academic tertiary care center. One hundred twelve patients with community-acquired bloodstream infection with severe sepsis and septic shock were identified. Clinical, microbiologic, and laboratory parameters were compared between hospital survivors and hospital deaths.

Results

One-hundred twelve patients were included. The global mortality rate was 41.9%, 44.5% in septic shock and 34.4% in severe sepsis. One or more comorbidities were present in 66% of patients. The most commonly identified bloodstream pathogens were Escherichia coli (25%) and Staphylococcus aureus (21.4%). The proportion of patients receiving inadequate antimicrobial treatment was 8.9%. By univariate analysis, age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, at least 3 organ dysfunctions, and albumin, but neither microbiologic characteristics nor site of infection, differed significantly between survivors and nonsurvivors. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.21) and albumin (odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.76) were independent risk factors associated with global mortality in logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion

In addition to the severity of illness, hypoalbuminemia was identified as the most important prognostic factor in community-acquired bloodstream infection with severe sepsis and septic shock.