30例睡眠呼吸暂停综合征临床分析

目的：了解睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（SAS）患者的常见临床症状和白天主观困倦程度。方法：采用SAS8项症状问卷，Epworth量表对30例SAS患者和28例正常对照者进行调查。结果：病例组以睡眠时打鼾，夜间憋醒易醒白天打瞌睡等症状较常见，病例组白天主观困倦程度显著高于对照组。结论：SAS患者白天主观困倦程度较高，需要进行适当的医学干预。     

Effects of an individualized exercise training program on severity markers of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a high prevalent disorder with severe consequences including sleepiness, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an individualized exercise-training (IET) program with educational sessions vs educational sessions alone on severity markers of OSA over an eight-week duration.MethodsThis was a randomised, controlled, parallel-design study. In sum, 64 patients with moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index AHI 15–45/hour), low physical activity level (Voorrips<9), body-mass index (BMI) <40 kg/m² were included in intervention group (IG) or control group (CG), and 54 patients finished the study. All underwent polysomnography (PSG), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), constant workload exercise test, blood samples and fulfilled questionnaires twice. The primary endpoint was the change in apnea-hypopnea (AHI) at eight weeks from baseline. Main secondary endpoints were daytime sleepiness assessed by questionnaire and objective tests.ResultsNo significant between-group differences were found for changes in AHI. A reduction in AHI was found in IG only (p = 0.005). Compared to CG, exercise training leads to a greater decrease in AHI during REM sleep (p = 0.0004), with a significant increase in mean daytime sleep latency (p = 0.02). Between-group differences were significant for weight reduction, severity of fatigue, insomnia and depressive symptoms with trend for sleepiness symptoms.ConclusionsIn adult patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, IET did not decrease AHI compared to the control group but improved markers of severity of OSA, in particular AHI in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and objective daytime sleepiness. Adding personalized exercise training to the management of patients with OSA should be considered.ClinicalTrials.gov identifierNCT01256307.     

Intranasal oxytocin increases respiratory rate and reduces obstructive event duration and oxygen desaturation in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled study

BackgroundActivation of the oxytocin network has shown benefits in animal models of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) as well as other cardiorespiratory diseases. We sought to determine if nocturnal intranasal oxytocin administration could have beneficial effects in reducing the duration and/or frequency of obstructive events in obstructive sleep apnea subjects.MethodsTwo sequential standard “in-lab” polysomnogram (PSG) sleep studies were performed in patients diagnosed with OSA that were randomly assigned to initially receive either placebo or oxytocin (40 i.u.) administered intranasally in this double blinded randomized placebo controlled study. Changes in cardiorespiratory events during sleep, including apnea and hypopnea durations and frequency, risk of event-associated bradycardias, arterial oxygen desaturation and respiratory rate were assessed in 2 h epochs following sleep onset. Oxytocin significantly decreased the duration of obstructive events, as well as the oxygen desaturations and incidence of bradycardia that were associated with these events. Notably, oxytocin increased respiratory rate during non-obstructive periods. There were no significant changes in sleep architecture and no adverse effects were reported.ConclusionsOxytocin administration can benefit OSA subjects by reducing the duration and adverse consequences of obstructive events. Oxytocin could also be beneficial in situations involving respiratory depression as oxytocin increased respiratory rate. Additional studies are needed to further understand the mechanisms by which oxytocin promotes these changes in cardiorespiratory function. The long-term efficacy and optimal dose of intranasal oxytocin treatment should also be determined in OSA subjects.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03148899.     

Epworth Sleepiness Scale and sleep studies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is the major symptom of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). In this study, we examined the relationship between subjective EDS scored with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), objective EDS measured with the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and sleep variables evaluated with polysomnography for patients with OSAS. Subjects were 10 patients (51.7+/-19.0 years old). The average ESS and MSLT scores were 10.6+/-5.6 and 7.7+/-5.6, respectively. There was no significant relationship between ESS and MSLT. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test had a significant negative relationship with the number of awakenings and the apnea/hypopnea index. No relationship was found between nocturnal hypoxia and either ESS or MSLT. Our findings suggest that objective EDS in OSAS is related with fragmentation of sleep, and that several patients are not aware of their EDS.     

Cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): partial reversibility after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

The aims of this study were to assess cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and to evaluate the effect of short- and long-term treatment with continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP). A battery of neuropsychological tests, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Beck Inventory Scale were administered to 23 patients with severe OSA (age: 56.5+/-6.13; AHI: 54.9+/-13.37) and to 23 age- and education-matched controls. The OSA patients were evaluated in a baseline condition and in two follow-up treatment sessions (after 15 days and 4 months of CPAP, respectively). At baseline, OSA patients had a significant impairment, compared to controls, in tests of sustained attention, visuospatial learning, executive function, motor performance, and constructional abilities. The longitudinal evaluation showed that after a 15-days CPAP treatment attentive, visuospatial learning, and motor performances returned to normal levels. A 4-months CPAP treatment did not result in any further improvement in cognitive tests. Performance on tests evaluating executive functions and constructional abilities was not affected by short- and long-term treatment with CPAP. The findings of this study confirm the hypothesis of partial reversibility of cognitive dysfunction in OSA patients after CPAP.     

Evaluating mental fatigue in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by the Maastricht Questionnaire

Mental fatigue in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was investigated and compared with subjects without OSAS. The study series comprised 189 habitual snoring patients and 75 controls. To measure subjective mental fatigue and somnolence, subjects were asked to complete the Maastricht Questionnaire (MQ) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), respectively, and patients also underwent diagnostic polysomnography. According to the apnea and hypopnea index, patients were classified into the following groups: primary snorers, or having mild, moderate, or severe OSAS. The lowest MQ and highest ESS scores were found in those patients with severe OSAS. It is proposed that the lowest MQ score is due to mental fatigue impairing awareness in patients with severe OSAS, probably because of attention loss.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并失眠患者的睡眠结构特征分析

目的 分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAS)共病失眠患者的睡眠结构特征研究,探讨OSAS共痛失眠的睡眠结构变化在临床上的意义.方法 本研究共60例患者,其中20例为单纯OSAS组,20例单纯性失眠组(INS),20例为OSAS共病失眠组(CIO).所有患者均做两夜PSG检查及一些量表的检测包括睡眠量表(包括PSQI,ESS)等,比较分析3组患者睡眠结构(包括总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、觉醒时间、入睡潜伏期、各期睡眠组成百分比、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI).结果 CIO组睡眠结构变化、嗜睡评估与INS组无明显差别,与OSAS组比较差异有统计学意义.结论 失眠可能是OSAS的并发症,嗜睡在OSAS共病失眠患者中表现不明显,可作为OSAS共病失眠区别于单纯OSAS患者的筛选指标.     

SIESTA - Home sleep study with BresoDx for obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial

Study objectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) informed by the home sleep study with a Type 4 portable monitor BresoDx® versus Type 1 polysomnography (PSG); and (2) agreement of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) compared between BresoDx and PSG.Material and methodsThis was a randomized, parallel, multicentre, single-blind, pragmatic controlled trial enrolling adults referred to three Ontario sleep clinics for suspected OSA. Participants were randomized to BresoDx followed by PSG (one-night apart) or PSG followed by BresoDx sleep testing sequence arms. The primary outcomes included the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and OSA severity measured by AHI between tests.ResultsIn sum, 233 participants completed both sleep studies and 206 completed physician consultation visits. The agreement between clinical diagnosis informed by PSG versus BresoDx was fair (Cohen's kappa coefficient = 0.28). The sensitivity of BresoDx-informed clinical diagnosis against PSG was between 0.86 and 0.89, and the specificity between 0.38 and 0.44. For AHI cut-off of ≥5 events/hour the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were 0.85, 0.48, 0.81 and 0.54.ConclusionsHome sleep apnea testing with BresoDx can be used in a referral population with a high pretest probability of OSA similar to other Type IV devices. This study complements the existing body of evidence suggesting that home testing with portable devices plays a valuable role for diagnosing of OSA in a variety of settings.SIESTA trial registrationwww.clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02003729).     

Prognostic implication of obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed by post-discharge sleep study in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the prognostic implications of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosed during the recovery phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsPatients presenting with ACS and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention were recruited prospectively for a home-based sleep study within 30 days of hospital discharge. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) assessed included cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, unplanned revascularization, and hospitalization for heart failure.ResultsOf the 85 patients recruited, 68 successfully completed the study. The median time from percutaneous coronary intervention to sleep study was 14 days (interquartile range: 7.5–27 days). OSA was diagnosed in 24 patients (35.3%) (apnea–hypopnea index ⩾15). A drug-eluting stent was implanted into the target lesion in 45 patients (66.2%). None of the study patients had received treatment for OSA. At 24-month follow-up, the MACCE incidence was 34.9% in the OSA group and 5.1% in the non-OSA group (P = 0.008, log-rank test). After adjusting for the possible confounding effect of age, gender, coronary intervention indications, hypertension, smoking, and body mass index, OSA remained an independent predictor of MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio, 6.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–41.4; P = 0.033).ConclusionOSA diagnosed in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention for ACS by post-discharge sleep studies conducted 2 weeks after percutaneous coronary intervention was independently associated with MACCEs at 24-month follow-up.     

Daytime sleepiness after long-term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

A modified maintenance of wakefulness test was performed in 58 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome before treatment and after long-term (554 ± 28 days) home therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Before treatment the patients had a shorter mean sleep latency than controls (16 ± 1 vs. 27 ± 1 in, mean ± SEM, P < 0.001) After treatment, the mean sleep latency increased to 20 ± 1 min P < 0.002 as compared to baseline), but was still shorter than in controls (P < 0.001). The incomplete normalization of the mean latency contrasted with the patient's claim that they no longer felt sleepy. The improvement in daytime alertness was significantly correlated with the reduction in sleep fragmentation after CPAP treatment and with the baseline mean sleep latency. These results support the hypothesis that sleep disruption related to respiratory events plays a role in the pathogenesis of daytime sleepiness.     

阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征与高血压并存患者脑血管功能状态的TCD初探

目的 研究分析阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征(OSAS)与高血压并存患者脑血管功能状态.方法 采用EME公司的COMPIONEⅡ型号经颅多普勒检查仪(TCD),对85例OSAS与高血压并存患者进行TCD检查,判断血管状态,采用屏气试验评价脑血管反应性,记录大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI),屏气指数(BHI)并与对照组比较,进行统计学分析.结果 两组间血管异常情况经χ~2检验,χ~2=4.1,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义.两组间的Vm经配对t检验,t=1.80,P>0.05差异无统计学意义.两组间的PI经配对t检验,t=1.62,P>0.05,差异无统计学意义.两组间BHI经配对t检验,t=4.75,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义.结论 OS-AS与高血压并存患者的脑血管功能状态与对照组比较脑血管反应性较差,更易发生动脉硬化,形成管腔狭窄.     

帕金森病和睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者认知功能障碍特点的研究进展

帕金森病（Parkinson Disease,PD）是一种常见的中老年系统性慢性神经变性疾病,可引起视空间、执行功能、记忆、语言等多个认知域损害。睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（Sleep Apnea Syndrome,SAs）是PD患者常见的睡眠呼吸障碍之一,且其本身也可以导致患者记忆、一般学习能力、注意力等多方面认知功能障碍。现阶段PD合并SAS的发生率呈逐渐上升趋势,严重影响了患者的生活质量。但PD患者合并SAS后,其认知功能障碍特点尚不清楚,也未见报道。现对PD和SAS的认知功能障碍特点作一综述。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者工作记忆损害的事件相关电位脑电地形图研究

目的　用事件相关电位 (ERP)脑电地形图技术 ,研究睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)睡眠间断性低血氧对工作记忆损害机制。方法　采用探针提取方法并加以改良。轻、重症患者各 12例 ;同期设 2 0名正常对照者。结果　ERP结果显示 ,对照组辨异效应主要分布于右额 [F4 ,(2 .2± 2 .7)μV]及枕部 [O1,(0 .8± 3.5 ) μV ;O2 ,(0 .7± 3.5 ) μV],辨同效应则以顶部为著 [P3,(7.0± 3.0 ) μV ;P4 ,(6 .9± 3.1) μV ]。轻症患者前额部辩异效应损害明显 [F4 ,(5 .0± 4 .5 ) μV ;F3,(6 .0± 4 .5 ) μV ;P <0 .0 1],而重症组辨异及辨同效应均受损 [F3,(5 .3± 2 .4 ) μV ;F4 ,(4.9± 3.1) μV ;P3,(3.6± 3.5 )μV ;P4 ,(4.6± 2 .7) μV ;P <0 0 5 ]。脑电地形图与上述结果一致。 结论　OSAS患者前额ERP辨异效应的变化反映了中央执行系统功能对缺氧性损害十分敏感。     

Can improvements in sleep quality positively affect serum adiponectin-levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea?

BackgroundAssess if changes in sleep quality (Sleep Quality Index, SQI) based on cardiopulmonary coupling-analysis (CPC) impacts serum adiponectin-levels in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsSecondary analysis of electrocardiogram (ECG) data from the Heart Biomarker Evaluation in Apnea Treatment study (HeartBEAT), a multicenter, controlled trial in patients with CVD and moderate-severe sleep apnea, randomly assigned to intervention of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), Nocturnal Supplemental Oxygen (NSO) or Healthy Lifestyle and Sleep Hygiene Education (HLSE; control group). Participants with good-quality ECG-signal (n = 241) were included.ResultsImproving CPC-sleep quality was associated with net average improvements in serum adiponectin-levels 2.69 μg/ml (p = 0.005) irrespective of therapy initiated. After controlling for confounders, a unit increase in SQI was associated with increase in serum adiponectin-levels 0.071 μg/ml (p = 0.012) and decrease in insulin-levels 0.197 μIU/ml (p = 0.0018). Similarly, a percentage point increase in sleep apnea indicator (SAI) was associated with decrease in serum adiponectin-levels of 0.071 μg/ml (p = 0.017) and increase in insulin-levels of 0.218 μIU/ml (p = 0.020). A percentage point increase in CPC-sleep fragmentation (eLFC_BB) had a predicted increase in glucose-levels 0.371 mg/dl (p = 0.009) and insulin-levels 0.284 μIU/ml (p = 0.010).In patients receiving CPAP-therapy, a difference in serum adiponictin levels of 3.82 μg/ml (p = 0.025) is observed comparing patients in which SQI-improved to patients that SQI-declined during the study period. The difference is mostly due to a decrease in serum adiponectin levels in patients that decline in SQI (−3.20 μg/ml).ConclusionImprovements in sleep quality were associated with higher serum adiponectin-levels, and improved measures of glycemic metabolism which may have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular health.Clinical trial registration name and numberThe Heart Biomarker Evaluation in Apnea Treatment (HeartBEAT) study is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01086800.     

Differences in arousal response between aged and middle-aged patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Abstract The aim of this study is to show the clinical significance of the differences in arousal response at a termination of apnea/hypopnea between aged and middle-aged patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We polygraphically assessed electrocardiographic (ECG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) arousal. Electrocardiographic arousal was defined as an abrupt increase in heart rate at a termination of apnea/hypopnea. Our findings showed that EEG and ECG arousal at a termination of apnea/hypopnea were significantly suppressed in aged patients with OSAS, which might provide useful information on the pathophysiology of OSAS.     

Sleep and libido in men with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between a low libido and objective sleep parameters as well as mood disturbances in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA).MethodsWe enrolled 436 untreated patients who were newly diagnosed with OSA (all male, mean age 42.8 years). Patients completed the Symptom checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Patients were divided into low-libido and normal-libido groups according to their response to the statement “Loss of sexual interest or pleasure” on the SCL-90-R.ResultsApproximately 23% of patients reported a low libido. Patients with a low libido were older (47.5 ± 9.0 vs. 41.4 ± 11.1 years; p < 0.001), had more nocturia (33.3% vs. 16.6%; p < 0.001), higher BDI (9.0 (5.0–14.0) vs. 5.0 (2.0–9.0); p < 0.001) and BAI score (11.0 (6.3–16.8) vs. 5.0 (2.0–10.0); p < 0.001). These patients had a lower non-REM sleep stage 3 (N3) % (0.1 (0–4.0) vs. 2.3 (0.1–7.9); p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that older age and higher BDI score were independent factors associated with a low libido.ConclusionsMen with untreated OSA suffered from a low libido. Older age and depressed mood were the most important factors of low libido in middle-aged men with OSA.     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者记忆改变的研究

目的 了解睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAS)患者记忆改变的特征及可能的相关因素。方法采用多导睡眠分析仪对45例SAS患者(病例组)进行整夜睡眠监测和韦氏记忆量表(WMS)检测,并与30名正常人(对照组)进行对照,对SAS患者记忆改变的危险因素进行多因素回归分析。结果(1)病例组的睡眠结构紊乱,与正常对照组比较,非快速眼动相睡眠1-2期比例高、3-4期比例低,REM睡眠少,觉醒多,睡眠潜伏期短等,差异有显著性和非常显著性(P<0.05和<0.01);(2)病例组的WMS总记忆商数低于正常对照组(分别为86.45±12.53和101.89±6.78),即刻记忆和短时记忆因子分也低于正常对照组,差异均有非常显著性(P<0.01和<0.05);(3)教育水平、睡眠潜伏期、慢波睡眠比例、快速眼动相睡眠比例、夜间觉醒次数和夜间最低血氧饱和度可能与SAS患者记忆改变有关。结论 SAS患者的记忆功能显著受损,可能与睡眠、呼吸紊乱有关。     

Sleep features in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and their relationship with disease severity: a pilot study

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare pulmonary disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation. We conducted a pilot trial to investigate the incidence of sleep disorders, sleep quality and their relationship with disease severity.We performed pulmonary function tests, blood gas analysis, overnight 12-channels polysomnography and clinical assessments in 15 consecutive LAM patients. For statistics, p values < 0.05 were considered significant.Sleep efficiency (SE) was inversely correlated with RV/TLC (p = 0.035) and positively with daytime SpO2 (p = 0.010) and PaO2 (p = 0.011). Three cases had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); seven patients (46.7%) showed a REMOSA. AHI_REM was correlated with FEV1% (r = 0.75, p = 0.003), TLC% (r = 0.57, p = 0.026), RV% (r = 0.8, p=<0.0001) and RV/TLC (r = 0.77, p = 0.001). No correlations were observed between anxiety/depression and SE, CAP rate, pulmonary function test variables and AHI_REM (p > 0.05). four subjects had nocturnal hypoxia (T90 ≥ 1% of TST) showing lower values of DLCO%, daytime SpO2%, PaO2, FEV1% and a higher value of VR/TLC comparing with the subgroup with normal T90 (p < 0.05).This pilot study shows that sleep alterations could be frequent in LAM and associated to disease severity. Nocturnal hypoxemia and SE were related to lung function impairment. A dysregulation of sleep seems to involve exclusively REM phase, while NREM appears to be preserved. This phenomenon might be linked to the pathophysiology of disease: our study, even with the limits of the small sample size, showed that the presence of REMOSA is related to the disease severity, in particular to the degree of airflow limitation and hyperinflation. More studies are needed to assess this topic.     

老年人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与脑白质疏松的关系

目的 探讨老年人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)与脑白质疏松(LA)之间的关系.方法 对应用多导睡眠呼吸监测诊断的169例OSAHS患者进行头颅磁共振检查,评估LA的发生率及其程度,探讨睡眠呼吸参数与LA程度的关系.结果 169例OSAHS患者中无LA24例(14.20%);LA 145例(85.80%),其中轻度LA 27例(15.98%),中度LA 65例(38.46%),重度LA53例(31.36%).对不同程度LA患者年龄、体重指数及睡眠呼吸参数进行比较发现,年龄、睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)、平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2)、SaO2＜90%时间及氧减指数各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经Logistic回归分析,年龄及氧减指数与LA密切相关.结论 随着年龄的增加,氧减指数逐渐增大,LA发生率逐渐增加,程度逐步加重.对OSAHS患者采取适当的干预措施有利于改善LA引起的认知功能障碍等症状.