重症医学科呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生及其危险因素分析

目的探讨重症医学科呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的发生及其危险因素,以便更好地指导临床工作。方法采用查阅病例的方式,回顾性分析158例在重症医学科住院行机械通气患者的临床资料,分析患者VAP的发生及其危险因素。结果机械通气时间、留置胃管是重症医学科患者VAP发生的主要危险因素(P0.01)。结论每天评估患者停止机械通气的可能性,尽早停止机械通气;保持口咽清洁,减少细菌定植;加强环境清洁和空气消毒管理;做好气管切开的护理;提高护理操作技术水平对降低VAP的发生具有重要的作用。     

儿童重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析儿童重症监护病房(PICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年6月武汉市儿童医院PICU收治的46例合并VAP患儿下呼吸道分泌物所分离出的细菌、真菌及其耐药性情况.结果 共分离出病原菌119株,革兰氏阴性(G-)杆菌、革兰氏阳性(G+)球菌和真菌分别占65.55%、13.45%和21.01%;前5位病原菌分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、白色念珠菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌.药敏结果显示,G-杆菌和G+球菌对临床常用抗菌药物均存在不同程度耐药性,多重耐药现象严重.G-杆菌对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、派拉西林/他唑巴坦较为敏感;G+球菌均对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺敏感;真菌普遍敏感.结论 VAP病原菌以G-杆菌为主且呈多重耐药性.临床上应对VAP进行规范性、连续性耐药性监测,并依据细菌病原学及耐药性合理选择抗菌药物,同时加强机械通气管理以及医院环境消毒,降低VAP发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To study the pathogenic bacteria strains with drug-resistance prevailing in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit(PICU)in order to provide a reasonable guidance to the clinical use of suitable antibiotics.Method A retrospective clinical study in 46 patients with VAP was carried out in PICU of Wuhan Children's Hospital between January 2008 and June 2010.The prevalent strains of the pathogenic bacteria with drug-resistance isolated from lower respiratory tract by aspiration were analyzed.Results In total,119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated including Gram-negative bacilli(G-,65.55%),fungi(21.01%)and Gram-positive cocci(G+,13.45%).Among pathogens,the most common pathogenic strains were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci.Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the situation of the multiple drug-resistances to antibiotics found in G- and G+ Was serious. Most of G- were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbaetam and piperacillin-tazobactam.The G+ cocci were 100% susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid.Fungi were almost sensitive to all the anti-funaus agents. Conclusions The oredominant oathogens of VAP were G- bacilli,and their multiple drug-resistances to antibiotics were the serious problems.The monitoring of the drugresistance should be emphasized, and the option of antibiotics should depend on the antibiotic sensitivity test.     

呼吸机相关真菌性肺炎的临床预测因素

目的 探讨急诊重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎患者真菌感染的临床预测因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年7月至2014年6月入住北京大学第三医院急诊重症监护病房16岁以上呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者,排除中途放弃治疗或机械通气未超过48 h者.根据能否从呼吸道分泌物中镜检或培养出真菌,将人选患者分为呼吸机相关性肺炎非真菌组(VANFP)和真菌组(VAFP).检出同一真菌菌种两次以上为阳性.资料用非配对t检验、x2检验及Logistic多因素逐步回归等方法进行分析.结果 共纳入197例患者.发生VAFP 63例,发生率为32.0％;主要的致病真菌为白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和热带假丝酵母菌.单因素分析发现多种临床因素有预测VAFP价值.多因素Logistic回归分析发现,急性生理及慢性健康Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分≥22、放化疗、机械通气≥14.11 d、抗生素使用≥14 d、使用激素等免疫抑制剂,对VAFP的发生具有独立预测价值.结论 APACHEⅡ评分、放化疗、长时间机械通气、抗生素使用、使用激素等免疫抑制剂为急诊监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎患者发生真菌感染的独立预测因素.积极改善患者整体情况、尽早脱机、缩短抗生素的使用、谨慎使用激素和免疫抑制剂等措施可能降低VAFP的发生.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎细菌学耐药性调查

目的 为防治呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)提供科学依据。方法 对VAP的病原菌及耐药性进行多中心、较大规模的调查研究，分析154例VAP的临床资料及呼吸道分泌物细菌培养的结果。结果 VAP的发生率为36．5％，老年患者占61％，晚发性发病占73．38%；病原菌以G^-菌为主，占菌株总数的77．93％；铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、黄杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌是VAP的主要致病菌；大多数G^-菌对常用的抗菌药物已表现出较高的耐药率。结论 对机械通气患者应进行全面预防、加强监护、严密动态检测病原菌、合理使用抗生素，才能有效控制VAP。     

Risk factors and interventions for ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading nosocomial infection in pediatrics. Little research has investigated the risk factors or effectiveness of interventions for pediatric VAP prevention. The purposes of this study were to identify the risk factors associated with VAP in pediatric patients and describe current VAP prevention practices. Data were gathered retrospectively on ventilated patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit over 12 months. No variables were found to be predictive of VAP. Review of practices indicates that better documentation is needed of all interventions. Findings provide information to guide the implementation of VAP bundles. Implementation should focus on adequate documentation of VAP prevention efforts.     

多器官功能障碍综合征患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的分析多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者机械辅助通气时发生呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的危险因素。方法回顾性研究32家参研单位ICU的411例MODS患者。记录并分析患者中VAP发生例数及所有患者的年龄,既往慢性疾病,呼吸机使用时间,循环、呼吸、凝血、肝脏、胃肠道等器官功能,病死率等指标。结果411例MODS患者中VAP的发生率为31·8%。合并慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、脑血管病的患者中VAP的发生率显著增高。高龄、合并循环系统功能损伤、凝血系统功能损伤、中枢神经系统功能损伤的患者VAP的发生率也显著增高。合并VAP的MODS患者病情严重度增加,病死率增高。结论在MODS患者中,年龄、COPD、脑血管病、循环系统功能损伤、凝血系统功能损伤是VAP发生的危险因素。VAP是MODS患者的重要死亡原因。     

综合ICU多发伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素研究

目的 探讨多发伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生的危险因素。 方法 回顾分析综合ICU 2013年1~12月收治的多发伤患者的病历资料,分析VAP相关危险因素。 结果 98例患者中,发生VAP 35例,发病率为35.7％。单因素分析显示,患者住ICU天数、连续应用抗生素时间、气管插管天数、呼吸机使用时间、鼻饲、头颈部和胸部创伤严重程度等级(ISS)等是VAP发生的危险因素。Logistic回归分析显示,气管插管天数、头颈部和胸部损伤的严重程度是多发伤患者VAP发生的独立危险因素。 结论 多发伤患者VAP的发生率高,对头颈部和胸部创伤严重、气管插管时间长的患者应采取有效的VAP防控措施。     

ICU成人患者呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统评价重症监护室成人患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,为制定临床护理策略提供依据。 方法 检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方(WanFang)、重庆维普(VIP)、PubMed、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL)和Web of Science数据库,收集国内外公开发表的ICU成人患者VAP危险因素的病例对照研究和队列研究。由2名评估员遵循纳排标准独立进行文献筛选,如有分歧则请第三方评估,共同讨论筛选出符合纳入标准的文献,应用Revman5.3软件进行Meta分析,并计算各危险因素的合并比值比(OR)。 结果 共纳入12篇文章,均为病例对照研究,各因素的比值比(OR)分别为年龄≥60岁(OR=2.78)、APACHEⅡ评分≥15分(OR=5.91)、昏迷(OR=4.69)、气管切开(OR=5.89)、机械通气时间≥7天(OR=3.29)、使用抗生素(OR=1.78)、使用制酸剂(OR=3.04)、肠内营养(OR=1.86)。 结论 年龄≥60岁、昏迷、APACHEⅡ评分≥15分、气管切开、机械通气时间≥7天、使用抗生素、使用制酸剂是ICU成人患者VAP的危险因素,胃肠内营养是否为ICU成人患者VAP的危险因素,这与胃肠内营养给予的方式密切相关。     

Nosocomial viral ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study

Objective To determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical relevance of viral ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in an adult intensive care unit (ICU).Design Prospective observational study.Setting A 22-bed adult medical ICU in a university hospital.Patients All consecutive adult patients ventilated more than 48 h in a 9-month period including regular seasonal viral infections.Interventions A tracheobronchial aspirate upon enrollment and at the time of VAP suspicion.Measurements and results All respiratory specimens were tested in culture, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and PCR or RT-PCR for virological assessment. Patients were followed until ICU discharge or death. One hundred thirty-nine patients were included. Upon enrollment, a respiratory virus was detected in the tracheobronchial aspirate in 25% of patients (35 of 139). The incidence of VAP, defined according to clinical daily evaluation, was 28% (39 of 139 patients). A bacteria was documented in 74% of cases, whereas no case of a causative viral infection was encountered among VAP patients; however, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV 1) infection was detected in respiratory specimens of 31% of VAP (12 of 39).Conclusions We found a high incidence of HSV-1 infection in VAP patients; however, nosocomial viral VAP is likely to be rare in ICU, as assessed by the absence of respiratory virus-induced VAP identified in this prospective cohort study.     

Distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia patients in pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: With mechanical ventilation widely used in intensive care unit, the ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) has become a common and serious complication in critically ill patients. Compared with adults, the incidence of VAP and the mortality are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of immune deficiency, severe basic diseases, and increased use of artificial airway or mechanical ventilation. Hence it is of significance to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence and mortality of VAP in children.METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2010, 2758 children were treated in PICU of Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Among them, 171 received mechanical ventilation over 48 hours in PICU, and 46 developed VAP. The distribution and drug-resistance pattern of the pathogenic bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract aspirations were analyzed.RESULTS: A total of 119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated. Gram-negative bacilli (G^-) were the most (65.55%), followed by fungi (21.01%) and gram-positive cocci (G⁺, 13.45%). Among them, the most common pathogens were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the multiple drug-resistances of G^- and G⁺ to antibiotics were serious. Most of G^- was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam. The susceptibility of G⁺ to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid were 100%. Fungi were almost sensitive to all the antifungal agents. The primary pathogens of VAP were G^-, and their multiple drug-resistances were serious.CONCLUSION: In clinical practice we should choose the most sensitive drug for VAP according to pathogenic test.     

新生儿重症监护病房医院感染的因素探讨及防控对策

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房医院感染的原因及对策。方法采用回顾性调查研究的方法,对2007年1月至2008年12月我院新生儿重症监护病房收治的981例患儿的病例资料进行统计学分析。结果发生医院感染23例,感染率2.33%,感染部位以胃肠道为主,其次为呼吸道、皮肤黏膜、口腔、其他等,病原体以肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。结论采取严格的消毒隔离制度,合理使用抗生素,尽量缩短住院时间等相应措施可有效减少新生儿医院感染的发生。     

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients: A descriptive analysis

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the risk factors for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and whether the location of intubation posed a risk in trauma patients.METHODS: Data were retrospectively reviewed for adult trauma patients requiring intubation for > 48 hours, admitted between 2010 and 2013. Patients’ demographics, clinical presentations and outcomes were compared according to intubation location (prehospital intubation [PHI] vs. trauma room [TRI]) and presence vs. absence of VAP. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of VAP.RESULTS: Of 471 intubated patients, 332 patients met the inclusion criteria (124 had PHI and 208 had TRI) with a mean age of 30.7±14.8 years. PHI group had lower GCS (P=0.001), respiratory rate (P=0.001), and higher frequency of head (P=0.02) and chest injuries (P=0.04). The rate of VAP in PHI group was comparable to the TRI group (P=0.60). Patients who developed VAP were 6 years older, had significantly lower GCS and higher ISS, head AIS, and higher rates of polytrauma. The overall mortality was 7.5%, and was not associated with intubation location or pneumonia rates. In the early-VAP group, gram-positive pathogens were more common, while gram-negative microorganisms were more frequently encountered in the late VAP group. Logistic regression analysis and modeling showed that the impact of the location of intubation in predicting the risk of VAP appeared only when chest injury was included in the models.CONCLUSION: In trauma, the risk of developing VAP is multifactorial. However, the location of intubation and presence of chest injury could play an important role.     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关肺炎的临床分析

目的分析重症监护病房呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)病原菌特点及耐药性,便于控制VAP。方法对2010年4月至2011年3月重症医学科确诊的VAP患者分离到的病原菌进行鉴定并用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。结果 132例机械通气的患者发生VAP 61例(46.21%);共分离出157株病原菌。其中,革兰阴性菌占68.9%,革兰阳性菌占26.1%,真菌占5.0%。位于前6位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌。亚胺培南对革兰阴性菌有很好的敏感性。结论革兰阴性菌是重症监护病房VAP的主要病原菌,且存在严重耐药现象。临床医师应对VAP制定全面的预防策略并进行综合管理,同时根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素,及时、有效地治疗VAP。     

急诊监护病房机械通气相关性肺炎危险因素与病原学分析

目的：通过研究急诊监护病房（EICU）机械通气相关性肺炎（VAP）的发病危险因素及病原学特点，为VAP防治提供流行病学资料，为制定和采取干预对策提供科学依据。方法：采用前瞻性队列研究，以我院EICU行气管插管或气管切开患者为对象作单因素和Logistic回归分析，筛选VAP发病的危险因素。结果：102例患者行机械通气，其中56例发生VAP，发生率54．9％，将17项变量行单因素分析显示，COPb病史、白蛋白〈25g／L、连续使用抗生素〉3d等11项因素有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示，VAP的独立发病危险因素有同时使用2种以上抗生素、重复气管插管、APACHEⅡ评分〉15分、躯干平卧位、机械通气时间延长。VAP的病原菌为多重耐药菌。结论：EICU发生VAP是多种因素共同作用的结果，应采取综合性干预对策，以切实降低感染率，提高救治成功率。     

儿童重症监护室病人呼吸机相关性肺炎Logistic回归分析

[目的]探讨儿童重症监护室(PICU)患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发病情况和危险因素,为预防儿童VAP提供科学依据.[方法]对2007年1月-2008年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医学中心PICU应用机械通气超过48 h的患儿240例病史资料进行回顾性分析,先对可能的危险因素应用卡方检验进行单因素分析,筛选出有统计学意义的危险因素,再对主要危险因素采用多因素Binary Logistic回归分析.[结果]在240例患儿中有92例发生了VAP,发病率为38.3%;机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、存在原发肺部疾病、插管方式、再插管是引起VAP的危险因素,口腔护理为VAP保护因素.[结论]PICU患儿VAP发病率较高,机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、存在原发肺部疾病、插管方式、再插管和口腔护理为VAP影响因素;应针对VAP影响因素制定相应的护理干预措施.     

220例经大隐静脉置入PICC导管术在新生儿监护病房中的应用

[目的]探讨经大隐静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）导管在新生儿监护病房中（NICU）的应用效果。[方法]对住NICU的220例患儿经大隐静脉置入PICC导管,并对其临床资料进行总结、分析。[结果j220例患儿中成功置管于下腔静脉217例,3例因导管末端异位于腹壁下静脉拔管;一次穿刺成功196例,成功率89．1％;留置时间4d～98d（23．94d±13．73d）;置管期间导管堵塞13例次,发生静脉炎19例次,导管因渗液脱出l例,导管体外断裂1例;206例拔管后行导管末端培养,结果导管末端细菌培养阳性2例。[结论]经大隐静脉置入PICC导管技术一次穿刺成功率高、异位率低、并发症少。     

呼吸重症监护室内机械通气相关性肺炎分析及护理对策

目的：探讨呼吸重症监护室内机械通气相关性肺炎发生的原因及护理对策。方法：回顾分析呼吸重症监护室内17例机械通气相关性肺炎的临床资料、病原菌分布情况。结果：呼吸重症监护室36例机械通气患者发生机械通气相关性肺炎17例，发生率为47．22％，死亡4例，病死率23．52％。结论：积极做好呼吸重症监护室内常规护理的同时，应严格掌握有创机械通气指征，提倡早期无创机械通气及有创与无创序贯性机械通气是减少呼吸重症监护室内机械通气相关性肺炎发生的关键。     

ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的认知、行为及影响因素调查

目的了解ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的认知、实施行为的现状及影响因素。方法采用方便抽样方法,应用自行设计的结构式问卷,对江苏省某乏甲医院101名ICU护士进行问卷调查,并对结果进行统计描述和方差分析。结果ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的认知平均值为（4．75±1．42）分（总分10分）,行为得分平均值为（3．32±0．32）分（满分4分）。影响其认知的因素有不同的科室、ICU丁作年限;不同ICU工作年限的护士其行为比较显著不同。阻碍护士实施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的因素主要有“因患者病情复杂危重而造成护理工作量大。结论医院应加强ICU护士有关呼吸机相关性肺炎专业知识的培训和循证护理教育,完善相关的护理指南和操作规范,并合理配置人员、提供必备的设施用晶。相关部门应完善医疗制度,调整医疗费用的结构,以有效落实预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的循证护理。     

Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: A literature review

Central line-associated bloodstream infections are a significant patient safety issue for newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Preventing these devastating and costly infections is a global priority for health organisations and key to minimising harm for this vulnerable population. The aim of this literature review is to explore and identify evidence-based prevention strategies for central line-associated blood stream infections in neonates. Thematic analysis of the literature revealed four effective prevention strategies: central line care bundles, consistent education, regular surveillance and dedicated vascular access teams. Evidence suggests that a combination of these evidence-based interventions is the most effective strategy; however, future research is required to establish the preferred skin antiseptic and to continue exploring new prevention strategies.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎预防护理新进展

呼吸机相关性肺炎(Ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是机械通气患者最常见的医院内感染,其发病率和病死率高,本文对国内外VAP的预防和护理进展做一综述,旨在找出有效的、实用的措施来预防VAP的发生.