Relationships between Skin Cancers and Blood Groups - Link between Non-melanomas and ABO/Rh Factors

Background: This investigation focused on possible relationships between skin cancers and ABO/Rh bloodgroups. Materials and Methods: Between January 2005 and December 2012, medical data of 255 patients withskin cancers who were admitted to Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology and PlasticSurgery Outpatient Clinics were retrospectively analyzed. Blood groups of these patients were recorded. Thecontrol group consisted of 25701 healthy volunteers who were admitted to Kayseri Training and ResearchHospital, Blood Donation Center between January 2010 and December 2011. The distribution of the blood groupsof the patients with skin cancers was compared to the distribution of ABO/Rh blood groups of healthy controls.The association of the histopathological subtypes of skin cancer with the blood groups was also investigated.Results: Of the patients, 50.2% had A type, 26.3% had O type, 16.1% had B type, and 7.5% had AB blood groupwith a positive Rh (+) in 77.3%. Of the controls, 44.3% had A type, 31.5% had 0 type, 16.1% had B type, and8.1% had AB blood group with a positive Rh (+) in 87.8%. There was a statistically significant difference in thedistribution of blood groups and Rh factors (A Rh (-) and 0 Rh positive) between the patients and controls. A totalof 36.8% and 20.4% of the patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) had A Rh (+) and B Rh (+), respectively,while 39.2% and 27.6% of the controls had A Rh (+) and B Rh (+), respectively. A significant relationship wasobserved between the patients with BCC and controls in terms of A Rh (-) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Our studyresults demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between non-melanoma skin cancer and ABO/Rhfactors.     

Association of Glutathione-S-Transferases M1 and T1 Deletional Variants with Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study in the South-East of Iran

Background: The role of genetic polymorphisms in genes of Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) enzymes in susceptibilityto oral cavity cancers is controversial. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cavity neoplasm.Aimed to evaluate the potential impacts of two well-known null variants residing in the gene encoding GSTM1 andGSTT1 enzymes of OSCC patients in the southeast of Iran. Methods: In a case-control design, 113 individuals (50OSCC patients, and 63 healthy subjects) were included. DNA was extracted using paraffin-embedded tissues. GSTgenotyping was carried out using multiplex PCR. Results: In 113 participants, 41 (36.3%) and 72 (63.7%) were malesand females respectively. No significant difference was recognized for distribution of GSTM1 (P=0.11) and GSTT1(P=0.28) null genotypes between OSCC patients (58%, and 24% respectively) and healthy controls (42.9% and 15.9%respectively). Also, no significant difference was noted regarding the frequency of GSTM1 null genotype in differenthistological grades, however, those patients with more aggressive disease (poorly differentiated or grade III) revealedwith a significantly higher ratio (66.7%) of GSTT1 null genotype (P=0.002). The highest odds ratio for OSCC was relatedto combined null genotypes for GSTM1 and GSTT1 (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 0.7-9.2), however, this was not statisticallysignificant finding (P=0.15). Conclusion: Null genotypes polymorphisms were more common in OSCC than healthyindividuals. GSTT1 null genotype may be an important genetic factor in the progression of OSCC.     

Serum Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in Patients with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Clinical Significance

Background: Laryngeal cancer is an important malignancy in head and neck area and squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) is the most common type accounting for 95% of cases. Increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) indifferent tumors and their correlation with tumor invasiveness has been documented. However, most studieshave evaluated MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and few have evaluated serum levels. The aim of current studywas to evaluate serum levels in patients with laryngeal SCC compared to normal subjects and assess any relationwith tumor clinicopathological findings. Materials and Methods: In this case control study, 20 patients with oralSCC and 20 healthy subjects were included. Serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were compared between groupsand correlations with findings including grade (T) and node involvement (N) were evaluated. Results: Patientswith laryngeal SCC had significantly higher serum levels of MMP-2 (p=0.01) and MMP-9 (p=0.03) comparedto healthy subjects. Patients with higher T stage (T3,4) had significantly higher MMP-2 (p=0.04) and MMP-9(p=0.01). There was significant positive correlation between serum levels of MMP-2 with T stage (r=0.45, p=0.04)and lymph node involvement (r=0.563, p=0.01) and between levels of MMP-9 with T stage (r=0.527, p=0.01).Conclusions: Our results showed that compared to healthy subjects, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 are significantlyincreased in serum of laryngeal SCC cases. MMP-2 was correlated with lymph node involvement while MMP-9has stronger correlation with T stage compared to MMP-2.     

Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 in Primary and Metastatic Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective: The aim of current study was to investigate the expression of Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 in primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their different histological grades. Methods: Paraffin embedded 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma (15 each of primary and cervical lymph node metastatic OSCC) were included in the study. Cyclin D1 and Ki 67 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and compared in primary and lymph node metastasis of OSCC and their histological grades. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean age of patients with primary OSCC was 53.47 ±16.67 years and 61.47 ±11.94 years in patients with metastasis. Males were comparatively affected more than females with tongue as the most common site involved in both primary and metastatic tumours. The mean size of primary and metastatic tumour biopsies were 1.16 mm and 3.93 mm respectively. Comparison of the expression of Cyclin D1 in these primary and metastatic OSCC revealed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003) whereas it was insignificant for Ki-67 (p = 0.715). Conclusion: Cyclin D1 can be a useful marker in predicting aggressive or metastatic behaviour of OSCC on premier biopsies.     

Arg399Gln XRCC1 Polymorphism and Risk of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck in Jordanian Patients

Background and objective: X-ray repair cross-complementing group1 (XRCC1) is a key protein in base excision repair and closely associated with the coordination of the base excision repair pathway. Many studies have focused on XRCC1 SNPs and have shown an associated between these SNPs and the risk of several types of cancers, including head and neck cancer. There are many single nucleotide polymorphisms XRCC1 gene (SNPs) and the most common SNP that result in amino acid substitutions is exon 10 (Arg399Gln). This study aimed to investigate the association between Arg399Gln SNP and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Material and method: Ninety nine patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and 89 healthy adult controls were enrolled in this study. The Arg399Gln in XRCC1 allele was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: In the single-locus analyses, Arg399Gln SNP showed a significant association with head and neck cancer risk (p value = 0.016 and odd ratio of 1.8). On the genotype level, we applied three analysis models, namely co-dominant, dominant, and recessive genotypes. Arg/Arg homozygous major genotype was significantly (p value <0.05) associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma incidence with odd ratio of 2.23 and 2.24 for the co-dominant and recessive models, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicated that Arg399Gln allele was associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck among Jordanian patients. This allele might be used as a genetic biomarker of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.     

Loss of Trop2 causes ErbB3 activation through a neuregulin-1-dependent mechanism in the mesenchymal subtype of HNSCC

In head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), four intrinsic subtypes (or groups) have been identified, and each one possesses a unique biology that will require specific treatment strategies. We previously reported that mesenchymal (group 2) tumors exhibit reduced levels of Trop2 expression. In this study, we investigated the functional role of Trop2 in HNSCC and find that loss results in autocrine activation of the EGFR family member ErbB3 via neuregulin-1. Trop2 localizes to both the cell surface and cytosol of HNSCC cells and forms a complex with neuregulin-1, which is predominantly cytosolic. Inactivation of Trop2 increases the concentration of neuregulin-1 at the cell surface where it is cleaved to activate ErbB3. In primary HNSCC, detection of ErbB3 activation was limited to Trop2 negative tumors. An analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC dataset confirms enrichment for ErbB3 activity in mesenchymal tumors. Notably, Trop2 loss triggers sensitivity to anti-ErbB3 antibodies, which results in reduced proliferation and tumorigenic growth of Trop2 negative HNSCC cancer cells. These results uncover a molecular mechanism by which tumor cells control the amount of cell-surface neuregulin-1 available for cleavage and ErbB3 activation. Moreover, we demonstrate that Trop2 is a potential surrogate biomarker to identify tumors with ErbB3 activation and may therefore respond to anti-ErbB3 therapeutics.     

口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞周期因子p27 cyclin D1及CDK4的表达与意义

目的：从细胞周期调控的角度来探讨口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）的发生、发展及预后和p27、cyclin D1和CDK4的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法，检测了50例口腔鳞状细胞癌及10例正常口腔粘膜中p27、cyclinD1和CDK4蛋白表达的水平，然后用Spearman 相关分析检查它们与临床病理学指标的关系以及它们三者之间的相关关系，用Kaplan-Meier方法绘制生存曲线并进行生存分析，Cox比例风险模型作预后分析。结果：1)p27在所有正常口腔粘膜上皮均呈现高表达，而在口腔鳞状细胞癌组织表达降低，p27的低表达与临床分期，淋巴结转移有显著性相关关系，cyclin D1和CDK4在正常粘膜上皮呈现低水平表达，在口腔钙状细胞癌组织中过表达。2)cyclinD1和CDK4在正常粘膜上皮呈现低水平表达，在口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中过表达.2)cyclin D1的表达与CDK4呈正相关（r=0.442,P=0.001）;p27与CDK4的表达呈负相关（r=-0.384,P=0.006）.3)Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示p27高表达组（ ）的各期的生存均高于低表达组（-）,cyclin D1染色（ ）组的生存率低于（-）组。4）Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示p27蛋白表达水平，cyclinD1蛋白表达水平，淋巴结转移和临床分期分别是口腔鳞状细胞癌的独立预后指标。结论：口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中，p27,cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白的异常表达说明它们均参与了口腔鳞状细胞癌的发生发展，且在这一过程中三者之间存在相互协同与制约关系。在临床应用中有可能将p27和cyclin D1蛋白的表达程度作为判断口腔鳞状癌患者预后的指标。     

Salivary MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 Levels in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The aim of present study was to evaluate salivary matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) , MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) as well as in healthy controls. Thirty cases of OLP (bilateral lesions, papular and reticular lesions, and Wickham lines) clinically and histopathologically (group A), 30 with oral SCCs (group B), and 30 with no history of oral cancer, other lesions or lichen planus (group C) were enrolled at the Department of Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, Zahedan, Iran. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and laboratory measurement of salivary concentration of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 was conducted by immuno-sorbent enzyme-linked methods. Data analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. In the present study, MMP-2 and MMP-13 levels were higher in oral SCC patients than in OLP cases  and healthy individuals. More research is required to assess MMP links with tumor invasion.     

Serum Levels of MMP9 and MMP2 in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer in the oral area. Matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 are increased in malignancy and lymph nodeinvolvement in oral SCCs. We aimed to evaluate the serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with oralSCC compared to normal subjects and their relation with clinicopathological findings. Materials and Methods:In this case control study, 20 patients with oral SCC and 20 healthy subjects were included and serum levelsof MMP-2 and MMP-9 were compared between groups. Also, the correlation between these markers withclinicopathological findings including grade (T) and node (N) were evaluated. Results: Patients with oral SCChad significantly higher serum levels of MMP-2 (p=0.01) and MMP-9 (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects.With increase in grade T, MMP-2 was significantly increased (p=0.001), but in the MMP-9 case this was notsignificant (p=0.27). The levels of MMP-2 (p=0.002) and MMP-9 (p=0.01) in cases with lymph node involvementand that of MMP-2 in subjects with smoking history (p=0.001) were significantly high. There was significantlypositive correlation between MMP-2 with grade T tumor (r=0.598, p=0.005), lymph node involvement (r=0.737,p<0.001) and smoking (r=0.674, p=0.001) and also between MMP-9 and lymph node involvement (r=0.474,p=0.03). Conclusions: Both markers are significantly increased in oral SCC compared to healthy subjects.However, MMP-2 was better for evaluating lymph node involvement and tumor grade.     

In Vitro Biological Characterization of DCUN1D5 in DNA Damage Response

Background: Novel prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic molecular targets for laryngeal squamous cellcarcinoma (LSCC) are an urgent priority. We here sought to identify multiple novel LSCC-associated genes.Methods: Using high-density microarray expression profiling, we identified multiple genes that were significantlyaltered between human LSCCs and paired normal tissues. Potential oncogenic functions of one such gene,DCUN1D5, were further characterized in vitro. Results: Our results demonstrated that DCUN1D5 was highlyexpressed in LSCCs. Overexpression of DCUN1D5 in vitro resulted in 2.7-fold increased cellular migration,67.5% increased invasive capacity, and 2.6-fold increased proliferation. Endogenous DCUN1D5 expression wasdecreased in a time-dependent manner after genotoxic stress, and silencing of DCUN1D5 by siRNA decreasedthe number of cells in the S phase by 10.2% and increased apoptosis by 11.7%. Conclusion: Our data suggestthat DCUN1D5 in vitro might have vital roles in DNA damage response, but further studies are warranted toassess its significance in vivo.     

环氧合酶-2抑制剂对人舌鳞癌Tca8113/BLM 细胞MDR1/P-gp表达的影响

 目的 探讨环氧合酶 2抑制剂塞来昔布对人舌鳞癌耐药细胞系Tca8113/BLM细胞多药耐药基因和P-糖蛋白表达的影响。方法 采用BLM（30 μg/ml）反复24h暴露法处理人舌鳞癌细胞系Tca8113细胞,采用不同浓度的塞来昔布作用于Tca8113/BLM细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪测定P-gp的表达水平,RT-PCR检测多药耐药基因mRNA的表达。结果 塞来昔布显著抑制Tca8113/BLM细胞增殖、下调Tca8113/BLM细胞MDR1基因表达,其作用呈剂量依赖关系。结论 塞来昔布以剂量依赖方式抑制人舌鳞癌耐药细胞系Tca8113/BLM细胞MD1l/P-gp表达,并抑制细胞增殖,这种作用可能与COX-2抑制剂增强抗癌药物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用有关。     

Crosstalk between hedgehog and other signaling pathways as a basis for combination therapies in cancer

The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is aberrantly activated in a number of tumors. In medulloblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, mutations in Hh pathway genes lead to ligand-independent pathway activation. In many other tumor types, ligand-dependent activation of Hh signaling is potentiated through crosstalk with other critical molecular signaling pathways. Among such pathways, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGFR, and Notch are of particular interest because agents that selectively inhibit these pathways are available and can be readily combined with agents such as vismodegib, sonidegib (LDE225), and BMS-833923, which target smoothened—a key Hh pathway regulator. Numerous preclinical studies have revealed the ways in which Hh intersects with each of these pathways, and combination therapies have resulted in improved antitumor efficacy and survival in animal models. Hh also plays an important role in hematopoiesis and in the maintenance of BCR-ABL-driven leukemic stem cells. Thus, combined inhibition of the Hh pathway and BCR-ABL has emerged as a promising potential therapeutic strategy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A number of clinical trials evaluating combinations of Hh inhibitors with other targeted agents are now underway in CML and a variety of solid tumors. This review highlights these trials and summarizes preclinical evidence of crosstalk between Hh and four other actionable pathways—RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGFR, and Notch—as well as the role of Hh in the maintenance of BCR-ABL-driven leukemic stem cells.     

Esophageal Cancer in Brunei Darussalam over a three Decade Period: an Epidemiologic Study of Trends and Differences between Genders and Racial Groups

Background: Carcinoma of the esophagus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The mostcommon subtype is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the past three decades, the incidence of SCC has beenreported to be decreasing whereas esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) is increasing. This study assessed the trendof esophageal cancer in Brunei Darussalam over a three decades period. Materials and Methods: The NationalCancer registry was searched for esophageal cancers from 1986 to 2012. Data on age, gender, racial groups(Malays, Chinese, Indigenous and foreign nationals) and histology type were collected. The rate (ASR) and AgeSpecific Incidence rate (ASIR) were calculated. Results: The predominant tumor type was SCC which accountedfor 89% of all esophageal cancer. The gender ratio was 2.25: 1 (male: female) and the mean age at diagnosis was66.9±12.9 years, significantly younger for esophageal AC (57.2±16.0) compared to SCC (68.1±12.0, p<0.05), andamong the foreign nationals (p<0.05 for trend). The proportions of SCC among all esophageal cancers in thevarious racial groups were: Malays (87.8%), Chinese (100%), Indigenous (100%) and foreign nationals (20%).None of the Chinese and Indigenous groups were diagnosed with esophageal AC. The overall ASR for esophagealcancer was 2.1/100,000; 2.0/100,000 for SCC with a declining trend and 0.17/100,000 for esophageal AC, withoutany trend observed. Among the two major racial groups; the Chinese has higher ASR (3.42/100,000) comparedto the Malays (ASR 0.95/100,000). Conclusions: SCC is the predominant tumor type of esophageal cancer inBrunei Darussalam and more common among the Chinese. There was a declining trend in the incidence of SCCbut not for esophageal AC.     

NDRG1基因的功能及与肿瘤的关系

NDRG1是一种与细胞增殖和分化相关的基因,属于NDRG家族,在人体多种组织中均有表达,在肾脏、前列腺和胎盘中水平最高.大量研究发现,NDRG1与细胞分化和外周神经髓鞘的形成相关,受缺氧应激、抑癌基因、金属离子代谢等调控.NDRG1基因在肿瘤组织中异常表达,参与肿瘤的发生、发展和转移,但NDRG1在肿瘤中的确切功能尚未完全明确,有待深入研究.     

Bioinformatic Analysis of Plus Gene Expression Related to Progression from Leukoplakia to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Introduction: Leukoplakia is one of the most frequently found lesions in the oral cavity, with a probability of 17 to 24% of becoming malignant cells in a period of 30 years. Objective: To identify differentially expressed gene profiles of leukoplakia and its progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma, essential for the discovery of new biomarkers to predict and prevent the presence of diseases in the oral cavity. Methods: Initially, gene profiles of GSE85514 and GSE160042 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used. Differentially expressed genes were identified using GEO2R. The CLUEGO plugin in Cytoscape was used for DEG functionality and enrichment analysis. Finally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape from data collected online from the STRING server. Results: According to the MCC algorithm, the 10 most found gene sequences were HNRNPU, SMC1A, PAFAH1B1, EHMT1, SPTBN4, OLFM1, NCAM1, SF3B3, FGF2, and UBE2I; with HNRNPU, SMC1A, and PAFAH1B1 being the most representative of the modules. Conclusions: We were able to describe the gene sequences that promote the progression from leukoplakia to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Within these genes, the HNRNPU, SMC1A, and PAFAH1B1 constitute the main promising therapeutic targets to counteract the progression of oral cancer, they could also be important biomarkers for the diagnosis and classification of the disease.     

PAK1-mediated MORC2 phosphorylation promotes gastric tumorigenesis

To date, microrchidia (MORC) family CW-type zinc-finger 2 (MORC2), has been found to be involved in p21-activated kinase1 (PAK1) pathway to maintain genomic integrity. Here, we explore its novel role in cancer. We demonstrate that PAK1-mediated MORC2 phosphorylation promotes cell cycle progression, defective phosphorylation of MORC2-S677A results in attenuated cell proliferation and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells, which is significantly enhanced in overexpression of phospho-mimic MORC2-S677E form, suggesting the importance of MORC2 phosphorylation in tumorigenesis. More importantly, phosphorylation of MORC2 correlates positively with PAK1 expression in clinical gastric cancer. Furthermore, high expression of PAK1 and phosphorylation of MORC2 appear to be associated with poor prognosis of clinical gastric cancer. Collectively, these findings revealed a novel function of MORC2 phosphorylation in promoting gastric cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, suggesting that blocking PAK1-mediated MORC2 phosphorylation might be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric tumorigenesis.     

Lipocalin 2 promotes inflammatory breast cancer tumorigenesis and skin invasion

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of primary breast cancer characterized by rapid onset and high risk of metastasis and poor clinical outcomes. The biological basis for the aggressiveness of IBC is still not well understood and no IBC‐specific targeted therapies exist. In this study, we report that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a small secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, is expressed at significantly higher levels in IBC vs non‐IBC tumors, independently of molecular subtype. LCN2 levels were also significantly higher in IBC cell lines and in their culture media than in non‐IBC cell lines. High expression was associated with poor‐prognosis features and shorter overall survival in IBC patients. Depletion of LCN2 in IBC cell lines reduced colony formation, migration, and cancer stem cell populations in vitro and inhibited tumor growth, skin invasion, and brain metastasis in mouse models of IBC. Analysis of our proteomics data showed reduced expression of proteins involved in cell cycle and DNA repair in LCN2‐silenced IBC cells. Our findings support that LCN2 promotes IBC tumor aggressiveness and offer a new potential therapeutic target for IBC.     

Effects of PTTG Down-regulation on Proliferation and Metastasis of the SCL-1 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line

Aims: To study effects of down-regulation of pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) on proliferationand metastasis ability of the SCL-1 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) cell line and explore relatedmechanisms. Methods: SCL-1 cells were divided into 3 groups (untreated, siRNA control and PTTG siRNA). Cellproliferation assays were performed using a CCK-8 kit and proliferation and metastasis ability were analyzedusing Boyden chambers. In addition, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was detected by r-time qPCR andWestern blotting. Results: Down-regulation of PTTG could markedly inhibit cell proliferation in SCL-1 cells,compared to untreated and control siRNA groups (P < 0.05). Real-time qPCR demonstrated that expressionlevels of PTTG, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the PTTG siRNA group were 0.8%, 23.2% and 21.3% of untreatedlevels. Western blotting revealed that expression of PTTG, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in the PTTG siRNAgroup was obviously down-regulated. The numbers of migrating cells (51.38±4.71) in the PTTG siRNA groupwas obviously lower than that in untreated group (131.33±6.12) and the control siRNA group (127.72±5.20) (P< 0.05), suggesting that decrease of proliferation and metastasis ability mediated by PTTG knock-down maybe closely correlated with down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Conclusion: Inhibition of PTTGexpression may be a new target for therapy of CSCC.