５２例原发性口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的临床分析

目的　探讨影响原发性口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤临床预后的相关因素。方法　收集２００４年１月至２０１０年１月５２例原发性口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床病理资料,采用Ｋａｐｌａｎ-Ｍｅｉｅｒ法分析临床病理因素与预后的关系。结果　５２例患者中,４２例Ｔ３患者的平均生存时间为４８.４个月,１０例Ｔ４ａ患者为１１.３个月,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０.００１）;３２例Ｎ０患者的平均生存时间为５０.０个月,２０例Ｎ１患者为２９.８个月,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＝０.００４）;１７例Ⅲ期患者的平均生存时间为５５.９个月,３５例Ⅳ期患者为３４.８个月,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＝０.００７）;４０例接受化疗的患者平均生存时间为４７.８个月,而未接受化疗者为１９.０个月,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＝０.０１）。口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的临床分期、化疗与否及综合治疗方案均与预后相关,而原发灶的处理方式、颈淋巴结清扫术与预后无关。结论　口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤治疗提倡综合序列治疗,化疗为主要的辅助治疗手段,可以延长患者的生存时间。     

颈淋巴结清扫在甲状腺癌再手术中的价值

  目的 探讨颈淋巴结清扫术在甲状腺癌不规范手术后再手术中的价值及术式选择。方法 回顾性分析1997年至2005年间38例甲状腺癌不规范手术后再次手术患者中32例作颈淋巴结清扫术的临床资料。其中，功能性颈清扫+患侧残叶+峡部切除24例，功能性颈清扫+全叶切除术2例，单纯行功能性颈清扫4例，区域性颈清扫2例。结果　颈清扫淋巴结阳性率68.75 %（22／32），甲状腺肿瘤残留率47.38 %（18／38），总残留率73.68 %（28／38）。结论　甲状腺癌不规范手术的颈淋巴结肿瘤残留率较高，颈淋巴结清扫术在甲状腺癌再次手术中具有明确的治疗作用。     

The role of selective neck dissection (I-III) in the treatment of node negative (N0) neck in oral cancer

It is now possible to limit the extent of selective neck dissection for mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by sparing selected lymphatic levels thereby reducing the morbidity. This has been brought about by our improved understanding of the metastasis behavior of these cancers. Studies have demonstrated similar rates of neck recurrences and survival after selective neck dissection compared to modified radical neck dissection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selective neck dissection (SND) in managing the N0 neck in oral cavity carcinomas. A retrospective analysis of Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity with N0 neck from 1998 to 2004 was performed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. The chi-square test was used to compare the various proportions. The overall and disease-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and statistical significant difference in survival was tested by log rank test. Out of the 219 cases, 84% were in the early stage and 16% were in the late stages. Seventy two percent of the patients had primary tumors in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. One hundred and sixty one patients were pathologically node negative. There was no statistically significant difference in the regional recurrence between the pN0 and pN+ patients. There was no difference in the regional recurrence inside and outside the surgical field. The pathological node positive patients had a worse disease-free survival (DFS) compared to the node negative patients, and the patients with nodal recurrence had a significantly worse DFS compared to patients without nodal recurrence. SND (I–III) is a sound and effective procedure in the management of clinically negative neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Clinically N0 neck but pathologically N+ neck requires adjuvant radiation therapy. It probably has a therapeutic role in the selected cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with N1 neck, and in these cases an extension of dissection to levels IV and V is beneficial.     

Modified functional neck dissection: a useful technique for oral cancers

Among 60 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, 30 were treated by the modified functional neck dissection (preserve 8 functional tissues), 30 were treated by functional neck dissection (preserve 3 functional tissues). The recurrent rate of cervical lymph node and the sense of skin were assessed. The recurrence rates in cervical nodes was 6.67% and 10%, respectively (p > 0.05) in patients who accepted modified functional neck dissection and functional neck dissection. The sensation in skin in patients who accepted modified functional neck dissection was better than those who accepted functional neck dissection (p < 0.01). Modified functional neck dissection is helpful to decrease postoperative complications, without increasing recurrent rates of cervical lymph node.     

Neck dissection after radiochemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer

Background  Primary chemoradiation is a frequent treatment for locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Some authors claim that a neck dissection (ND) is necessary in N2/N3 disease after this treatment in order to avoid regional recurrences. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of isolated nodal failure in patients with N2/N3 disease who achieved a complete clinical and radiological response (CR) after chemoradiation, when no planned ND was performed. Methods  We retrospectively analysed the survival rates, nodal response and subsequent neck nodal control of 28 patients with locally advanced oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx squamous cell carcinoma disease, treated with primary chemoradiation. Results  With a median follow-up of 28 months, 2-year global survival was 73% and disease-free survival 60%. Patients who had complete local and regional response after chemoradiotherapy were followed, with 100% neck nodal control. Conclusion  Patients with N2/N3 disease who obtained a clinical and radiological CR to chemoradiation had a zero incidence of isolated neck failure without a planned ND. The continued use of planned NDs in this patient subset may not be justified. This can be further confirmed in randomised prospective trials.     

头颈部粘膜恶性黑色素瘤临床分析

 目的　探讨头颈部粘膜恶性黑色素瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析64例头颈部粘膜恶性黑色素瘤的病例资料,分组统计预后。结果　手术治疗组5年生存率为20%。以手术为主的综合治疗组为21%,非手术治疗组为0。结论　头颈部粘膜恶性黑色素瘤首选手术治疗。免疫组化病理有助确诊。     

中央区颈淋巴结清扫术对甲状腺微小癌的治疗价值

目的探讨中央区颈淋巴结清扫术对甲状腺微小癌的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析65例甲状腺微小癌患者的临床资料。结果65例患者中,淋巴结转移阳性率为40％。全程获访的62例患者全部存活,未发现远处转移,复发转移率低,无远期并发症。结论中央区颈淋巴结清扫术是治疗甲状腺微小癌的一种较佳的手术方式。     

原发鼻腔鼻窦黏膜恶性黑色素瘤94例临床分析

目的 探讨鼻腔鼻窦黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的进展规律及疗效。方法 回顾分析2000—2012年间94例鼻腔鼻窦黑色素瘤资料。男50例、女44例,发病年龄26~85岁(中位数60岁)。原发鼻腔86例、上颌窦7例、鼻咽部1例。颈部淋巴结转移10例(7例疗前、2例疗中、1例疗后),无远处转移。采用手术±放疗方法。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率并Logrank法单因素预后分析,Cox模型多因素预后分析。结果 全组1、3、5年样本数量分别为80、54、50例,1、3、5年疾病相关生存率分别为71%、33%、22%。单因素分析发现影响预后因素为年龄>55岁(P=0.034)、累及后鼻孔(P=0.011)、累及上颌窦(P=0.009)、累及硬腭(P=0.003)、颈部淋巴结转移(P=0.001)、治疗方式(P=0.038)。多因素分析发现影响预后因素为累及后鼻孔(P=0.027)、累及眼眶(P=0.005)、累及硬腭(P=0.003)。结论 鼻腔鼻窦黏膜恶性黑色素瘤的远处转移和局部复发率较高,需多学科多手段联合治疗;颈部淋巴结转移率较低;临床分期的合理性有待进一步研究。     

耳鼻颌面部恶性黑色素瘤(附11例分析)

目的：探讨发生于耳鼻颌面部恶性黑色素瘤(恶黑)的诊疗方法。方法：对1986～2001年收治的11例恶黑患的临床资料进行临床病理分析。结果：男性6例、女性5例，年龄6个月～83岁；原发部位：牙龈粘膜2例，外耳道l例，耳廓2例，鼻腔筛蝶窦l例，鼻中隔l例，中耳l例，下睑腮腺l例，上唇2例；手术切除9例，术后化疗2例，术后放疗3例，未治疗2例。0．5～10年随访，死亡6例，生存期6个月～3年；健在5例，生存期1．0—15年。结论：恶黑在皮肤粘膜交界处的色素层或粘膜黑色素斑的基础上发生，肿块多呈黑褐色且常伴溃疡，诊断较易，而对于不含黑色素的恶黑容易误漏诊，须待病理确诊。瘤细胞内含大量黑色素颗粒为其病理特点，免疫组化显示VIM—HMB45和S-100蛋白及Vs38阳性反应均有助于不含色素的恶黑的确诊。本病恶性度极高，可采用手术、放化疗或免疫治疗，但预后差。     

Neck dissection and post-operative chemotherapy with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide and cisplatin protocol are useful for oral mucosal melanoma

Background  

Oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) is a clinically rare disease with poor prognosis. Various treatment methods have been investigated with the aim of improving the prognosis. This study aimed to analyze the data of a single institution in the management of OMM.     

口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤颈部淋巴结转移规律及颈部预防治疗的价值

目的 分析口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤(OMM)颈部淋巴结转移规律以及颈部预防治疗的价值。方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1984-2016年间收治的61例无远处转移的OMM病例的颈部淋巴结转移规律,颈部预防治疗疗效,失败模式及预后因素。结果 OMM颈部淋巴结转移率为55.7%。Ⅰ b区是最常见的颈部淋巴结转移区域,占颈部淋巴结转移患者的76%,其次是Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区。对于cN0患者,接受至少同侧Ⅰ b-Ⅲ区颈部预防治疗和未接受的5年无区域复发生存率分别为91.7%和52.4%(P=0.036),接受至少同侧Ⅰ b-Ⅲ区颈部预防治疗能将区域失败率由46%降至6%(P=0.035)。发生区域失败患者中93%发生在Ⅰ b区,50%发生在Ⅱ区,36%发生在Ⅲ区。结论 OMM颈部淋巴结转移率较高,淋巴结引流具有一定规律性,最常见转移和复发部位均为Ⅰ b-Ⅲ区。对于cN0的OMM,推荐至少包括同侧颈部Ⅰ b-Ⅲ区的预防治疗。     

肿瘤侵犯颈动脉时的颈淋巴清扫术及相关处理

目的 探讨肿瘤侵犯颈动脉时的颈淋巴结清扫手术方法。方法 对3例头颈部恶性肿瘤晚期颈淋巴结转移颈动脉可能受侵患者，行颈动脉间断结扎术。结果 间断结扎可有效促进对侧脑血管代偿形成，为进一步进行颈清扫手术提供安全保障。结论 肿瘤侵犯颈动脉并非绝对手术禁区,先期采用颈动脉结扎等处理可取得较满意效果。     

Patterns of regional spread and the value of elective neck treatment for oral mucosal melanoma

Objective To investigate the patterns of regional lymphatic spread and the value of elective neck treatment (ENT) in oral mucosal melanoma (OMM). Methods In this retrospective analysis, 61 OMM patients with no distant metastasis treated in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between 1984 and 2016 were recruitred. The regional lymph node distribution of cN+ disease, the value of ENT in cN0 disease, the failure patterns and prognostic factors were retrospectively analyzed. Results Overall, 55.7% of the patients were clinical/pathological cN+. The most frequently involved locations were the level Ⅰ b (76%), followed by level Ⅱ and level Ⅲ. For cN0 patients, the 5-year regional failure-free survival rate was 91.7% in patients who received at least ipsilateral level Ⅰ b-Ⅲ ENT and 52.4% in patients who did not receive at least ipsilateral level Ⅰ b-Ⅲ ENT (P=0.036). The regional failure rate was 6% for patients treated with at least ipsilateral leve Ⅰ b-Ⅲ ENT, while in their counterparts who did not receive at least ipsilateral level Ⅰ b-Ⅲ ENT was 46%(P=0.035). For the regional failure pattern, the most frequently failure sites were level Ⅰ b (93%), level Ⅱ(50%) and level Ⅲ(36%). Conclusions The cervical lymph node metastasis rate is relatively high in OMM patients. The pathway of regional LN spread follows a regular pattern. The most frequently involved regions for clinical/pathological cN+ and regional failure are both level Ⅰ b-Ⅲ. Elective treatment including at least ipsilateral level Ⅰ b-Ⅲ ENT should be recommended for OMM patients with cN0.     

Neck treatment of patients with early stage oral tongue cancer: comparison between observation, supraomohyoid dissection, and extended dissection

BACKGROUND: The role of elective and therapeutic selective neck dissection in patients with early stage cancer of the oral tongue remains controversial. The purpose was to investigate the role of neck treatment in the management of this condition. METHODS: A total of 380 patients with cT1-2N0 oral tongue cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were staged by means of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. A total of 324 patients received elective neck dissection (END), whereas 56 participants received observation (OBS). In all, 287 patients received supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOND), whereas 37 patients received modified radical neck dissection (MRND). Overall survival (OS) and neck control rates (NCR) were investigated according to the treatment modality. RESULTS: In the END group the occult metastasis (OM) rates in cervical lymph nodes were 5.2% for cT1 lesions and 14.6% for cT2 lesion (P = .005). The 5-year OS (P = .029) and NCR rates (P = .001) were significantly better in the END group compared with the OBS group. Patients who received MRND had a better 5-year NCR compared with SOND, albeit not significantly (91.4% vs 85.3%, P = .415). Multivariate analysis showed that END and stage were independent predictors of both NCR and OS. CONCLUSIONS: END should be performed routinely in patients with early-stage oral tongue cancer, even in the presence of negative neck by CT scans and MRI.     

多功能保留性颈淋巴结清除术

分化型甲状腺癌疗效好，对早、中期的病人多施行功能性颈淋巴结清除术，即保留胸颈乳突肌、颈内静脉和副神经，这就是通常所说的"三保留"手术。作者在长期的工作实践中摸索出其它功能的保留方法并积累了一些经验。自1991年8月至1997年10月共行多功能保留的颈淋巴结清除术105例（3例为双侧颈清术）。除上述三保留以外的保留内容有耳大神经108例次，枕小神经41例次，颈横动脉58例次，颈外静脉10例次和锁骨上皮神经的斜方肌支7例次。术中重点介绍了各功能器官的保留方法和技巧并讨论了耳大神经和枕小神经的功能恢复时间及影响神经功能恢复的因素，为开展此项工作的朋友提供些经验。     

cN0声门上型喉癌的颈部复发相关因素分析

背景与目的:声门上型喉癌的隐性淋巴结转移率高,是此类喉癌诊治的重点之一。本研究旨在探讨声门上型喉癌的隐性淋巴结转移的相关因素、预后及治疗情况。方法:回顾分析1992～1999年我科收治的cN0声门上型喉癌104例,对其隐性淋巴结转移率、转移淋巴结的分布、影响隐性淋巴结转移的因素及颈部处理等进行研究。结果:本组cN0声门上型喉癌隐性淋巴结转移率为23.1%(24/104),其中T2期23.9%(11/46),T3期30.8%(8/26),T4期18.5%(5/17)。隐性转移淋巴结主要位于病变侧Ⅱ、Ⅲ区(22/24)。出现隐性转移组预后差(log-rank=10.66,P=0.001)。切缘阳性影响隐性淋巴结转移率(χ2=10.015,P=0.002)。病理分化程度(χ2=3.349,P=0.175)、T分期(χ2=2.701,P=0.440)、原发灶处理方式(χ2=1.093,P=0.296)等对隐性淋巴结转移率影响差异无统计学意义。颈部选择性清扫能降低cN0声门上型喉癌隐性淋巴结转移率(χ2=4.070,P=0.044)。结论:cN0声门上型喉癌的隐性淋巴结转移主要位于病变侧Ⅱ、Ⅲ区;出现隐性淋巴结转移影响预后;切缘阳性影响隐性淋巴结转移率;对T1N0期喉癌颈部可观察,T2-4N0期喉癌行侧颈清扫(Ⅱ～Ⅳ区)是合理有效的。     

Single stage Delto-pectoral flap cover for large defects following extensive neck dissection

Bulky neck nodal disease with involvement of the overlying skin develops large post resection defects with skin loss following extensive neck dissection, that may not be suitable for primary closure. We describe a simple and easy to do procedure for cover of such large post surgical resection neck defects by using the Delto-pectoral flap as a single staged procedure.