乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建与传统改良根治术的疗效比较*

目的:比较乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建和传统改良根治术的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析柳州市人民医院乳腺外科2009年11月至2012年7 月手术治疗0～ⅢA 期女性乳腺癌患者224 例的病例资料,根据手术方式分为乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建（乳房重建）组（n=42）和单纯乳腺癌改良根治术（单纯改良根治）组（n=182）,通过对两组患者术后并发症、恢复情况、术后生活质量、局部复发率、远处转移率、病死率进行对比分析,评价两种手术的疗效。结果:两组患者术后积液、皮瓣坏死、患肢及肩关节活动、引流时间及开始辅助治疗时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但乳房重建组术后生存质量明显优于单纯改良根治组（P<0.01）。 乳房重建组患者重建乳房外形美学评价明显优于单纯改良根治组（P<0.01）。 随访期间两组转移率、复发率、死亡率的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论:乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建可以达到和传统改良根治术相当的疗效,且其重建乳房外形良好,手术操作简单易行、安全性高,并可显著改善患者术后乳房的外形美观及提高术后生活质量,对早期乳腺癌是一种安全、可行的治疗方法,值得临床推广。      

乳腺癌患者乳房重建术后满意度评估方法比较

乳腺癌位居女性新发恶性肿瘤第一位。外科手术是治疗乳腺癌的重要方式之一。目前,接受外科手术治疗的乳腺癌患者术式选择仍以改良根治术及全乳切除术为主。虽然手术能有显著的生存获益,但患者生活质量的问题却难以回避。近年来,医疗模式逐渐转变,乳房重建技术不断发展成熟,乳腺癌患者生活质量及乳房重建术后满意度等相关话题开始受到关注,因此,涌现出多种乳房重建术后满意度评估方法。笔者希望通过比较不同乳腺癌患者乳房重建术后满意度评估方法,提高临床工作者对患者乳房重建术后满意度的重视程度,并可通过选择合适的评估方法间接反映患者的生活质量,指导肿瘤外科及整形外科医师的手术决策。     

手术方式对乳腺癌患者不同阶段生活质量的影响

背景与目的：随着医学模式的转变,肿瘤患者术后生活质量(quality of life)已成为评价整体治疗的重要标准之一。本研究旨在探讨不同手术方式对乳腺癌患者治疗和康复各阶段的生活质量的影响。方法：对2012年4月—2013年4月在北京同仁医院肿瘤中心手术后复查以及首次接受手术的乳腺癌患者共207例进行生活质量评定,其中保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术61例,全乳切除即刻乳房重建术60例,乳腺癌改良根治术86例,通过配对设计方法,使用量表进行调查,并进行统计学分析。结果：围手术期时,接受保乳手术或全乳切除即刻乳房重建手术的患者与接受改良根治术的患者主要在生理、情感和焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪水平方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在生活质量方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后2年和术后5年,接受保乳手术或全乳切除即刻乳房重建手术的患者与接受改良根治术的患者在生活质量方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在生理、情感和焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪水平方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术和全乳切除即刻乳房重建手术较乳腺癌改良根治术可明显降低乳腺癌患者在围手术期焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,并可不同程度提高患者的远期生活质量。     

双蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣在双侧乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建中的应用

双侧乳腺癌同时进行双侧乳腺切除，术后胸部缺损严重，使患者身心遭受双重打击，极大影响其生活质量。随着自体组织移植乳房重建手术的日益成熟和发展，乳腺癌患者要求乳房重建者日渐增多。本科于2004年4月至2007年8月对3例双侧乳腺癌改良根治术后患者采用双蒂下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap，TRAM）行即刻双侧乳房重建，均获得成功，重建乳房效果满意。现报告如下。     

保留乳头乳晕复合体的早期乳腺癌外科治疗进展

保留乳头乳晕复合体(nipple-areola complex,NAC)对乳腺癌术后乳房重建的美容效果至关重要,文章回顾了乳腺癌NAC受累规律、保留NAC的危险性,分析探讨早期乳腺癌保留NAC改良根治术及术后乳房重建的方式、效果及可行性,认为保留NAC的乳腺癌改良根治术及术后乳房再造对部分早期乳腺癌疗效确切,有望作为部分早期乳腺癌手术治疗的常规选择术式之一。     

乳腺癌根治术后乳房再造方法的选择

乳腺癌术后所致的乳房缺失给患者带来的严重身心创伤以及由此造成的患者在抗肿瘤信心与能力方面的负面影响越来越受到肿瘤医师和整形外科医师的重视。乳房缺失常引起患者精神压抑、严重焦虑、夫妻生活失调以及社交活动受阻。目前由于乳腺癌综合治疗手段的进步，术后患者生存率大为提高，同时术式的不断改良（保留乳头、乳晕的乳癌改良根治术），为乳癌术后乳房再造，尤其是即刻乳房再造提供了更为有利的条件。     

乳腺癌保留乳房手术及术后即刻乳房重建的相关问题探讨：第33届圣·安东尼奥乳腺癌研讨会回顾

随着人民生活水平的不断提高和乳腺癌综合治疗的日益进步，乳腺癌患者的生存率大幅提高，乳腺癌术后乳房缺损问题越来越引起重视，为了形体美要求乳房重建的患者逐渐增多。同时，随着综合治疗的规范化及技术更新，乳腺癌术后乳房重建以及保留乳房手术的应用范围不断扩大。2010年12月，第33届美国圣·安东尼奥乳腺癌论坛就保留乳房手术及乳房重建进行了学术探讨，现总结如下。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳腺再造研究进展

目前乳腺癌最常用的手术方式为保乳术和乳腺癌改良根治术。保乳术虽然术后具有良好的外观和疗效, 但是其手术适应证非常严格。多数乳腺癌女性患者出现乳腺癌改良根治术后乳腺缺失带来的身心创伤, 而乳腺即刻再造术的推广提高了患者术后生命质量。文章对乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳腺再造的适应证、影响因素、手术方式等研究进展进行介绍。     

病理诊断在乳腺癌患者保留乳房手术中的作用

保留乳房手术是继改良根治性乳房切除手术之后的一种新的手术方式。它的优势在于既能切除肿瘤，又能避免或减少根治性或改良根治性手术所带来的诸多弊端，保证患者较高的生活质量。但是，保留乳房手术所切除的乳腺范围是有限的，能否将肿瘤切除干净，避免或减少术后肿瘤复发是保证保留乳房手术成功的关键。     

乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建方式及进展

乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建能使患者在一定程度上恢复身体外形,减轻心理压力,恢复自信,提高术后生活质量。乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建已为越来越多的患者所接受。本文将从乳房重建的安全,重建手术方式,放疗对乳房重建的影响,时间选择等方面进行综述。     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大或合并乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大患者，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者手术中的应用及其临床意义。 方法本回顾性研究共纳入2007年10月到2017年10月分别在同济大学附属东方医院及附属同济医院乳腺外科行缩乳术的39例乳房肥大女性患者，均采用倒T形切口(内侧蒂25例，垂直蒂5例，外侧蒂9例)。其中，包括18例符合保留乳房手术指征的乳腺癌患者(内侧蒂10例，垂直蒂4例，外侧蒂4例)。术后6、12个月评价美容效果(乳腺癌患者待放射治疗结束后进行评价)。评估患者的术后并发症、满意度以及复发转移情况。 结果39例患者术后乳房外形自然、对称，明显缩小上提，乳头、乳晕血供和感觉良好，瘢痕不明显，患者满意度高。1例术后2周出现一侧乳房的乳头乳晕区坏死，经过清创换药后愈合。5例术后双侧乳头乳晕感觉减退，其中4例在术后6个月左右恢复正常感觉，1例在术后12个月恢复。5例出现术后局部乳房组织硬结，其中3例为接受过放射治疗的乳腺癌患者，二次手术切除硬结后无再次发生。3例出现瘢痕处猫耳畸形，再次局部麻醉手术修整后效果良好，3例瘢痕增粗，其余患者瘢痕正常。乳腺癌患者中有3例出现放射治疗后患侧乳房皮肤水肿，术后12个月消退。术后6个月进行了美容效果评价，极好25例，良好10例，中等4例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好6例，中等3例，差0例)。术后12个月的美容效果评价显示：极好25例，良好13例，中等1例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好8例，中等1例，差0例)。随访时间最长的1例患者(双侧乳房单纯性重度肥大)术后观察了10年，乳房外形无明显变化。全部患者术后随访15～120个月，中位随访61个月，18例乳腺癌患者均无局部复发转移。 结论对于乳房肥大，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者，采用倒T形切口缩乳术，既可切除病变，又可缩小并悬吊乳房。     

保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者手术后生活质量(QOL)的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2015年6月北京协和医院行保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后于2016年3月至2016年4月在医院乳腺外科门诊随访的64例患者,其中保乳手术30例(保乳组),延迟即刻再造术34例(乳房再造组)。应用肿瘤治疗功能评价系统(FACT-B)量表对两组患者进行生活质量测评比较。结果两组患者生理状况、社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、总体生活质量评价FACT-G和FACT-B条目状况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳房再造组患者附加关注(乳腺癌特异模块)方面QOL优于保乳术组,差异有统计学意义(29.37±2.72vs 24.05±7.01,P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后患者生活质量无明显差异。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射与全乳照射剂量学的比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)与全乳照射(WBI)剂量学的差异。方法选取2013年1月至2013年12月间收治的26例保乳术后采用APBI治疗的乳腺癌患者作为观察组,另选取同期保乳术后采用WBI治疗的28例乳腺癌患者作为对照组。采用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两组患者剂量学差异,总结两组患者的短期疗效;比较观察组患者在有无图像指导下的位移差异。结果观察组患者的平均剂量(Dmean)、照射体积百分比(V103、V105、V110)和靶区剂量不均匀指数(IHI)均显著低于对照组,各项危及器官(OARS)照射剂量均显著低于对照组,且心脏和肺的照射体积也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者美容满意率为96.2%(25/26),对照组患者为67.9%(19/28),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在有无图像引导下的位移差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后APBI照射剂量低于WBI,改善靶区剂量分布,降低心肺等组织高剂量受照体积,结合图像引导,可以增加准确性。     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.     

Prostate specific antigen in breast cancer,benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, we provided evidence that PSA may also be produced by breast tumors. In this report we examined quantitatively the PSA levels in 199 breast tumors, 48 tissues with benign breast disease (BBD, 34 fibroadenomas), and 36 normal breast tissues. Significant amounts of PSA (≥ 0.030 ng of PSA per mg of total protein) were found in 28% of breast tumors, 65% of BBD tissues, and 33% of normal breast tissues. PSA positivity in breast tumors was highest in stage I disease (34%) and decreased with disease stage (24% in stage II and 18% in stage III–IV). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification we have shown PSA mRNA presence in patients with PSA protein-positive tissues (benign and malignant) but not in patients with PSA protein-negative tissues. Our data suggest that PSA is expressed frequently by normal breast tissue, by tissue of benign breast diseases, and by breast cancer tissue. Highest expression is seen in benign breast disease and lowest expression in advanced stage cancerous tissue. As PSA production is mediated by steroid hormones and their receptors, we propose that PSA may be a new marker of steroid hormone action in the normal or diseased female breast. The role of this enzyme in the development of breast diseases including breast cancer is currently unknown.