3种不同沉淀剂对养血扶正颗粒中阿魏酸与淫羊藿苷含量的影响

目的考察3种不同沉淀剂对养血扶正颗粒中阿魏酸、淫羊藿苷含量的影响。方法分别采用乙醇、壳聚糖、凹凸棒3种沉淀剂对制备养血扶正颗粒时水提制备工艺进行沉淀,用高效液相色谱法测定阿魏酸、淫羊藿苷含量作为评价指标,并与自然静置沉淀法进行比较。结果3种沉淀剂对2个指标含量均有不同程度的影响。阿魏酸的含量,用乙醇沉淀剂时,其含量最高;淫羊藿苷的含量,用壳聚糖沉淀剂时,其含量最高。结论综合考虑阿魏酸、淫羊藿苷2个指标的含量,壳聚糖可作为养血扶正颗粒水提制备工艺的沉淀剂。     

一种新型沉淀剂去除肝素钠中蛋白质的条件研究

目的 :探索YNB 99 1沉淀剂去除粗品肝素钠中蛋白质的作用条件。方法 :通过效价测定、蛋白质鉴定和吸收度检测 ,考察不同条件下YNB 99 1沉淀剂的沉淀效果。结果 :用 0 .0 5 %沉淀剂、5 %肝素钠溶液、效价 80USPu/mg以上的粗品和 pH3 .0的条件 ,可有效地去除蛋白质 ,肝素钠活性损失 2 %左右。 结论 :得出YNB 99 1沉淀剂的最适作用条件 ,去除蛋白质效果明显。     

2-哌啶乙醇的制备

4-哌啶乙醇(1)可用作医药中间体,在二氧化铂催化下,用4-吡啶乙醇(3)在冰乙酸中氢化还原可得到1,收率82%[1,2].也可用浓盐酸-乙醇(3:10)作溶剂,但收率仅67.6%[3].本研究用4-甲基吡啶(2)和甲醛在水中加热回流反应20h得到3[4],再在10%Pd-C催化下于冰乙酸中氢化还原得到1,收率91%(以3计).     

公共场所装修后室内甲醛污染调查

目的了解新装饰开业公共场所甲醛污染状况。方法用甲醛分析仪对新装饰开业的35家公共场所室内空气甲醛浓度进行测定。结果开业1个月内甲醛合格率37.9%,3个月后甲醛合格率80.12%。自然通风不良的公共场所甲醛浓度在相同时间内高于自然通风良好的公共场所(P<0.05)。装修1个月内冬季公共场所甲醛浓度高于夏季(P<0.05),不同类型公共场所以娱乐业、足浴按摩室甲醛合格率为低。可能与装饰材料质量,装修复杂程度及通风状况有关。甲醛清除剂对治理甲醛污染有效。结论应选择“绿色装饰材料”,装修时合理设计,进行有效通风,甲醛超标时应进行治理,合格后方可进行经营。     

柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法测定盐酸度洛西汀原料甲醛含量

目的采用HPLC法定量检查盐酸度洛西汀原料残留的甲醛。方法盐酸度洛西汀原料中残留的甲醛与2,4-二硝基苯肼生成具有强紫外吸收的衍生物,通过HPLC检查该衍生物含量,从而检查甲醛的含量。结果甲醛衍生物检查方法的专属性,进样精密度、灵敏度、重复性、线性和准确性均符合检测要求。S/N约为10∶1时,甲醛的灵敏度为0.011%,S/N约为3∶1时,甲醛的灵敏度为0.003%;甲醛浓度在0.04～2.00μg/ml范围内,甲醛浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系Y=53 119X+2 286.6(r=0.999 7);平均回收率为101.42%。色谱条件和衍生条件的耐用性均良好。结论所用方法可用于盐酸度洛西汀原料中残留的甲醛检测。     

不同灭活方法对百日咳菌苗的效力、毒性和稳定性的影响

本文报道了加热、甲醛、戊二醛、硫柳汞和丙酮等灭活方法对百日咳菌苗的效力、毒性和稳定性的影响。作者用百日咳杆菌134和509株作为菌种,培养后收获菌体,每批250ml,共有5批,分别经如下处理:(1)56℃处理10分钟;(2)加最终浓度为0.1%的甲醛于37℃作用2小时;(3)加最终浓度为0.05%的戊二醛置室温10分钟;(4)加最终浓度为0.02%的硫柳汞于37℃作用24小时;(5)丙酮处理Ⅰ法[A(Ⅰ)TP]:经丙酮室温处理3次后加CaCl_2和P_2O_5灭活;丙酮处理Ⅱ法[A(Ⅱ)TP]:经丙酮室温     

甲醛治疗扁平疣

甲醛为外科消毒防腐药物,最近我们发现在临床上治疗扁平疣有效,且收到了理想的效果。本组5例患者均为女性,共67个扁平疣,其中背部8个,颈面部29个,手背部30个。直径0.2～1.3cm。用36%甲醛溶液视疣体大小用棉鉴沾甲醛药液疣体局部涂抹,每日早晚各1次。用药3日疣体脱落21个,用药10日疣体脱落28个,余18个扁平疣面积比治疗前服显缩小,后改用 CO_2激光一次治愈,总治愈率为73%。扁平疣为一种人乳头瘤病毒感染所引起的一种常见的皮肤病。我们认为甲醛作用于扁平疣后     

混配沉淀剂脱除二水湿法磷酸中氟的研究

以四川金河磷矿制得的二水湿法磷酸为对象 ,采用化学沉淀法 ,研究沉淀剂种类、用量 ,加入方式 ,反应温度 ,反应时间 ,液相混合状况以及沉淀剂配制方法对脱除磷酸中氟的影响。将实验数据回归整理得到 :(1)沉淀剂用量与磷酸中剩余氟含量的关系式 ;(2 )磷酸的脱氟温度与磷酸中剩余氟含量的关系式。当磷酸中先加入 Na2 S·9H2 O,后加入 Na2 CO3(分别为脱氟所需理论用量的 10 0 %和 2 0 0 % ) ,在 2 5～ 30℃ ,反应 2 5～ 30 m in,则磷酸中剩余氟、砷和铅等的含量将降至很低     

免疫荧光技术中不同固定剂对细胞p65核移位观察效果的影响

目的观察免疫荧光技术中不同固定剂以及Triton X-100不同渗透时间对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞p65蛋白核移位的影响,找出最适合观察p65蛋白移位的固定方法及Triton X-100渗透时间。方法采用免疫荧光的方法观察使用不同固定剂(甲醇,1%～4%甲醛)固定,0.1%Triton X-100渗透3～15min的条件下,观察脂多糖刺激2h后,p65蛋白细胞内定位的情况。结果 p65蛋白在对照细胞主要定位于细胞质,脂多糖(LPS)刺激后p65蛋白移入胞核。甲醇固定后细胞荧光染色显色很弱且核区不明显,染色弥散;1%、2%甲醛固定不良可引起细胞收缩;4%甲醛固定后,核区与胞质p65蛋白荧光染色对比明显。0.1%Triton X-100作用3～5min效果最佳,而作用10～15min对照细胞核内也有较强荧光。结论本实验表明,在免疫荧光技术中采用4%甲醛固定20min,0.1%Triton X-100渗透3～5min可更好的观察LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞p65核移位。     

HPLC法测定甲醛甲酚溶液中甲醛的含量

目的：建立甲醛甲酚溶液中甲醛含量的HPLC测定方法.方法：以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为固定相,以乙腈-磷酸溶液（取磷酸5.75 g,加水至1000 mL,用浓氨水调节pH值至2.85）（50∶50）为流动相,检测波长为336 nm,柱温40 ℃.结果：甲醛在10～100 μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9997）,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD为0.8%（n=6）.结论：本方法灵敏、准确,选择性和重现性好,可作为甲醛甲酚溶液中甲醛的质量控制方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.