表情肌肌纤维组织化学分型及分类研究

目的　对活体表情肌组织化学特点进行研究 ,为面部表情肌动态复活提供实验依据。方法　标本均取自头面颈部手术病人切口下方的表情肌 ,并在恒冷切片机中切片后进行组织化学染色 ,包括肌动球蛋白ATP酶 (M ATPase)及还原型辅酶Ⅰ 四唑氮蓝 (NADA TR) ,结果依靠计算机辅助图像分析。结果　各表情肌肌纤维直径在 2 4 3～ 6 3 9μm之间不等 ,表情肌中同一型肌纤维直径不相同 ,P <0 0 5 ,各表情肌中各型肌纤维数量分布不同。Ⅰ型肌纤维占 2 0 %以下为位移型肌肉 ;Ⅰ型肌纤维占 2 1%～ 40 %为中间型肌肉 ;Ⅰ型肌纤维占 40 %以上为张力型肌肉。结论　表情肌组织学及组织化学上的差别在面部神经肌肉修复中有一定的意义。     

膈神经及肋间神经移位后肱二头肌的组织形态学研究

临床上常用膈神经或肋间神经移位来治疗臂丛神经损伤引起的肱二头肌麻痹；其中膈神经移位肱二头肌后的治疗效果较好，目前认为这是由于膈神经高频率、大振幅的自发性电活动和具有较多粗大运动神经纤维所引起的。本实验采用组化染色（ＡＴＰ酶，ＮＡＤＨ－ＴＲ），图像分析的方法对５例肋间神经移位、６例膈神经移位后的肱二头肌进行组织形态学研究。发现膈神经移位后肱二头肌肌纤维粗大，各纤维型比例接近，与正常生理状态相似。肋间神经移位后的肱二头肌肌纤维细小，ＳＯ型纤维明显增多（达８２．２％）。由于Ⅱ型纤维的等长收缩力大于Ⅰ型纤维，因此这个结果进一步解释了膈神经移位后的肱二头肌较肋间神经移位后的肱二头肌恢复好的原因。此外，本实验还发现失神经肌神经再支配后纤维型的组化现象同样存在于人体骨骼肌，结合肌纤维粗细差别较大的特点，提示它可用于失神经肌神经再支配过程中对肌肉的神经支配状态的评估。     

胃癌与端粒酶活性表达及DNA倍体关系的研究

目的揭示胃癌与端粒酶活性及ＤＮＡ倍体关系。方法检测３０例胃癌标本,同时取无瘤残端作为对照。端粒酶检测采用端粒重复扩增－酶到免疫吸附法（ＴＲＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法）。ＤＮＡ倍体的测定采用流式细胞术,一步法检测ＤＮＡ含量,结果肿瘤瘤体端粒酶阳性率８３．３％９２５／３０）,无瘤残端端粒酶阳性率３．３％（１／３０）（Ｐ〈０．０５）;端粒酶阳性瘤体平均直径６．５ｃｍ,阴性瘤体平均直径３．６ｃｍ（Ｐ〈０．０５）;     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活性及其受体在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达 …

目的 探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（ｕＰＡ）及其特异受体（ｕＰＡ－Ｒ）与膀胱移行细胞癌生物学行为之间的关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学方法检测５１例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ｕＰＡ及ｕＰＡ－Ｒ蛋白水平的表达。结果 随膀胱移行细胞癌分级、分期的增高和转移的出现,ｕＰＡ和ｕＰＡ－Ｒ表达明显增高（Ｐ值分别〈０．０１,０．０５,０．０１）。结论 ｕＰＡ及ｕＰＡ－Ｒ的阳性表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的浸润和转移能力增强有关,且     

缬沙坦抑制人类肾小管上皮细胞转分化的初步研究

目的：探讨血管紧张素ⅡⅠ型受体拮抗剂缬沙坦（ｖａｌｓａｒｔａｎ,Ｖａｌ）在人类肾小管上皮细胞系（ＨＫＣ）转分化中的作用。方法将培养的ＨＫＣ细胞分为（１）无血清培养培养对照组;（２）阳性对照组（ＭＣＰ－１＋ＡＡＩ组）：培养液中加入马兜铃酸－Ｉ（ＡＡＩ）和单核细胞趋化蛋白－１）ＭＣＰ－１）：（３）Ｖａｌ组：培养液中加入Ｖａｌ;（４）ＭＣＰ－１＋ＡＡＩ＋Ｖａｌ组。应用间接酶标免疫组织化学方法（ＩＥＩ）检     

抗凋亡基因bcl—2在膀胱肿瘤中的表达及意义

应用链菌素亲和素－过氧化物酶（ＬＳＡＢ）免疫组织化学技术对４９例膀胱肿瘤石蜡切片ｂｃｌ－２原癌基因蛋白的表达进行研究，结果显示，在各级（期）膀胱肿瘤中均为ｂｃｌ－２基因表达，随着肿瘤分级，分别的增加，ｂｃｌ－２基因表达增多，但无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），在〉５０岁以上患者中ｂｃｌ－２基因表达率明显高于≤５０岁者（Ｐ〈０．０５）。虽然在复发肿瘤和多发肿瘤及男性患者ｂｃｌ－２基因表达有增加趋势，但其     

丙肝病毒基因在肝门部胆管癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨丙肝病毒核糖核酸（ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ）及蛋白在肝门部胆管癌组织中的表达及其生物学意义。方法 应用套式逆转录、多聚酶链反应（ｎｅｓｔｅｄ ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）和免疫组织化学技术检测３６例肝门部胆管癌患者癌组织和癌旁组织中ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ、非结构蛋白（ＮＳＳ）蛋白水平的表达。结果 ３６例肝门部这癌患者癌组织和癌旁组织中ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ和ＮＳ５蛋白阳性表达率为８３．３％（３０／３６）４７．２％（１７／３６）     

血清中可溶性细胞黏附分子—1与结直肠癌患者的早期诊断

目的检测血清中可溶性细胞黏附分子－１（ｓＩＣＡＭ－１）含量,探讨其在结直肠癌早期诊断中的意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定６０例结直肠癌、２１例胃癌、１７例乳腺癌及９例正常人血清中ｓＩＣＡＭ－１的含量。结果结直肠襄和骨癌血清中ｓＩＣＡＭ－１较正常人明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,乳腺癌血清中ｓＩＣＡＭ－１与正常人比较无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,结直肠癌血清中ｓＩＣＡＭ－１阳性率较胃癌高（Ｐ〈０．０５     

ESWL前后肾内血管阻力指数和尿中GAL与NAG检测的意义

目的：探讨肾内血管阻力指数（ＲＩ）和尿液中β－Ｄ半乳糖苷酶（ＧＡＬ）、Ｎ－Ｌ酰－β－Ｄ氨基葡萄糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）三者与ＥＳＷＬ所致肾损伤及其修复过程的关系。方法：检测５０例单侧肾结石患者ＥＳＷＬ前后肾内血管ＲＩ和尿液中ＧＡＬ与ＮＡＧ。结果：ＥＳＷＬ后肾内血管ＲＩ显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），尿中ＮＡＧ水平明显上升（Ｐ〈０．０５），而ＥＳＷＬ后１～２周时尿中ＧＡＬ水平才开始升高，且ＧＡＬ／ＮＡＧ值呈明显的     

地塞米松对创伤性急性肺损伤家兔肿瘤坏死因子-α的干预作用

目的 探讨地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）对创伤性急性肺损伤（ＡＬＩ）治疗作用的可能机制。方法 采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）、酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测２４只大耳白兔肺组织肿瘤坏死因子－α基因（ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ）表达及肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）、白细胞介素（ＩＬ）－６水平。结果 创伤性ＡＬＩ兔肺组织ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ表达及ＡＭ培养上清液中ＴＮＦ－α,ＩＬ－６含量较正常对照组比较明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。Ｄｅｘ治疗后能显著下调ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ的表达（６８％,Ｐ〈０．０１）,降低ＡＭ分泌ＴＮＦ－α（Ｐ〈０．０５）及ＩＬ－６水平（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 Ｄｅｘ能缓解创伤性ＡＬＩ的发生、发展。其机制与其对ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－６等炎性介质的调节作用密切相关。     

Histochemical study, morphometric analysis and systematic distribution of fiber types in the rectus femoris muscle of the albino rats

The histochemical and morphometric characteristics as well as the systematic distribution of fiber types in the muscle rectus femoris (RF) of adult male rats were studied from ATPase (pre-incubated at pH 9'4, 4'6 and 4'2) and NADH stained sections. The muscle fiber types were classified as I type, IIA type and IIB-type. In 20 RF muscles 90-95% of total fibers were sampled and the mean diameter, length and irregularity-degree analysed. The data were grouped in four quadrants and the percent of fiber types was determined. The type IIB fibers predominate in all quadrants. The largest fibers were the IIB type and the smallest ones the type I, for all the quadrants. Our findings support a functional compartmentalization as proposed by many authors.     

Levator ani muscle in women with genitourinary prolapse: Indirect assessment by muscle histopathology

The objective of this study was to assess the state of innervation in levator ani muscle sites using muscle histopathology. Asymptomatic women and patients with genitourinary prolapse were included. Histopathologic analysis allows indirect assessment of a muscle's innervation. Therefore, levator ani muscle was collected in a standardized fashion during abdominal surgery and frozen in the operating room using isopentane slush cooled by liquid nitrogen. Serial sections of levator ani muscle in cross-section were studied with standard histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. The staining patterns from these histochemical techniques allowed quantitative determination of the ratios of fiber types I, IIA, and IIB and their fiber diameters. Objective assessment of fiber type grouping was performed. The distribution of both fiber type percentage and diameter were non-parametric. Therefore, the Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze the data for statistical differences between the means for these variables. There was no statistical difference in levator ani muscle fiber type percentage and diameter in patients with prolapse and/or urinary incontinence when compared to asymptomatic women. Levator ani muscles have a higher proportion of slow fibers (66%) than found in other human female muscle (48%). There was no evidence for denervation/reinnervation in any of the biopsy specimens. In this study, levator ani muscle biopsies from incontinent and/or prolapse patients were neither denervated nor reinnervated. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

An experimental study on repair and recovery of lacerated muscles--histological and histochemical observations]

A histological and histochemical study of the repairing process of skeletal muscle after transection and immediate suture was conducted using the gastrocnemius muscle of hamsters. The muscles were examined from one hour to twelve weeks after operation and were prepared as specimens for either transverse or longitudinal sections. During the first two days, necrotic fibers were scavenged by macrophages. Early regenerating fibers appeared at the extent of about 1-2 mm on both sides of the cut ends by the fourth day. After one week, myotubes identified as type 2C were abundant. By the fourth week regenerating fibers had grown longitudinally and bridged the injury site between the proximal and distal muscle fiber segments. After six weeks, they had almost matured histochemically. After eight weeks, there was substantial repair of the injury site with scarce fibrous tissue. This study has clearly demonstrated the histological and histochemical findings of repairing process of the skeletal muscle after transection.     

Creatine Supplementation Induces Alteration in Cross-Sectional Area in Skeletal Muscle Fibers of Wistar Rats Under Swimming Training

Creatine has been shown to increase the total muscle mass. In this study, we investigated the effect of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on cross-sectional area of type I, IIA and IIB fibers of gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus - EDL and soleus muscles from male Wistar rats subjected to swimming training for 33 days. Four groups were set up: sedentary with no supplementation (CON), sedentary with creatine supplementation (3.3 mg creatine per g chow) (CR), exercised with no supplementation (EX) and exercised with supplementation (CREX). The rats performed in a special swimming pool and swam five times a week for 1 hour each day, with a extra lead weight corresponding to 15% of their body weight. At the end of 33 days, skeletal muscles of the animals were dissected and the samples got immediately frozen using liquid nitrogen. Muscle samples were allocated to slices of 10 μm by a cryostat at -20°C, which was followed by histochemical analysis in order to identify fiber types of the muscles, and morphometrical analysis to calculate the muscle fiber areas. All groups gained body weight at the end of 33 days but there was no statistical difference among them. The EX and CREX rats had a larger food intake than the sedentary groups (CON and CR), and the CREX group had a larger food intake than CR rats. The cross-sectional area of type I and IIA fibers of the soleus muscle, type IIA and IIB fibers of EDL muscle and type IIA and IIB fibers of the white portion of gastrocnemius muscle were greater in the EX and CREX groups in comparison to sedentary rats. In addition, these fibers were greater in the CREX rats than in the EX group. There was no change in the cross sectional area of type I fibers in EDL muscle among all groups studied. Our results suggest that creatine supplementation enhances the exercise related muscle fiber hypertrophy in rodents.Key words: Creatine, skeletal muscle fiber, exercise, morphometry, histochemistry     

Histochemistry and morphology of the multifidus muscle in lumbar disc herniation: comparative study between diseased and normal sides

STUDY DESIGN: This comparative study was conducted on 19 patients (13 men and 6 women) with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). The histologic and histochemical differences and changes in the back muscles of the diseased and normal sides were evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To determine the histologic differences in the back muscles between the diseased and normal sides in lumbar disc herniation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The morphologic changes of back muscles between the diseased and normal sides in lumbar disc herniation were examined using histologic and histochemical methods. Few studies have reported the difference in these changes based on quantitative analyses. METHODS: All samples were harvested bilaterally from the multifidus muscle at the level of L4-L5 or L5-S1 in patients with lumbar disc herniation and then were examined by histologic and histochemical methods (hematoxylin-eosin, Gomori trichrome, NADH-TR, and ATPase stains). The percentage, cross-sectional area (CSA), and lesser diameter (LD) of muscle fibers were measured using computerized image analysis. The Wilcoxon, paired t, Kruskal Wallis, and Fisher tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Both Type I and II fibers in the diseased side were significantly smaller than those from the normal side. In the diseased side, the potential strength of Type II fibers was weakened. Some pathologic changes (fiber type grouping, small angulated fibers, group atrophy, moth-eaten appearance, and internal nuclei, etc.) in the diseased side were more obvious than those in the normal side. When the straight leg raising test results were abnormal, both Type I and II fibers in the diseased side were smaller than those in the normal side. The Type I fibers of the diseased side were significantly smaller when the patients had symptoms of central low back pain. The size of the Type I fibers as well as of the Type II fibers did not differ between the diseased and normal sides in patients with unilateral and bilateral low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that there were differences in the characteristics of the multifidus muscle between the diseased and normal sides in patients with lumbar disc herniation. The changes in muscle characteristics primarily were related to the disc protrusion. In addition, different locations of the low back pain seemed to cause different secondary effects on the muscle characteristics.     

Histochemical studies of muscle fibers of the triceps surae in the rat under different types of tonus

To investigate the relationship between muscle atrophy and its tonus, triceps surae in four groups of rats were studied changing the muscle tonus by cutting of Achilles tendon, by shortening or lengthening of the tibia and compared with those of control groups. During the eight weeks after the operation, rats were sacrificed every week except for the seventh. The muscles were evaluated by histochemical methods (NADH-TR and myosin ATPase reaction), in which the diameter of the muscle fiber was measured according to the Brooke method. The following results were obtained; (1) Targetoid fibers were observed more frequently among type 1 fibers as the muscle tonus was decreased. (2) Diameter of both fiber types was reduced as the muscle tonus changed. (3) These changes were reversible as the muscle tonus was restored to normal.     

Fiber-type composition and fiber size of the human cricopharyngeal muscle and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Background:  Despite a similar density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the upper esophageal sphincter is sensitive to partial neuromuscular block, whereas the pharyngeal constrictor muscle is more resistant. In order to postulate possible mechanisms behind this difference in pharmacological response, basic knowledge of morphological and physiological features of these muscles is needed. The aim of this study was to compare the muscle fiber-type composition, the size and the morphology of the muscle fibers of the cricopharyngeal muscle, the main component of the upper esophageal sphincter, with that of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
Methods:  Muscle specimens were obtained from five patients undergoing surgery with laryngectomy. Muscle fiber type was determined by myosin heavy chain immunohistochemistry and the muscle fiber cross-sectional area was measured for each fiber type by planimetry. Morphology of muscle fibers was evaluated by histochemistry.
Results:  The muscle fiber cross-sectional area was generally smaller in the cricopharyngeal muscle compared with the pharyngeal constrictor muscle ( P <  0.001). The composition of fiber types showed a large interindividual variability with no distinct difference between the studied muscles. Aberrant histological features were common in both the cricopharyngeal muscle and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
Conclusion:  The main morphological difference between the neuromuscular blocking agents sensitive cricopharyngeal muscle and the more resistant pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a uniformly smaller size of contributing fiber types in the cricopharyngeal muscle than in the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. The muscle fiber-type composition does not differ between the two studied muscles.     

The in-vitro caffeine contracture test: Influence of the muscle histochemical profile on test results

In vitro caffeine contracture tests were carried out on whole rat muscle composed primarily of either histochemical type I or type II fibers. Muscles composed primarily of type I fibers developed contractures at lower concentrations of caffeine and had lower caffeine specific concentrations than muscles composed primarily of type II fibers. These findings indicate that the histochemical profile of a muscle can influence the results of the in-vitro caffeine contracture test.     

Comparison of the histochemical and contractile properties of human gastrocnemius muscle

Contractile and histochemical properties of the human gastrocnemius muscle were compared in 21 male athletes ranging from 20 to 29 years of age. Surface electrical stimulation was used to determine muscle twitch parameters. The contractile variables of the muscle twitch were: latency (L), time to peak force (TPF1 and TPF2), peak force (Pf1 and Pf2), half-contraction time (1/2 CT), and half-relaxation time (1/2 RT). Muscle samples from the belly of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were obtained using the needle biopsy technique. The samples were treated histochemically for myosin ATPase in order to classify the fibers as slow twitch (ST) or fast twitch (FT) and to determine fiber areas. Multiple correlations were performed between the contractile and histochemical variables. The results demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) positive relationships between the calculated twitch recordings and percentage of FT fibers (R = 0.85), percentage of ST fibers (R = 0.85), relative percent area of FT fibers (R = 0.84), and relative percent area of ST fibers (R = 0.84). The results suggest that fiber type percentage and relative percent area determined using myosin ATPase are related to electrically stimulated isometric contractile properties. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1991;13(6):322-328.