不同剂量右美托咪定对食管癌根治术患者术后谵妄的作用

目的 评价不同剂量右美托咪定（Dex）对食管癌根治术患者术后谵妄的作用。方法 择期行食管癌根治术的患者90例,采用数字表法将患者随机分为Dex低剂量组（Dex-L组）、Dex高剂量组（Dex-H组）和生理盐水组（NS组）,每组30例。Dex-L组、Dex-H组患者分别静脉泵注Dex负荷量0.5μg/kg、1.0μg/kg,10min泵注完毕,后分别以维持量0.3μg/（kg·h）、0.5μg/（kg·h）继续泵注至手术结束前30min;相同时间内NS组患者静脉输注等量生理盐水。Dex负荷量泵注结束后开始麻醉诱导。分别观察麻醉诱导前（T₀）、诱导后10min（T₁）、单肺通气1h（T₂）、手术结束后1h（T₃）、6h（T₄）、24h（T₅）、48h（T₆）和72h（T₇）时抽取颈内静脉球部血液,测定颈静脉球部血氧饱和度（S_JvO₂）和血氧分压（P_JvO₂）,并检测T₀、T₃、T₅~T₇时血清中星型胶质细胞S-100β蛋白（S-100β蛋白）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平;采用ICU意识障碍评估法（CAM-ICU）评估患者术后72h谵妄发生率。结果 与NS组比较,Dex-L组和Dex-H组S_JvO₂及P_JvO₂分别在T₁时点明显降低（P<0.01）;与NS组和Dex-L组比较,Dex-H组S_JvO₂及P_JvO₂分别在T₂~T₇时点明显升高（P<0.01）。与NS组和Dex-L组比较,Dex-H组S-100β蛋白及NSE水平分别于T₃、T₅~T₇时均降低（P<0.01）。与NS组和Dex-L组比较,Dex-H组患者术后72h谵妄发生率明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 1.0μg/kg剂量的Dex可明显降低食管癌根治术患者术后谵妄的发生率,其作用机制可能与其降低脑组织氧耗量、减轻脑损伤有关。     

吸入氧浓度对非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥患者心肌损伤的影响

目的：观察术中持续吸入低浓度氧和纯氧对非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥（off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting， OPCABG）患者心肌损伤的影响，拟探究OPCABG患者术中的适宜吸入氧浓度（fraction of inspired oxygen，FiO₂）。方法：选择 OPCABG患者100例，年龄48~78岁，体重指数（body mass index，BMI）21.7~33.9 kg/m² ，美国麻醉医师协会分级（American soci- ety of anesthesiologists physical status classification system，ASA）Ⅲ~Ⅳ级，采用随机数字表法分为2组：低浓度氧组（L组，n=49） 和纯氧组（H 组，n=51）。常规行丙泊酚、芬太尼联合顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导并气管插管机械通气后，调节两组吸入氧浓度 （fraction of inspired oxygen，FiO₂）分别为40%和100%，并维持到手术结束，术中采用容量控制通气模式，潮气量6~8 mL/kg，吸呼比1∶2，两组均采用全凭静脉麻醉：持续泵注丙泊酚、右美托咪啶及顺式阿曲库铵，间断推注芬太尼，维持术中脑电双频指数 （bispectral index，BIS）值40~60。分别于术前1 d（T₁）、麻醉诱导后（T₂）、手术结束时（T₃）、术后第1天（T₄）及术后第3天（T₅）采患者上肢静脉血样，测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶（creatine kinase-MB，CK-MB）及血清脑利钠肽前体（pro brain natriuretic peptide， proBNP）的浓度，并于各时间点行经胸心脏超声（transthoracic echocardiography，TTE）或经食道心脏超声（transesophageal echo- cardiography，TEE）检查，采用Simpson法测量患者左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction，LVEF）及心输出量（cardiac out- put，CO），记录术后机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间。结果：与T₁相比，L组和H组在T₃~T₅时，血清CK-MB浓度升高，在 T₂~T₅时，血清proBNP浓度升高；与L组相比，H组T₃~T₅时CK-MB浓度升高，T₂~T₅时proBNP浓度升高（P＜0.05）；与T₁相比，L组和 H组T₂时，LVEF值和CO值下降，L组T₄~T₅时，LVEF值和CO值升高，H组T₅时，LVEF值和CO值升高；与L组相比，H组T₄~T₅时 LVEF值和CO值下降（P＜0.05）；与L组相比，H组患者机械通气时间延长（P＜0.05），两组患者ICU住院时间、总住院时间相比，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：OPCABG患者术中持续吸入40%浓度氧，有助于减轻术后3 d内心肌损伤并改善左心功能。     

全身麻醉联合硬膜外阻滞对腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者POCD的影响

目的 探讨全身麻醉联合硬膜外阻滞对腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的影响。方法 将62例行腹腔镜胃癌根治术的患者随机分成两组,分别采用单纯全身麻醉（对照组,n=31）、全身麻醉联合硬膜外阻滞（联合组,n=31）。比较两组的围术期相关指标、血流动力学及POCD的发生情况。结果 联合组丙泊酚用量较对照组明显减少（P<0.05）;从T₂时刻起,对照组HR水平较T₀时刻显著升高,MAP水平则显著降低（P<0.05）,且联合组T₂、T₃、T₄时刻的MAP水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。术后1天,对照组MMSE评分较术前明显降低,且低于联合组（P<0.05）;联合组POCD的发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 全身麻醉复合硬膜外阻滞用于腹腔镜胃癌根治术减少麻醉药物用量,维持血流动力学稳定,提高术后认知能力。     

超声引导下收肌管联合IPACK阻滞用于全膝关节置换术中的临床效果

目的 探讨在全膝关节置换术（TKA）应用超声引导下收肌管联合腘动脉与膝关节后囊间隙（IPACK）阻滞的镇痛效果。方法 选取2017年1月至2020年4月在安徽医科大学第三附属医院（合肥市第一人民医院）择期行TKA的患者80例（年龄54~85岁）为研究对象,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法,分为单纯收肌管阻滞组（S组）与收肌管联合IPACK阻滞组（I组）,每组40例。两组患者都在气管内全麻或喉罩全麻下完成手术,术后给予自控静脉镇痛。分别记录手术后4（T₁）、8（T₂）、12（T₃）、24（T₄）和48小时（T₅）各个时间点的静息和运动态的疼痛数字（NRS）评分;NRS评分>4分则给予补救镇痛;记录补救镇痛患者的比例和患者首次下床时间及术后关节活动度与舒适度评分,记录镇痛泵有效按压次数和不良反应情况。结果 与S组比较,I组患者在T₁~T₃时点的静息态和运动态NRS评分均较低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。与S组比较,I组患者在T₁~T₃时点的膝关节活动度增大,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;I组患者在T₁~T₅舒适度提高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与S组比较,I组患者手术后首次下床时间较早,术后需要补救镇痛的比例降低,术后48 h以内镇痛泵按压次数减少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者术后恶心、呕吐、谵妄等不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 在TKA应用超声引导下收肌管联合IPACK阻滞的镇痛效果明显优于单纯收肌管阻滞。     

右美托咪定对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术老年患者的脑保护效应

目的 探讨右美托咪定术中持续静脉输注对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）老年患者血清S-100β蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）浓度及术后认知功能的影响,以评价其脑保护效应。方法 择期行CABG术老年患者40例,患者年龄65~75岁,体重指数22.4~27.5kg/m²,性别不限,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组（n=20）：对照组（N组）和右美托咪定组（D组）。D组诱导后右美托咪定以0.2μg/kg剂量输注负荷量后再以0.4μg/（kg·h）速率持续输注至术毕,N组输注等容量生理盐水。分别于手术切皮前即刻（T₀）、术毕即刻（T₁）、术后24h （T₂）、72h （T₃）时采颈内静脉血4ml,采用化学发光免疫分析技术测定血清S-100β蛋白和NSE浓度。采用MMSE于术前1天和术后第3天评价患者认知功能障碍发生率。结果 与T₀时比较,N组和D组T_1~3时血清S-100β蛋白和NSE浓度均升高（P<0.01）。与N组比较,D组T_1~3时S-100β蛋白及NSE血清浓度明显降低（P<0.01）。与术前第1天值相比,N组术后第3天MMSE评分值降低（P<0.01）;与N组相比,D组术后第3天评分值升高（P<0.05）,术后第3天认知功能障碍发生率N组高于D组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 常规麻醉诱导后静脉输注右美托咪定0.2μg/kg负荷量,随后以0.4μg/（kg·h）输注至术毕可降低体外循环下CABG老年患者术后认知功能障碍发生率,具有脑保护效应。     

压力控制通气和容量控制通气对后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术患者围术期失血影响的比较

目的 比较压力控制通气和容量控制通气对后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术（PLIF）患者围术期失血的影响。方法 选取择期接受PLIF的患者共88例,采用数字表法随机分为两组,即压力控制通气组（PCV组,n=44）和容量控制通气组（VCV组,n=44）,分别采用压力控制通气模式和容量控制通气模式进行机械通气。分别于麻醉诱导即刻（T₀）、仰卧位改为俯卧位后10min （T₁）、皮肤缝合即刻（T₂）、俯卧位改为仰卧位后10min （T₃）及气管导管拔管时（T₄）连续监测平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）及中心静脉压（CVP）,并于上述时间点分别测定两组患者血红蛋白（Hb）及血细胞比容（Hct）。记录T₀~T₃时的呼吸参数。记录两组患者的术中失血量、术后96h失血量。记录两组患者异体输血情况、补液量和二次手术止血率。结果 与VCV组比较,PCV组于T₁~T₃时的气道峰压（PIP）均明显降低（P<0.05）。VCV组和PCV组间不同时点的MAP、HR、潮气量、呼吸频率（RR）、PaO₂/FiO₂及PaCO₂差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组间患者各时点Hb及Hct差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与VCV组比较,PCV组术中失血量、血浆输注量及红细胞输注量均明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 术中给予PCV通气模式可降低接受PLIF术患者术中的失血量,其原因可能与术中更低的气道峰压有关。     

纳布啡复合丙泊酚用于无痛结肠镜检查术的临床效果

目的 评价纳布啡复合丙泊酚静脉全身麻醉用于无痛结肠镜检查术的临床效果。方法 择期行无痛结肠镜检查术的患者60例,年龄35~65岁,采用数字表法将所有患者随机均分为两组：纳布啡复合丙泊酚组（N组,n=30）及舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚组（S组,n=30）患者分别静脉注射纳布啡0.1mg/kg及舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg,静脉注射时间均>60s,给药5min后两组均静脉注射丙泊酚1.0mg/kg,镜检过程中丙泊酚泵注速率为4~6mg/（kg·h）。待患者睫毛反射消失后即行结肠镜检查术。记录两组患者麻醉诱导时间、检查操作时间、麻醉苏醒时间、恢复时间及术中丙泊酚用量。记录两组患者麻醉前5min（T₀）、睫毛反射消失时（T₁）、检查开始即刻（T₂）、镜身过脾曲时（T₃）、镜身过肝曲时（T₄）、术毕时（T₅）、术毕后5min（T₆）及术毕后10min（T₇）时平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）及脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO₂）;记录两组患者术中及术毕清醒后5、15、30、45、60min时视觉模拟评分（VAS）和Ramsay镇静评分。记录两组患者术毕清醒后60min内的不良反应发生率。结果 两组患者麻醉诱导时间、检查操作时间、麻醉苏醒时间、恢复时间及丙泊酚用量比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者T₀~T₇时的MAP、HR、RR及SpO₂差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者术毕5~60min时的VAS、Ramsay镇静评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者术中高血压、窦性心动过速、呛咳、体动反应、呃逆及注射痛等发生率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而N组患者术毕清醒后60min内的恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制及躁动不安发生率均较S组降低（P<0.05）。结论 剂量为0.1mg/kg的纳布啡复合丙泊酚静脉全身麻醉用于无痛结肠镜检查术的临床效果较好,且不增加患者术后的不良反应,可安全应于临床。     

甲强龙联合右美托咪定对体外循环下认知功能的影响

目的 评价甲强龙联合右美托咪定对体外循环（CPB）心脏瓣膜置换术患者脑认知功能的保护作用。方法 选择内蒙古医科大学附属医院CPB下行心脏瓣膜置换术患者60例,完全随机化分为4组（n=15）,分别为对照组（A组）、甲强龙组（M组）、右美托咪定组（D组）和甲强龙联合右美托咪定组（B组）,在麻醉诱导后气管插管,机械通气。M组在体外循环预冲液加入甲强龙20mg/kg,D组麻醉在诱导后静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg负荷量,之后以0.05μg/（kg·h）速率静脉泵注至术毕,B组既麻醉诱导后静脉注射右美托咪定1μg/kg负荷量,然后以0.05μg/（kg·h）速率静脉输注至术毕又在体外循环预冲液加入甲强龙20mg/kg,A组给于等容量生理盐水。在麻醉后手术前（T₁）、CPB即刻（T₂）、CPB30min（T₃）、CPB结束10min（T₄）、术毕（T₅）、CPB结束后6h（T₆）时采集颈内静脉球部血样,使用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法测定血清IL-6、IL-10、S100β蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的浓度。记录术前1天术后2天、3天、7天采用简化智能评分量表（MMSE）评估患者认知功能。结果 M组、D组和B组在T_1~6各个时间点IL-6、S100β蛋白和NSE均比对照组明显降低,IL-10均比对照组升高,差异有统计学差异（P<0.05）。B组在T_1~6各个时间点IL-6、S100β蛋白和NSE均比其他组更低,IL-10均比其他组更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。M组、D组和B组术后发生认知功能障碍的发生率均高于对照组,B组发生认知功能障碍的发生率最低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 甲强龙和右美托嘧啶均可以有效降低体外循环中IL-6、S100β蛋白和NSE的浓度,降低脑损伤,减少术后认知功能障碍的发生率,联合应用甲强龙和右美托嘧啶对体外循环后脑损伤的保护效果更佳。     

氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定在胸腔镜下肺叶切除术后镇痛的临床效果

目的 评价氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定在胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者术后镇痛中的临床效果。方法 选取择期拟行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为3组,每组40例：A组患者术毕给予舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg进行术后镇痛;B组患者术毕给予舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg+氢吗啡酮0.15mg/kg进行术后镇痛;C组患者术毕给予舒芬太尼1.0μg/kg+氢吗啡酮0.15mg/kg+右美托咪定2.0μg/kg进行术后镇痛。3组术后镇痛泵总量为100ml,持续镇痛量2ml/h,单次负荷剂量2ml,锁定时间15min。分别于术前（T₀）、术后2h（T₁）、4h（T₂）、8h（T₃）、12h（T₄）、24h（T₅）及48h（T₆）时记录3组患者心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO₂）及呼吸频率（RR）;记录3组患者T₁～T₆时疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）及Ramsay镇静评分;记录3组患者术后48h内单次自控镇痛（PCA）平均按压次数及不良反应发生率。结果 B组和C组患者T₁～T₆时HR、MAP均较A组更平稳,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。B组和C组患者T₁～T₃时的VAS和Ramsay镇静评分均低于A组（P<0.05）,且C组患者T₁～T₃时的VAS和Ramsay镇静评分均低于B组（P<0.05）。B组和C组患者术后48h内的PCA平均按压次数低于A组,而C组患者术后48h内的PCA平均按压次数低于B组（P<0.05）。B组和C组患者的总不良反应发生率显著低于A组（P<0.05）。结论 氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定应用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者的术后镇痛效果较好,可减少舒芬太尼的用量,且不良反应较少,安全性较高。     

右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼在年轻患者术后谵妄中的应用

目的 观察右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼在年轻患者术后谵妄的中的效果。方法 选取笔者医院40例术后谵妄入ICU的年轻患者,随机分为4组,右美托咪定组（D组）,舒芬太尼组（S组）,右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼组（DS1组）,小剂量联合组（DS2组）,记录患者术后入ICU T₁（0h）、T₂（1h）、T₃（2h）、T₄（4h）、T₅（8h）各时间点生命体征、视觉模拟评分（VAS）、镇静-躁动评分（SAS）、CAM-ICU评分、舒芬太尼总用量及呼吸遗忘次数。结果 与D组相比较,其余3组在T₂、T₃、T₄、T₅时刻VAS,SAS和谵妄的发生率降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在T₃、T₄、T₅其余3组心率,血压降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与S组相比较,DS1组在T₃,T₄,T₅时刻VAS,SAS和谵妄的发生率显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。DS2组舒芬太尼使用量,呼吸遗忘明显低于S组和DS1组（P<0.05）。结论 对已发生谵妄的年轻患者,抑制疼痛可能是降低谵妄发生的基础,右美托咪定可以减少阿片类药物的使用,从而减轻其不良反应。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.