Induction and persistence of radiation-induced DNA damage is more pronounced in young animals than in old animals

Younger individuals are more prone to develop cancer upon ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. Radiation-induced tumors are associated with inefficient repair of IR-induced DNA damage and genome instability. Phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) is the initial event in repair of IR-induced DNA damage on the chromatin flanking the DNA strand breaks. This step is crucially important for the repair of DNA strand breaks and for the maintenance of genome stability. We studied the molecular underpinnings of the age-related IR effects using an animal model. By assaying for IR-induced γ-H2AX foci we analyzed the induction and repair of the DNA strand breaks in spleen, thymus, liver, lung, kidney, cerebellum, hippocampus, frontal cortex and olfactory bulb of 7, 14, 24, 30 and 45 days old male and female mice as a function of age. We demonstrate that tissues of younger animals are much more susceptible to IR-induced DNA damage. Younger animals exhibited higher levels of γ-H2AX formation which partially correlated with cellular proliferation and expression of DNA repair proteins. Induction and persistence of γ-H2AX foci was the highest in lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen) of 7 and 14 day old mice. The lowest focal induction was seen in lung and brain of young animals. The mechanisms of cell and tissue-specificity of in vivo IR responses need to be further dissected. This study provides a roadmap for the future analyses of DNA damage and repair induction in young individuals.     

Effects of spermine and sodium butyrate on the in vitro phosphorylation of HMG non-histone proteins of the liver of young and old rats

The in vitro phosphorylation of high mobility group (HMG) proteins and its modulation by spermine and sodium butyrate were studied in the liver of young (15 week) and old (138 week) male rats. Except HMG 1 which remained unchanged, the phosphorylation of other proteins (HMG 2, 14 and 17) decreased drastically in old age. Spermine stimulated the phosphorylation of HMG 1 and 17 in young but HMG 1, 2 and 14 in old rats. The incorporation of ³²P into total HMG proteins was enhanced by butyrate in the liver of both ages. However, the degree of stimulation was higher in young rats. Particularly, the HMG 1 and 17 of young and HMG 2 and 17 of old rats showed increased phosphorylation. Furthermore, butyrate also inhibited the phosphorylation of HMG 2 in young and HMG 1 and 14 in old rats. Such alteration in the phosphorylation of major HMG proteins modulates their interaction with DNA and other components of chromatin. This may account for changes in the higher order organization of chromatin and expression of genes during aging.     

非诺贝特对糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者餐后血脂及血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察空腹血脂正常的糖尿病伴非酒精性脂肪肝患者服用非诺贝特前后餐后血脂水平、血清非对称二甲基精氨酸水平以及肱动脉血管内皮功能的变化。方法随机选择空腹血脂正常2型糖尿病患者110例,根据是否伴有非酒精性脂肪肝分为2型糖尿病伴非酒精性脂肪肝组56例和单纯2型糖尿病组54例,测定空腹血脂、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清非对称二甲基精氨酸水平、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、餐后4 h血脂,用超声检测肱动脉血管内皮功能。2型糖尿病伴非酒精性脂肪肝组患者再随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上,给予非诺贝特0.2 g,每日1次口服,治疗6个月,治疗后复查上述指标,并与治疗前进行比较。结果 2型糖尿病伴非酒精性脂肪肝组餐后4 h血脂、血清非对称二甲基精氨酸、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶水平明显高于单纯2型糖尿病组,治疗组治疗后餐后4 h血脂、血清非对称二甲基精氨酸水平较治疗前明显下降,肱动脉内皮依赖性功能明显增高(P<0.05),对照组治疗前后这些指标差别无统计学意义。结论非诺贝特能改善伴有餐后高甘油三酯血症的2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的血管内皮功能。     

Four days of muscle disuse impairs single fiber contractile function in young and old healthy men

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 4 days of disuse (knee brace) on contractile function of isolated vastus lateralis fibers (n = 486) from 11 young (24.3 ± 0.9 yrs) and 11 old (67.2 ± 1.0 yrs) healthy men having comparable levels of physical activity. Prior to disuse single fiber specific force (maximal Ca^2 +-activated force per cross-sectional area) was lower in MHC I vs. IIa fibers (p < 0.05) both in young (44%) and old (32%), and specific force of MHC IIa fibers was lower in old vs. young (19%, p < 0.05). Further, Ca^2 + sensitivity was higher in MHC I vs. IIa fibers (p < 0.05) in both age groups. Following disuse single fiber specific force decreased (p < 0.05) in MHC I fibers in young (− 19%) and old (− 17%), and in MHC IIa fibers in young (− 21%) but not in old (− 11%; ns). The extent of these decreases did not differ between young and old. Ca^2 + sensitivity decreased (p < 0.05) in MHC I fibers in old (− 0.11 pCa units) but not in young (− 0.08 pCa units; ns). The extent of these decreases was greater in old vs. young (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 4 days of lower limb disuse led to marked impairments in single muscle fiber specific force independently of age, while changes in Ca^2 + sensitivity were dependent on age and MHC isoform composition. The present findings stress the importance of determining and implementing effective preventive and rehabilitative approaches for old individuals exposed to as little as 4 days of disuse.     

急性病毒性肝炎患者肝功能指标与血脂的相关性研究*

目的 探讨急性病毒性肝炎（AVH）患者肝功能和血脂水平的变化及其相关性。方法 纳入185例AVH患者（急性甲型肝炎47例,急性乙型肝炎63例,急性丙型肝炎4例,急性戊型肝炎39例,急性肝炎未定型32例）和53例健康人,检测血清甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（CHO）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）和总胆红素（TBIL）。采用SPSS 19.0进行数据分析,正态分布的计量资料采用单因素方差分析,非正态分布的计量资料采用 Mann-Whitney检验;相关分析采用Spearman秩和检验或Pearson双侧检验。结果 甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎、戊型肝炎和未定型肝炎患者血清ALT水平分别为1358.0（853.0,2125.0）U/L、1417.0（921.0,2006.0） U/L、1261.0（749.0,1844.0） U/L和1005.5（673.0,1556.5） U/L,显著高于健康人[17.0（12.0,25.0）,P<0.05],胆红素水平分别为95.8（65.9,124.1） μmol/L、65.2（38.9,126.3） μmol/L、169.9（94.1,227.2） μmol/L、66.0（23.8,148.9） μmol/L,显著高于健康人【12.3（10.1,14.1）μmol/L,P<0.05】;血清甘油三脂水平分别为1.9（1.5,2.7） mmol/L、1.4（1.1,1.9） mmol/L、2.44（1.7,3.1） mmol/L、2.2（0.8,1.3） mmol/L,显著高于健康人[1.0（0.8,1.3） mmol/L,P<0.05];血清胆固醇水平分别为（3.3±0.8）mmol/L、（3.5±0.8） mmol/L、（3.2±0.9）mmol/L、（3.9±1.0）mmol/L,显著高于健康人【（4.7±0.7）mmol/L,P<0.05】;185例AVH患者ALT与CHOL、HDL、LDL均呈负相关（r=-0.478、r=-0.524、r=-0.416,P均<0.01）,TBIL与TG呈正相关（r=0.629,P<0.01）,而与CHOL、HDL、LDL呈负相关（r=-0.469、r=-0.713、r=-0.508,P均<0.01）。结论 急性病毒性肝炎患者血脂会发生一定的变化,而重视这些变化对判断病情可能有重要的临床意义。     

Arginine impairs endothelial and executive function in older subjects with cardiovascular risk

Neurovascular coupling, the relationship between cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity, is attenuated in patients with impaired executive function. We tested the hypothesis that peripheral vascular function may associate with executive function in older subjects with cardiovascular risk factors and that treatment with the antioxidant L-arginine would improve both vascular and executive function. Nineteen subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or controlled hypertension were enrolled. Subjects were treated with L-arginine or placebo for 4 days in a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study. Brachial artery vascular function, peripheral artery tonometry, and Trail Making Test Part B testing were performed on day 1 and day 4 during each condition. L-arginine significantly reduced the digital reactive hyperemia index, and the comparison of changes against placebo was significant (P = .01). With executive function testing, we observed a significant interaction between treatment and order. Restricting the analysis to the first treatment period, subjects treated with placebo decreased their Trail Making Test Part B times by 57.3 ± 52.5 seconds from day 1 to day 4 (P = .01) while those treated with arginine had no significant change (6.4 ± 18.4 seconds worse, P = .37). In addition, L-arginine was associated with increased mean arterial pressure from 88 ± 9 mm Hg to 92 ± 11 mm Hg, which trended toward significance. L-arginine treatment worsened digital microvascular and executive function in older subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. These data further support a link between vascular and executive function.     

Efficacy of Chinese medicine Yi-gan-kang granule in prophylaxis and treatment of liver fibrosis in rats

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of a Chinese medicine, Yi-gan-kang granule (granules for benefiting the liver), in prophylaxis and treatment of liver fibrosis in rats and its possible mechanism. METHODS: One hundred and forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups (20 each): group 1, blank control group without any interference during the study; group 2, CCI4-induced liver fibrosis group; group 3, pig serum-induced liver fibrosis group; group 4, prophylaxis group of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang; group 5, prophylaxis group of pig serum-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang; group 6, treatment group of CCI4-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang; group 7, treatment group of CCI4-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang. At wk 6,10,14 and 20 (baseline for CCl4., or big serum induction), five rats in each group were anesthetized and their livers were removed for pathological studies including immunohistochemical studies for α-SMA, type I collagen and In situ hybridization of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TTMP-1) mRNA of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Anti-lipid peroxidation in isolated mitochondria and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay for proliferation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-medicated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), flow cytometry and electron microscopy for apoptosis in isolated HSCs were also studied. RESULTS: The mean number of pseudolobuli at wk 10, 14 and 20 in the prophylaxis group was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05 or 0.01). The effect of prophylaxis at wk 14 in CCI4 rats and at wk 10 in pig serum-induced rats was much better than that of treatment group (P<0.01). The thickness (in μm) of fibers both in pig serum-induced prophylaxis and in treatment groups at wk 14 and. 20 was significantly less than that in control group (P<0.05). The number of fibers both in prophylaxis and in treatment groups from wk 10 or 14 to 20 was significantly less than that in control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The tissue HSC positive rates of type I collagen, α-SMA and TIMP-1 mRNA, which represented the active phenotype of HSCs in tissues, remained very high from wk 6 to the end of model making in control group. While in prophylaxis group, they were at a relatively low level. In treatment group, there was a gradual decreasing trend. Time- and dose-dependent effects of anti-lipid peroxidation on isolated mitochondria, cell proliferation and apoptosis in cultured HSCs were also observed during the study. CONCLUSION: Yi-gan-kang can effectively inhibit or inverse the course of liver fibrogenesis in CCI4- and pig serum-induced rat models.     

Studies of sarcoplasmic reticulum function and contraction duration in young adult and aged rat myocardium

Kinetic measurements of Ca⁺² uptake in microsomal fractions from rat myocardium demonstrated significantly lower rates of oxalate-facilitated accumulation in preparations from aged (24 to 25 month) hearts as compared to those from young adult (6 to 8 month) hearts. The per cent decline in transport activity in microsomes from aged hearts varied with Ca²⁺ concentration decreasing from 57% at 0.33 μm Ca²⁺ to 24% at 1.21 μm Ca²⁺. Double-reciprocal plots of the dependence of the velocity of accumulation on Ca²⁺ concentration showed upward curvature in both age groups indicating the presence of multiple Ca²⁺ binding sites. Mechanical studies using muscles isolated from the same hearts used to prepare sarcoplasmic reticulum demonstrated prolonged contraction duration in aged myocardium in agreement with previous findings. The lower in vitro rates of Ca²⁺ accumulation in aged microsomes suggest a possible biochemical mechanism to account for the observed increase in the time-course of cardiac relaxation.     

应用超声心动图评估肝硬化患者心脏结构和功能临床价值研究*

目的 应用超声心动图检测肝硬化患者心脏相关参数,探讨患者心脏结构和功能的改变及其与终末期肝病严重程度的相关性。方法 2018 年 4 月~2019 年 4月我院诊治的124 例肝硬化患者(41例MELD 评分≤9 分为轻度)、35例为10≤MELD 评分≤19 分为中度和22例MELD≥20 分为重度)和60例健康人接受超声心动图检查,检测左房收缩末期内径(LAs)、左室舒张期末期内径(LVd)、右房收缩末期内径(RAs)、右室舒张末期内径(RVd)和左室射血分数(LVEF)。在组织多普勒成像(TDI)模式下检测二尖瓣环 Ea/Aa 比值,估算肝硬化患者肺动脉收缩压(PASP)。结果 对照组和肝硬化组 LAs 分别为(36.3±3.1)和(37.8±4.3),LVd 分别为(47.8±2.8)和(49.4±4.6),Ea/Aa 比值分别为(1.1±0.3)和(1.0±0.2),均有显著性差异(P<0.05);轻度、中度和重度肝硬化患者LAs 分别为(36.1±4.2)、(38.2±4.1)和(40.1±3.7),LVd 分别为(47.4±4.5)、(50.3±4.4)和(51.4±3.8),PASP 分别为(31.2±4.6)、(33.4±4.5)和(35.1±5.4),差异显著(P<0.05);在124 例肝硬化患者中, 9 例(7.3%)PASP＞40mmHg,被判定为肺动脉高压(PAH)。结论 随着肝病向终末期进展,肝硬化患者心脏结构和功能逐渐减退。超声心动图在评估肝硬化患者的心功能和估算肺动脉压方面具有敏感性高、可重复性强的有点,值得临床应用。     

以TIMP-2为靶基因的反义寡核苷酸对肝纤维化大鼠肝功能生化和肝纤维化指标的影响

目的探讨以基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2（TIMP-2）为靶基因的反义寡核苷酸对肝纤维化大鼠肝功能生化和肝纤维化指标的影响。方法免疫诱导型大鼠肝纤维化模型制备过程中,尾静脉注射针对TIMP-2的反义寡核苷酸。模型制备结束后,检测AⅡ、ALP、TBil、DBil等肝功能生化指标和血清HA、Ⅳ-C、PCHI水平等肝纤维化指标,并测定肝组织羟脯氨酸含量,分析治疗组与其他实验组间的差异。结果治疗组肝功能生化各指标均优于模型组和秋水仙碱组;治疗组肝纤维化生化指标与模型组和秋水仙碱组相比,其数值较低,但差异不显著;治疗组肝组织羟脯氨酸含量显著低于模型组和秋水仙碱组。结论抑制TIMP-2在肝组织中的表达可抑制细胞外基质（ECM）在肝组织内的沉积,降低肝纤维化大鼠肝脏功能的损害。     

Serum calcium and cognitive function in old age

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether serum calcium is associated with cognitive function in elderly individuals in the general population.
DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study of two independent, population-based cohorts.
SETTING: The Rotterdam Study (median follow-up 11 years) and the Leiden 85-plus Study (median follow-up 5 years).
PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand nine hundred ninety-four individuals, mean age 71, from the Rotterdam Study and 560 individuals, all aged 85, from the Leiden 85-plus Study.
MEASUREMENTS: Global cognitive function was assessed in both cohorts using the Mini-Mental State Examination; attention, psychomotor speed, and memory function were assessed in the Leiden 85-plus Study only. Linear regression and linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses.
RESULTS: In the Rotterdam Study, high serum calcium was associated with worse global cognitive function at baseline ( P <.05) and a faster rate of decline in cognitive function during follow-up ( P =.005) in individuals aged 75 and older but not in younger individuals. In the Leiden 85-plus Study, high serum calcium was associated with worse global cognitive function from age 85 through 90 ( P <.001). This observation also held for the specific cognitive domains tested (all P <.01). These results did not change when individuals with serum calcium levels greater than normal (>2.55 mmol/L) were excluded from the analyses.
CONCLUSION: In the general population, high serum calcium levels are associated with faster decline in cognitive function over the age of 75.     

肝硬化患者心功能改变及其与肝功能的关系

目的研究肝硬化患者的心脏结构和功能变化,探讨其与肝功能的关系。方法 35例肝硬化患者按照肝功能Child-Pugh分级,A级12例（A组）,B级13例（B组）,C级10例（C组）。20例健康体检者为对照组。利用超声心动图测量静息状态下左室射血分数（EF）、左室直径（Vd）、左房直径（LAs）、右室直径（RVd）、E/A比值、室间隔厚度（IVS）、左室后壁厚度（LVPW）、主动脉瓣环直径（AAO）等指标。结果肝硬化组LAs大于对照组（P=0.000）,A组与B组间比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.248）,A组与C组比较,A组LAs小于C组（P=0.039）,B组与C组比较,B组LAs小于C组（P=0.008）。肝硬化组AAO大于对照组（P=0.000）;IVS肝硬化组大于对照组（P=0.026）;E/A值肝硬化组小于对照组（P=0.002）。结论肝硬化患者存在左心功能不全,以舒张功能不全为主,并与肝功能具有一定关系,提示肝硬化心肌病的存在。当肝硬化患者行心脏二维多普勒超声出现LAs增大、E/A〈1时需注意肝硬化心肌病的可能。     

Older adults exhibit more intracortical inhibition and less intracortical facilitation than young adults

Background

Aging results in decreased neuromuscular function, which is likely associated with neurologic alterations. At present little is known regarding age-related changes in intracortical properties.

Methods

In this study we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure intracortical facilitation (ICF), short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI), motor evoked potential amplitude, and silent period duration in young and older adults (21.4 ± 0.8 years and 70.9 ± 1.8 years). These variables were assessed from the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the non-dominant arm under resting conditions, and during a submaximal contraction (intensity 15% maximum strength).

Results

Older adults exhibited increased SICI and LICI in comparison to young adults (SICI: 29.0 ± 9.2% vs. 46.2 ± 4.8% of unconditioned pulse; LICI: 6.5 ± 1.7% vs. 15.8 ± 3.3% of unconditioned pulse; P = 0.04), and less ICF under resting conditions (74.6 ± 8.7% vs. 104.9 ± 6.9% of unconditioned pulse; P = 0.02). These age-related differences disappeared during contraction, although the older adults did exhibit a longer silent period during contraction (112.5 ± 6.5 vs. 84.0 ± 3.9 ms; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Collectively, these findings suggest increased GABA mediated intracortical inhibition with age.     

Observations on the structure and function of liver in indian diabetics

Summary Sixty-three diabetics, (50 growth-onset type G.O. and 13 maturity-onset M.O.) and twelve nondiabetic controls, matched for age, sex and nutrition were studied. Hepatomegaly up to 5 cm was seen in 13 nonketotic, growth-onset and in 2 obese, maturity-onset patients. Mild functional impairment was observed in 7 nonketotic, young diabetics showing increased glycogen deposition. Histologically, glycogen was more marked in young diabetics compared with the maturity-onset diabetics and healthy controls; nuclear glycogen was conspicuously absent in the latter; fatty infiltration was present in 5 obese diabetics and portal cirrhosis was seen in one. The severity of glycogen deposition correlated well with the degree of hyperglycaemia. Quantitatively, glycogen in the liver was high in 15 diabetics (mean 1060 ±125.5 mg/100 g of the tissue). After prolonged control with insulin, glycogen deposits decreased or remained the same in a few patients studied so far.

---

Beobachtungen zur Struktur und Funktion der Leber bei indischen Diabetikern

Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen umfaßten 63 Diabetiker (50 vom jugendlichen und 13 vom Erwachsenen-Typ) sowie 12 nach Alter, Geschlecht und Ernährung vergleichbare nichtdiabetische Kontrollpersonen. Bei 13 nicht-ketotischen jugendlichen Diabetikern und 2 adipösen Altersdiabetikern fand sich eine Lebervergrößerung bis zu 5 cm. Leichte funktioneile Einschränkungen ließen sich bei 7 nicht-ketotischen jugendlichen Diabetikern mit gesteigerter Glykogeneinlagerung nachweisen. Histologisch fand sich bei den jugendlichen Diabetikern mehr Glykogen als bei den Diabetikern vom Erwachsenen-Typ und den Vergleichspersonen, bei letzteren fiel die Abwesenheit von nuclearem Glykogen auf. Eine Fetteinlagerung bestand bei 5, eine portale Cirrhose bei einem adipösen Diabetiker. Der Schweregrad der Glykogenspeicherung korrelierte gut mit dem Ausmaß der Blutzuckererhöhung. Bei 15 Diabetikern fand sich quantitativ eine Vermehrung des Leberglykogens mit einem Mittelwert von 1060 ± 125 mg/100 g Gewebe. Die wenigen bisher nach längerer Insulinbehandlung nachuntersuchten Patienten zeigten einen Rückgang oder Gleichbleiben der Glykogenspeicherung.

---

Observations sur la structure et la fonction du foie chez des diabétiques indiens

Résumé Soixante-trois diabétiques (50 diabétiques jeunes G.O. et 13 diabétiques d'âge mûr M.O.) et 12 sujets témoins non-diabétiques, à égalité en ce qui concerne l'âge, le sexe et le régime alimentaire, ont été étudiés. Une hépatomégalie allant jusqu'à 5 cm a été observée chez 13 diabétiques jeunes non-cétosiques et 2 diabétiques d'âge mûr obèses. Une légère diminution fonctionnelle a été observée chez 7 diabétiques jeunes noncétosiques, présentant un dépôt accru de glycogène. Histologiquement le glycogène était plus abondant chez les diabétiques jeunes que chez les diabétiques d'âge mûr et les témoins; chez ces derniers le glycogène nucléaire était manifestement absent; une infiltration graisseuse a été observée chez 5 diabétiques obèses et une cirrhose portale chez un. La quantité de glycogène accumulé était en corrélation avec le degré d'hyperglycémie. Quantitativement, le glycogène du foie était élevé chez 15 diabétiques (moyenne 1060 ± 125.5 mg/100 g de tissu). Après un contrôle prolongé par l'insuline, les dépôts de glycogène diminuaient ou restaient les mêmes chez quelques patients étudiés.

     

异甘草酸镁对肝切除术后的保肝作用

目的:探讨异甘草酸镁对肝切除术后肝功能的保护作用.方法:肝切除病例64例,随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组手术开始时给予异甘草酸镁150mg,术后连续用药7 d,对照组为空白对照.分别于术前和术后1、3、7 d测定空腹外周静脉血清ALT、AST、TBIL、DBIL、GGT、ALP的含量.结果:试验组术后ALT、AST(除了第3天)明显低于对照组(P<0.05或0.01),至术后第7天时,试验组有20例患者的血清ALT水平降至正常(64.5%),试验过程中未出现假性醛固酮症等不良反应.结论:异甘草酸镁可降低肝切除术后肝酶尤其是血清转氨酶的急剧增高,减少并发症的发生,适合在肝脏围手术期使用.     

Impaired pancreatic exocrine function in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis

Summary Background Substantial numbers of studies have revealed the close correlation between chronic pancreatitis and cirrhosis in human. However, the situation with regard to pancreatic enzyme secretion is less clear. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate pancreatic exocrine function in rat with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Methods Pancreatic exocrine function and morphology in Sprague-Dawley rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis were investigated. Pancreatic exocrine functions stimulated by cholecystokinin-8 and other secretagogs were assessed in isolated pancratic acini, and in vivo and morphological changes were studied by routine were assessed in isolated pancreatic acini, and in vivo and morphological changes were studied by routine histological examination and electron microscopy. Results The basal and cholecystokinin-8-stimulated amylase releases from acini and acinar amylase content were significantly lower in the cirrhotic rats than the control. None of the secretagogs induced the some amount of amylase release in cirrhotic as in control rats. Volume of the pancreatic juice and outputs of amylase and protein were significantly decreased under basal and cholecystokinin-8-stimulated conditions in vivo. Electron microscopy revealed most of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum accompanying less numbers of ribosomes to be dilated and some mitochondria to be swollen in cirrhotic rats. Conclusion Pancreatic exocrine functions are decreased in cirrhotic rats owing to alterations at the electron microscopic levels, reflecting an impaired acinar intracellular messenger system.     

乙醇预处理诱导增强肝脏对缺血再灌流的耐受性

目的 探讨胃饲乙醇预处理对肝脏缺血再灌流损伤的影响，确定适当预处理方案，并作初步评价。方法 雄性成年Wistar大鼠36只，随机分6组，胃饲乙醇浓度40％，A组8g／kg、B组7g／kg、C组6g／kg、D组5g／kg、E组4g／kg、正常组0g／kg；以中毒症状及肝组织病理为指标，判定大鼠急性乙醇胃饲中毒剂量；选定剂量范围继续本实验。大鼠78只，随机分为4组：正常对照组、胃饲乙醇组、缺血组(IR)、胃饲乙醇预处理组(EP)；采用尾叶转流下的肝缺血模型，于再灌流3、6、12、24h留取标本；采用正交设计，以乙醇浓度、剂量、胃饲时机为因素，分设3个水平，大鼠54只，肝缺血90min，于再灌流24h采样检测。结果 急性胃饲乙醇≤5g／kg预处理后，动物中毒症状轻，无死亡；乙醇预处理可以在一定程度上减轻肝脏90min的缺血再灌流损伤；在A1B1C3预处理模式下，即40％乙醇5g／kg胃饲后24h行肝缺血手术对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌流损伤的保护作用最强。结论 适当剂量的乙醇胃饲预处理是一种安全的预处理措施，有望成为增强肝脏对缺血再灌流损伤耐受性的一种较好的预处理方式。     

利多卡因试验对肝硬化病人肝贮备功能及其预后的评价

目的 应用利多卡因代谢产物（ＭＥＧＸ）浓度评价肝硬化病人肝贮备功能及其预后。方法 依纳入排除标准自１９９５年１２月至１９９６年１２月共有６８例住院病人进入本研究。病例入选时记录病人的一般资料、Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ分类及分级并进行利多卡因试验。ＭＥＧＸ浓度采用ＴＤｘ分析仪测定，方法为荧光偏振免疫测定。全部病例进入随访，平均随访１０个月以上。应用方差分析比较肝硬化病人不同Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ分级状态时