雌激素受体基因多态性与老年妇女的骨密度

背景:雌激素受体α基因多态性与骨质疏松的发生相关有一定的关系,但是对于危险基因型的研究还存在商榷余地。目的:分析雌激素受体基因多态性与老年妇女骨密度的相关性。方法:选择检查的老年健康妇女120例,提取全血基因组DNA,选择限制性内切酶PvuⅡ和XbaⅠ进行酶切,分析基因型的分布与频率。同时选择双能X射线骨密度仪测股骨颈、大转子及Ward三角处的骨密度值。结果与结论:XbaⅠ酶切基因型XX 6例,Xx 78例,xx 36例;PvuⅡ酶切PP 32例,Pp 50例,pp 38例。不同基因型老年妇女的年龄、绝经年龄与体质量指数值对比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。PvuⅡ酶切PP基因型妇女的大转子与ward三角处的骨密度值明显大于Pp及pp妇女(P<0.05);而XbaⅠ酶切基因多态性在老年妇女中股骨颈、大转子与Ward三角的骨密度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明雌激素受体基因多态性与老年妇女骨密度有一定的相关性,P等位基因对老年妇女大转子与Ward三角处的骨密度的维持有一定作用。     

福州地区老年男性雌激素受体α基因多态性与骨密度关系:150例数据分析

背景:关于男性骨质疏松症候选基因的研究,不同国家和地区的学者针对不同的种族和人群,得出的结论并不一致.目的:分析福州地区汉族老年男性雌激素受体α基因XbaⅠ及PvuⅡ多态性分布,进一步研究其与骨密度的关系.设计、时间及地点:骨密度及基因型相关性分析,于2007-02/2008-09在福建省中医药研究院门诊部及中医药管理局经络三级实验室完成.对象:福州地区60岁以上汉族男性150例,年龄(68.92±5.33)岁,体质量(66.47±9.08)kg,体质量指数(24.23±3.12)kg/m2.方法:双能X射线骨密度仪检测受试者正位L2～4左侧股骨颈、大转子和Ward's区骨密度,应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)检测雌激素受体α基因XbaⅠ及Pvu Ⅱ多态性.主要观察指标:骨密度;雌激素受体α基因型;年龄;身高;体质量.结果:150例受试对象中,雌激素受体α XbaⅠ基因型分别为XX型10例(占6.7%)、Xx型56例(占37.3%),xx型84例(占56.0%),X等位基因频率为25.3%、x等位基因频率为74.7%;PvuⅡ基因型分别为PP型18例(占12.0%)、Pp型78例(占52.0%),PP型54例(占36.0%),P等位基因频率为38.0%、P等位基因频率为62.0%;基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg定律.分析基因型与骨密度的关系显示:与XX基因型相比,xx基因型人群在Ward's区、大转子具有较高骨密度值,差异具有显著性(P分别为0.0192及0.087);xx基因型人群在大转子比Xx基因型具有较高骨密度值(P<0.05);Pvu Ⅱ多态性各基因型间骨密度值均无差异.结论:雌激素受体α基因XbaⅠ多态性与福州地区汉族老年男性骨密度相关,x基因是骨密度保护因素.     

维吾尔族和汉族女性雌激素受体-α基因多态性频率分布比较

目的探讨新疆地区维吾尔族(维族)和汉族女性雌激素受体-α(estrogen receptor-α,ER-α)基因多态性的分布情况和种族间差异。方法新疆地区无亲缘关系、年龄20～40岁160名汉族健康女性和135名维族健康女性,应用聚合酶连反应限制性片段长度多态性技术检测ER-α基因XbaⅠ及PvuⅡ多态性。结果维、汉族女性ER-αXbaⅠ及PvuⅡ位点基因型与等位基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律;维、汉族女性ER-αXbaⅠ及PvuⅡ位点基因型与等位基因频率分布差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论新疆地区维、汉族女性ER-α基因多态具有差异性。     

骨钙素基因Hind Ⅲ多态性与福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨密度的相关性

背景:骨质疏松症是一种多基因遗传病,骨钙素受体基因多态性与骨密度关系存在地域和人群的差异.目的:观察绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型频率分布及其与骨密度的关系,探讨福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的遗传易感基因.方法:用聚合酶链式反应限制性片段长度多态性分析201例汉族绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型,用双能X射线吸收法测定腰椎、股骨颈,大转子和Ward's三角4个部位骨密度值.结果与结论:福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg定律(χ2=2.29,P > 0.05),基因多态性分布依次为HH 5%、hh 46%、Hh 49%,与福州、北京、广州、台湾地区骨钙素基因Hind Ⅲ位点多态性分布频率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05).但是与日本人、白种人差异明显(P < 0.05).且HH基因型在大转子骨密度明显高于hh型(P < 0.05),但不同基因型在第2~4腰椎、股骨颈、Ward's三角区的骨密度差异无显著性意义.提示绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型与大转子骨密度可能存在一定关联.     

骨钙素基因Hind Ⅲ多态性与福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨密度的相关性

背景：骨质疏松症是一种多基因遗传病,骨钙素受体基因多态性与骨密度关系存在地域和人群的差异。目的：观察绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型频率分布及其与骨密度的关系,探讨福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的遗传易感基因。方法：用聚合酶链式反应限制性片段长度多态性分析201例汉族绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型,用双能X射线吸收法测定腰椎、股骨颈,大转子和Ward’s三角4个部位骨密度值。结果与结论：福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg定律（χ^2=2.29,P〉0.05）,基因多态性分布依次为HH5%、hh46%、Hh49%,与福州、北京、广州、台湾地区骨钙素基因HindⅢ位点多态性分布频率差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。但是与日本人、白种人差异明显（P〈0.05）。且HH基因型在大转子骨密度明显高于hh型（P〈0.05）,但不同基因型在第2～4腰椎、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度差异无显著性意义。提示绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型与大转子骨密度可能存在一定关联。     

性早熟女孩骨龄与雌激素受体基因多态性的相关性

目的:探讨江西地区性早熟女孩骨龄(BA)与雌激素受体(ER)基因多态性的相关性.方法:检测90例江西地区性早熟女孩和70例江西地区正常对照组女孩骨龄,同时应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,分析雌激素受体基因型.结果:骨龄提前组的ERα基因Xba Ⅰ基因型和正常对照组的比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),而ERα基因PvuⅡ基因型、ERβ基因Rsa Ⅰ基因型、ERβ基因Alu Ⅰ基因型两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:ERα基因XbaI多态性与女孩性早熟骨龄提前有关.     

女性SLE患者的雌激素受体α基因多态性研究

目的 分析雌激素受体α(ERα)基因XbaⅠ和PvuⅡ酶切多态性对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的遗传影响.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对70例女性SLE患者和200名正常女性对照者的ERα基因(XbaⅠ,PvuⅡ位点)进行分型,并计算基因分布频率.结果 女性SLE患者的ERα基因多态性分布中X和P的基因频率与正常对照组并无显著性差异,ERα基因Pp基因亚型的阳性率高于正常对照组(P﹤0.05).SLE患者的ppXx基因型的阳性率明显高于正常对照组,而ppxx基因型的阳性率明显低于正常对照组(P﹤0.05).结论 女性SLE患者ERα基因的X和P的基因频率表达并无明显增高,但ERα基因酶切多态性分析中,Pp及ppXx基因型可能与女性SLE的易感性有关.     

ERα基因PvuⅡ、XbaⅠ和ERβ基因RsaⅠ、AluⅠ酶切多态性与冠心病的相关性研究

目的研究盐城地区雌激素受体α(ERα)基因PvuⅡ、XbaⅠ和雌激素受体β(ERβ)RsaⅠ、AluⅠ酶切多态性与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)危险因素的相关性。方法选取124例CHD患者和163例健康体检者分别作为CHD组和对照组,采用酶法测定三酰甘油(TG)和总胆固醇(TC),采用直接法测定高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL),采用聚合酶链反应-限制片断长度多态性方法分析两组ERα基因PvuⅡ、XbaⅠ和ERβ基因RsaⅠ、AluⅠ酶切多态性。结果 CHD组有吸烟史、有家族史、合并高血压及糖尿病的比率,以及体质量指数、TC、TG、LDL-C水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);男女之间各指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组ERα基因PvuⅡ、XbaⅠ和ERβ基因RsaⅠ、AluⅠ基因频率分布与理论分布无差别,均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡,具有群体代表性。CHD组中,pp、xx、RR、AA基因型最多,PP、XX、rr、aa基因型最少;对照组中,Pp、xx、RR、AA基因型最多,PP、XX、rr、aa基因型最少。CHD组p、x基因分布频率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论雌激素基因多态性可能是一个有效的治疗CHD的靶点,p、x基因分布频率可能与CHD危险因素相关。     

雌激素受体基因多态性与高血压关系的研究

目的　了解雌激素受体 (ER)基因多态性在中国汉族人群中的分布及其与原发性高血压 (EH)是否相关。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP)方法检测 97例EH患者和 118例正常对照者ER基因型 ,结合血脂水平探讨两者间的关系。结果　ER等位基因X、x和P、p频率在高血压组和对照组分别为 0 .2 4 7、0 .75 3、0 .16 9、0 .831;0 .4 0 2、0 .5 98、0 .339、0 .6 6 1。基因型频率分布符合Hardy Weinberg平衡定律。XbaⅠ和PvuⅡsg酶切多态性基因型频率 ,等位基因频率及结合XbaⅠ和PvuⅡ两个酶切多态性分析在组内、组间比较均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,且ER基因型间血脂水平在组内比较无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在EH人群中存在着ERXbaⅠ和PvuⅡ基因多态性 ,但它们与EH无相关性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,不是EH的遗传易感因子。     

雌激素受体α基因XbaⅠ和PvuⅡ多态性与乳腺癌关系研究进展

乳腺癌是全球女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,是一种雌激素依赖性肿瘤。雌激素与雌激素受体作用而促进乳腺癌的发生发展。雌激素受体α基因存在遗传多态性,其中Xba I和PvuⅡ是研究最热最多的位点,但不同人群中的研究结论不一致。本文就ERα基因XbaⅠ和PvuⅡ多态性与乳腺癌关系进行了综述。     

成都地区城乡人群骨密度调查分析

目的调查成都地区城乡人群腰椎、髋部骨密度（BMD）和原发性骨质疏松症（OP）的患病率及影响因素。方法用整群随机抽样≥20岁人群共1460人,采用DEXA测量L     

激素替代疗法和负重健走对绝经妇女骨密度及血脂的影响

目的探讨雌激素、负重健走运动及两者的联合对绝经妇女血脂、骨代谢和骨密度的影响。方法52名绝经妇女分成激素替代疗法组(n=12)、负重健走组(n=14)、激素替代疗法+负重健走组(n=12)和对照组(n=14)。激素替代疗法组服用复方尼尔雌醇片;负重健走组负5 kg重量,以60%～80%最大耗氧量进行健走运动;激素替代疗法+负重健走组同时接受前两组的干预。试验期为6个月,试验前后检测血脂、血碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、尿钙(Ca)和尿肌酐(Cr)的比值、L₂～L₄及左腿股骨头密度。结果试验结束后,3个试验组被试的血胆固醇(TC)、TC/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)均低于试验前和对照组(P<0.05);负重健走组和激素替代疗法+负重健走组的HDL-C高于试验前水平和对照组(P<0.05);试验组血清ALP和空腹尿Ca/Cr均低于试验前(P<0.05)及对照组(P<0.01);3个试验组L₂～L₄及左腿股骨头骨密度均高于对照组(P<0.01)及试验前(P<0.05)。结论激素替代疗法和负重健走运动均能有效改善绝经后妇女的血脂组成,并有效预防和逆转妇女绝经引发的骨质疏松症。     

Association of genetic polymorphisms of RANK,RANKL and OPG with bone mineral density in Chinese peri- and postmenopausal women

Objectives

To explore the influence of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) on bone mineral density (BMD) in a Chinese female population.

Design and methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 108 perimenopausal and 127 postmenopausal women aged 43–65 years. All participants underwent lumbar spinal and nondominant femoral BMD evaluation by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fourteen RANK, RANKL and OPG genotypes were determined by chip-based MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The differences between the BMDs of the RANK genotypes were analyzed.

Results

Five SNPs (rs6993813, rs4355801, rs1032129 and rs2073618 in OPG and rs3018362 in RANK) were significantly associated with BMD or with BMD adjusted for body weight or years since menopause, mostly at the femoral neck but also partly at the total hip (p < 0.05). The risk allele frequencies observed in our sample were different from those found in Europeans but the effects of these risk alleles on BMD values had the same direction in our cohort as in Europeans, except for rs3018362 with G as the risk allele, which was contrary to other studies. None of the SNPs in RANKL were associated with BMD at any anatomical site.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that OPG and RANK but not RANKL genetic polymorphisms influence BMD mainly in the femoral neck in peri- and postmenopausal Chinese women. This contributes to the understanding of the role of genetic variation in this pathway in determining bone health.     

中国汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族、蒙古族健康绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因多态性的分布

背景:维生素D受体基因在内切酶BsmⅠ,ApaⅠ,TaqⅠ作用下,呈限制性内切酶片段长度多态性,并且与骨密度密切相关熏而骨密度的变化对骨质疏松起着重要作用,但维生素D受体基因多态性与骨密度、骨质疏松相关性尚无定论。目的:分析在中国汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族、蒙古族绝经后妇女中与骨密度密切相关的维生素D受体基因多态性分布规律。设计:对比观察。单位:解放军总医院老年医学研究所。对象:选择2002-01/2003-12在解放军总医院进行健康体检的汉族绝经后妇女179名,平均年龄穴59±3雪岁。选择2001-01/2003-12于解放军兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院老年科进行健康体检的维吾尔族、哈萨克族、蒙古族绝经后妇女者122,63,112名,平均年龄分别为(56±4),(55±3),(57±3)岁。均对检测项目知情同意。方法:应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性技术确定维生素D受体基因BsmⅠ基因型,分析汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族和蒙古族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因BsmⅠ多态性分布频率,并与已知的美国、澳大利亚、法国和日本相应数据进行比较。计数资料差异比较采用χ2检验。主要观察指标:汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族和蒙古族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因BsmⅠ多态性分布频率,以及该分布特点与美国、澳大利亚、法国和日本相应数据比较结果。结果:汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族和蒙古族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因bb基因型频率分别为90.5%,69.67%,38.1%和50%,BB基因型频率分别为0,4.1%,6.35%和4.46%,汉族与维吾尔族、哈萨克族和蒙古族维生素D受体基因型频率分布比较,差异明显穴P<0.01雪。哈萨克族与欧美人种比较熏维生素D受体基因型差异不明显,与日本、韩国人种差异明显(P<0.01)。结论:中国汉族与维吾尔族、哈萨克族和蒙古族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因型多态性具明显种族差异性;哈萨克族维生素D受体基因型频率分布接近欧美人种,与日本、韩国人种差异明显。     

北京地区汉族妇女绝经前后护骨素基因多态性与骨密度的关系

背景:原发性骨质疏松症是多基因遗传性疾病,但是调节骨量的基因需进一步研究。目的:探讨护骨素基因启动子区基因多态性与中国北京地区绝经前后妇女骨密度之间的关系。设计:前瞻性调查研究。单位:北京协和医院。对象:选择2002-07在北京协和医院健康体检的495名北京地区无亲缘关系的汉族妇女,其中绝经前妇女为306名,年龄20～39岁,绝经后妇女(指自然停经1年以上者)为189名,年龄50～84岁。所有受试对象均对检测项目知情同意。方法:①骨密度测量:应用双能X线骨密度测量方法,观察对象均采取仰卧位,采用骨密度仪测量其后前位第1～4腰椎及股骨近端,包括股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子部位的骨密度值。②基因分型:提取两组受试对象外周血DNA,初步确定护骨素基因分型。并取部分PCR产物送上海博亚有限公司测序,验证基因型,观察两组受试对象护骨素基因型的分布频率及其与骨密度的关系,并用Logistic回归作病因学进一步分析观察绝经后妇女护骨素基因多态性与骨质疏松的关系。主要观察指标:①两组受试对象护骨素基因型的分布频率,及其与骨密度的关系。②绝经后妇女护骨素基因多态性与骨质疏松的关系。结果:纳入受试对象495名,全部进入结果分析。①两组受试对象OPG基因型和等位基因分布频率无明显差异,两组总体基因型分布频率依次为163A→G位点,AA型为70.1%,AG型为26.9%,GG型为3.0%;245T→G位点TT型为71.3%,TG型为25.9%,GG型为2.8%。绝经前妇女在163A→G位点,AA组在L2-4、股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度低于GG AG组,在245T→G位点,TT组与GG TG组相比各部位的骨密度也低,但均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。绝经后妇女163位点AG GG组在L2-4、股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度均显著低于AA组(P<0.05);245位点TG GG组在股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度显著低于TT组(P<0.05)。②绝经后妇女163位点AG GG组在L2-4、Ward’s三角是骨质疏松的危险因素(OR=2.045,2.956,P<0.05,95%可信限1.05-6.7),245位点TG GG组在L2-4、Ward’s三角、大转子是骨质疏松的危险因素(OR=2.059,2.859,2.123,P<0.05,95%可信限1.04-6.5)。结论:北京地区绝经后妇女护骨素基因启动子区的163和245位点为变异型G等位基因时,股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度较低,变异型G等位基因与绝经后妇女骨密度降低相关。     

护骨素基因T245G多态性与老年人骨密度关系的部位及性别差异

背景:作为骨折发生的重要临床预测因子,骨密度在一定程度上由遗传因素决定.护骨素基因是骨质疏松症发病中的重要候选基因.目的:探讨护骨素基因T245G多态性与骨密度的相关性.方法:选取2008-09/2010-04在北京大学人民医院进行常规查体的老年人281名,其中男182名,女99名.应用PCR-RFLP结合DNA测序检测护骨素基因T245G多态性,使用双能X射线骨密度测量仪测定受试者腰椎、髋部标准位置及前臂的骨密度.同时收集受试者的生化指标及临床观察项目.应用ANOVA方法分析护骨素基因T245G多态性与各检测指标的关系.结果与结论:在老年男性及绝经后女性中,T245G基因T,G等位基因频率分布差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05).在老年男性中,GG和TG基因型具有较高的腰椎骨密度,而TT基因型的腰椎骨密度较低(P < 0.05),Ward's三角区及前臂骨密度在各基因型间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05).在绝经后女性中,T245G多态性与骨密度无关,说明护骨素基因与老年男性腰椎骨密度有关.     

Bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women treated for breast cancer

Chemotherapy and endocrine treatments for breast cancer are believed to increase risk of osteoporosis by causing early menopause in premenopausal women and by further depleting estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of 7 predictors (age, body mass index [BMI], family history of osteoporosis, months since menopause, past use of chemotherapy, and current use of tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors) in explaining variability in bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and the spine and bone turnover in 249 postmenopausal women who are breast cancer survivors. This report was an analysis of baseline data from a federally funded (1 R01 NR07743-01A1) intervention study on osteoporosis prevention. Mean age of the women was 58.5 years, and average BMI was 26.7 kg/m; 98% were white. All had measurable bone loss, 167 had chemotherapy, 76 were on tamoxifen, and 21 were on aromatase inhibitors. Women with higher BMI had higher BMD at the hip (P < .001) and the spine (P = .004). Women on tamoxifen had lower measures of bone formation (Alkphase B) (P < .001), suggesting less bone turnover, and higher BMD at the hip (P = .035). There was a trend for women who had received chemotherapy to have lower BMD at the spine (P = .06). The implications of these findings are discussed in the article.     

Estrogen receptor genotypes, menopausal status, and the lipid effects of tamoxifen

Tamoxifen induces important changes in serum lipid profiles in some women; however, little information is available to predict which women will experience improved lipid profiles during tamoxifen therapy. As part of a multicenter prospective observational trial in 176 breast cancer patients, we tested the hypothesis that tamoxifen-induced lipid changes were associated with genetic variants in candidate target genes (CYP2D6, ESR1, and ESR2). Tamoxifen lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.0001) by 23.5 mg/dl (13.5-33.5 mg/dl) and increased triglycerides (P=0.006). In postmenopausal women, the ESR1-XbaI and ESR2-02 genotypes were associated with tamoxifen-induced changes in total cholesterol (P=0.03; GG vs GA/AA) and triglycerides (P=0.01; gene-dose effect), respectively. In premenopausal women, the ESR1-XbaI genotypes were associated with tamoxifen-induced changes in triglycerides (P=0.002; gene-dose effect) and high-density lipoprotein (P=0.004; gene-dose effect). Our results suggest that estrogen receptor genotyping may be useful in predicting which women would benefit more from tamoxifen.     

The type and time of menopause as decisive factors for bone mass changes

BACKGROUND: Early menopause, whether it be natural or surgical, is one of the established risk factors for osteoporosis. Surgical menopause, however, differs from natural menopause owing to the abrupt cessation of estrogen secretion. This study attempts to investigate the influence of menopause type on bone mineral density (BMD) changes. METHODS: Four groups, each consisting of 30 women, were compared: early menopause (EMP), surgical menopause (SUMP) and two groups of natural menopause. The two groups share a similar number of years since menopause (YSM) but have a different chronological age (NMPO), or share a similar age but different YSM (NMPY) to the EMP and SUMP. BMD was measured by the DXA method at L2-L4 vertebrae and proximal femur. RESULTS: Mean vertebral BMD of EMP was lower than that of SUMP (P < 0.05) and of NMPY (P < 0.001) women. Femoral neck BMD did not differ between SUMP and EMP women but both exhibited significantly lower BMD than either natural menopause groups. BMD of SUMP and vertebral BMD of NMPY women was inversely correlated to chronological age and to number of YSM. Pertaining to T-score values according to the osteoporotic range, NMPO, EMP and SUMP women being homogeneous exhibited significantly lower values than NMPY in the vertebrae (F-ratio = 7.84, P < 0.001). Whereas, in the femoral neck and the trochanter major, EMP and SUMP categories presented significantly lower T-score values than the NMPO and NMPY (F = 3.61, P < 0.01 and 2.8, P < 0.05 respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with early menopause exhibit lower vertebral BMD than women of similar age after either surgical or natural menopause. In women of similar age, surgical menopause results in lower vertebral and femoral neck densities compared to natural menopause. Chronological age and the interval after menopause negatively affects bone density in women with similar age whether in surgical or natural menopause.     

Estrogen, SERM

Osteoporosis is uncommon before menopause and dramatically increases in prevalence thereafter. That is why estrogens provide protection against osteoporosis. Studies of women receiving estrogen replacement have demonstrated improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) as well as endothelial function. Recent randomized trials, however, have produced equivocal results and raised questions about whether combined hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) prevents later cardiovascular events. Investigations of alternatives to HRT have suggested that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may confer cardiovascular and osteoporosis protection. Raloxifene is a second-generation SERM used for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Raloxifene decreases the incidence of vertebral fractures by 30-50% in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. We also studied its effect on postmenopausal elderly women with osteoporosis.