放线菌酮诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的电镜观察

利用透射电镜观察了放线菌酮体内诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的形态学变化,结果显示,腹腔注射放线菌酮4小时后,大鼠脾细胞发生凋亡,凋亡脾细胞核和胞质发生一系列形态学变化.主要表现为胞核染色质浓缩、重排、呈不同形态;多数凋亡脾细胞的粗面内质网增殖,凋亡小体形成,其线粒体也大量增加,或单个分布或团聚,肿胀、空泡化.结果提示,凋亡脾细胞的主要细胞器主动参与凋亡过程.     

放线菌酮诱导大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的电镜观察

利用透射电镜详细观察了放线菌酮体内诱导大鼠腺细胞凋亡的形态学变化。观察显示，腹腔注射放线菌酮４小时后，大鼠胸腺细胞发生凋亡，凋亡胸腺细胞胞核和胞质发生一系列形态学变化，产生凋亡小体。主要表现为染色质断裂、浓缩、边集、大部分细胞核变成花瓣状，其它细胞核变成半月状、黑洞样和空泡状；粗面内质网大量增殖，并包裹细胞成分形成自噬体；线粒体增多，嵴紊乱并空泡化。凋亡细胞及其形成的凋亡小体被其它细胞吞噬清除。结     

大鼠肾脏间质细胞增龄性变化的透射电镜观察

本文观察了二组不同年龄大鼠肾间质细胞的超微结构,结果表明,肾间质细胞有增龄变化,主要包括:细胞数量、胞质、胞质突起、细胞器增多,核周池缩小。     

放线菌酮诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的电镜观察

利用透射电镜观察了放线菌酮体内诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的形态学变化，结果显示，腹腔注射放线菌酮４小时后，大鼠脾细胞发生凋亡，凋亡脾细胞核和胞质发生一系列形态学变化。主要表现为胞核染色质浓缩，重排，呈不同形态，多数凋亡脾细胞的粗面内质网增殖，凋亡小体形成，其线粒体也大量增加，或单个分布或团聚，肿胀，空泡化。结果提示，凋亡脾细胞的主要细胞器主动参与凋亡过程。     

D-半乳糖衰老大鼠性腺轴系超微结构的变化

目的:观察D-半乳糖衰老大鼠性腺轴系超微结构的变化。方法:D-半乳糖连续腹腔注射制作亚急性衰老的大鼠模型,应用透射电镜观察模型大鼠下丘脑弓状核、垂体及睾丸超微结构的变化。结果:D-半乳糖衰老大鼠弓状核出现线粒体嵴断裂、粗面内质网脱颗粒、高尔基复合体扩张等变化;垂体促性腺激素细胞出现线粒体嵴断裂、粗面内质网扩张、高尔基复合体扩张等变化,并观察到脱粒细胞;睾丸支持细胞内溶酶体增多,内质网增生、扩张,线粒体嵴断裂,精原细胞可见胞质内出现许多空泡,并观察到了凋亡小体。结论:D-半乳糖衰老大鼠性腺轴系的超微结构发生了明显改变,揭示了D-半乳糖衰老过程中下丘脑垂体性腺轴的重要作用。     

大鼠小脑皮质衰老的形态学研究—颗粒细胞及星形胶质细胞的超微？…

本文对青年，成年及老年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠小脑皮质颗粒细胞豚星形胶质细胞的电镜研究表明：（１）个别老年大鼠颗粒细胞出现了如线粒体肿胀，基质密度异常，粗面内质网扩张等衰老形态学变化，但老年组大部分颗粒细胞未出现明显的形态学改变；（２）星形胶质细胞中脂褐素在成年组大鼠中即大量出现，且结构复杂，而老年组大鼠胶质细胞中脂褐素含量反而有所下降；此外，老年组星形胶质组织胞质肥大，微丝增多，且胞质内空泡变性，髓样结     

大鼠小脑皮质衰老的形态学研究──颗粒细胞及星形胶质细胞的超微结构变化

本文对青年、成年及老年Wistar大鼠小脑皮质颗粒细胞及星形胶质细胞的电镜研究表明：（1）个别老年大鼠颗粒细胞出现了如线粒体肿胀、基质密度异常，粗面内质网扩张等衰老形态学变化，但老年组大部分颗粒细胞来出现明显的形态学改变；（2）星形胶质细胞中脂褐素在成年组大鼠中即大量出现，且结构复杂，而老年组大鼠胶质细胞中脂褐素含量反而有所下降；此外，老年组星形胶质细胞胞质肥大，微丝增多，且胞质内空泡变性、髓样结构及小泡等内含物增加。     

大鼠松果体细胞增龄变化

目的:探讨大鼠松果体细胞增龄变化。方法:SD大鼠,随机分为1～2月龄组,4～5月龄组,11～12月龄组和≥24月龄组4个组。采用H-F染色、Benda胶质细胞染色和TUNEL法细胞凋亡染色光镜观察,超薄切片透射电镜观察。结果:松果体细胞数从4～5月龄组至≥24月龄组递减(P<0.001),而胶质细胞数随增龄递增(P<0.01),松果体细胞凋亡随增龄增多(P<0.01),松果体细胞胞质随增龄电子密度降低,细胞器减少,线粒体扩张、嵴断裂呈空泡状,粗面内质网排列紊乱、池扩张,脂滴增多。结论:大鼠松果体随增龄而出现松果体细胞减少、胶质细胞增多,松果体细胞退变。这些变化可能是导致机体衰老的原因之一。     

胎儿肺泡Ⅱ型细胞超微结构特点

目的探讨肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞发生过程中超微结构特点。方法利用电子显微镜技术观察20例不同胎龄肺泡Ⅱ型细胞板层小体及细胞器的变化。结果胎龄14～18w肺泡上皮呈单层柱状，不能分辨Ⅰ、Ⅱ型细胞，自25～40wⅡ型细胞板层小体逐渐增多。平均截面积由4．15＋０．84增至18．23＋1．12（μm^2）；它们与胞质比值相对增加。结论胎龄19w以后Ⅱ型细胞板层小体逐渐形成和增多，其截面积与胞质比例随胎龄增多。     

己烯雌酚对未成熟大鼠卵巢卵泡颗粒细胞分化的形态学观察

取出生后21～26天Sprague-Dawley未成熟雌性大鼠,分为实验与对照两组。实验组只/天注射己烯雌酚(DES)0.5mg(溶于芝麻油中),并按注射天数分为2、3、4、5天组;对照组注射等量的芝麻油。注射2天后,逐日取材固定,用光镜和电镜观察两组动物的卵巢和卵泡颗粒细胞。同时从各组卵巢中分离出卵泡颗粒细胞,用无血清McCoy 5a培养基培养,加入不同的激素,分为对照组、FSH组、DES+FSH组、FSH+hCG组。培养3天后,取材固定,用光镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜观察各组的细胞形态,结果为:1.实验组卵巢比对照组的大,卵泡也大。卵泡细胞增多,细胞体积大,分裂象多见。2.注射3天以上DES的卵巢中,闭锁卵泡和退化的卵泡细胞增多。3.电镜下,实验组卵泡细胞中与蛋白质合成有关的细胞器比对照组发达。4.体外培养的卵泡颗粒细胞,对照组细胞排列分散;FSH组细胞集聚成团,细胞表面微绒毛增多;细胞质内与合成蛋白质有关的细胞器比对照组的发达。DES+FSH组的细胞排列和结构与FSH组的相似。FSH+hCG组细胞体积增大,细胞表面微绒毛减少或消失。细胞质内出现滑面内质网,细胞开始黄体化。5.注射2～5天DES的各组细胞形态和结构均相似。从形态学来看,经DES处理的未成熟雌鼠的卵泡颗粒细胞的形态、排列和对不同激素作用下的变化,与文献报道的去垂体雌鼠的同类细胞相似。因此我们认为,未成熟雌鼠的卵泡颗粒细胞也能作为研究细胞分化的一种模型。     

AT1受体自身抗体对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡及JNK表达的作用

 目的:探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体自身抗体（angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor autoantibody,AT1-AA）对糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡及内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）相关的JNK表达的作用。方法:高糖高脂饮食联合小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射制备DN大鼠模型,采用ELISA法检测大鼠AT1-AA阳性率,根据检测结果随机选择AT1-AA阳性和AT1-AA阴性大鼠共12只纳入DN组,同时选择6只正常大鼠纳入NC组;TUNEL法检测肾脏细胞凋亡;Western blotting技术测定肾组织ERS标志蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78 （GRP78）及凋亡蛋白p-JNK的表达水平。结果:DN组大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡率较NC组显著升高,且AT1-AA阳性大鼠凋亡率明显高于AT1-AA阴性大鼠（P<0.01）。Western blotting结果显示,GRP78和p-JNK蛋白在DN组大鼠肾组织中的水平较NC组显著升高,AT1-AA阳性DN大鼠肾组织中,前述蛋白的改变较AT1-AA阴性DN大鼠更为明显（P<0.05）。结论: AT1-AA可诱导DN大鼠肾脏ERS反应,并通过ERS相关的JNK凋亡途径介导肾脏细胞凋亡,损害肾脏功能。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植在卵巢癌化疗损伤中的作用

背景:研究证实,脐血间充质干细胞对多种损伤细胞有修复功能。目的:探讨脐血间充质干细胞移植在卵巢癌化疗性损伤中的作用。方法:健康级成年雌性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组,损伤组及治疗组,每组20只。对照组不做任何处理,损伤组及治疗组建立大鼠卵巢癌化疗性损伤模型。模型成功后对照组尾静脉注射生理盐水,损伤组注射紫杉醇,治疗组在损伤组基础上给予脐血间充质干细胞移植。移植后2周,应用RT-PCR检测卵巢癌组织XAF1、Survivin mR NA的表达,Western blot检测卵巢癌组织中XAF1、Survivin蛋白的表达,TUNEL法检测卵巢癌细胞凋亡情况。结果与结论:(1)与损伤组比较,治疗组肿瘤组织XAF1 mR NA和蛋白表达显著上调,凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin mR NA和蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.05);(2)损伤组卵巢组织结构较对照组明显破坏,有大面积的出血坏死区域,治疗组损伤程度较损伤组明显减轻;(3)与损伤组比较,治疗组卵巢癌细胞凋亡率明显升高(P<0.05);(4)结果表明,脐血间充质干细胞移植可以促进卵巢癌化疗性损伤大鼠卵巢组织的修复,XAF1、Survivin在肿瘤新生血管形成及卵巢癌细胞凋亡过程中发挥了作用。     

抗衰老Klotho蛋白减轻大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤

目的:观察抗衰老Klotho蛋白对大鼠乳鼠原代心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤的作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:建立大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞H/R模型,并将心肌细胞分为正常对照组、H/R模型组和不同浓度(0.1μmol/L、1μmol/L和10μmol/L)Klotho作用H/R组。观察各组心肌细胞H/R前后搏动频率变化,利用MTT方法检测细胞存活率;测定各组心肌细胞H/R后LDH、CK、AST的漏出量及MDA含量、SOD活性;流式细胞术检测各组心肌细胞的凋亡率;real-time PCR检测各组心肌细胞中内质网应激标记及凋亡相关分子GRP78、CRT和CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA的表达情况;Western blot法检测心肌细胞内内质网应激凋亡蛋白CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达及Akt磷酸化水平。结果:与正常对照组相比,H/R模型组中心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞存活率显著下降,细胞凋亡率显著升高(P0.05);LDH、CK、AST和MDA含量升高而SOD活性显著降低(P0.05);GRP78、CRT、CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA表达显著增高(P0.05);CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达随之增高而Akt的磷酸化水平显著降低(P0.05)。与H/R模型组相比,抗衰老Klotho蛋白作用H/R心肌细胞后,心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞存活率显著升高,细胞凋亡率逐渐降低(P0.05),LDH、CK、AST和MDA含量下降而SOD活性显著增高(P0.05),GRP78、CRT、CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA的表达逐渐降低(P0.05),CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达也随之降低,而Akt磷酸化水平显著增加(P0.05)。结论:抗衰老Klotho蛋白能够提升H/R损伤后心肌细胞的存活率,抑制细胞凋亡,通过抵抗氧化应激和过度内质网应激反应发挥作用,并与激活Akt磷酸化有关。     

An electron microscopic study of apoptosis in the granulosa layer of ovarian follicles in rats treated with continuous illumination

Polycystic ovarian syndrome was induced in adult rats by treatment with continuous illumination to study follicular atresia. Granulosa cells of regressing antral follicles showed characteristic features of apoptosis ultrastructurally: condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells and their fragments by neighboring cells. In this study, moreover, it was observed that an intact granulosa cell was able to ingest another granulosa cell of normal appearance, presumably indicating an early stage of follicular atresia. The phagocytosing granulosa cell surrounded another granulosa cell to be phagocytosed by elongated cell processes. Gap junctions developed between the phagocytic cell and the phagocytosed cell. The phagocytic cell possessed abundant free ribosomes, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, but few lysosomes. The ingested cell was similar in appearance to the phagocytic cell. In addition, granulosa cells were also observed ingesting karyopyknotic cells and degenerative organelles, both displayed in large vacuoles filled with fragments of nuclei and organelles. These findings suggest a process of apoptosis in the granulosa cells during follicular atresia. This study was presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Clinical Electron Microscopy Society of Japan, Fukuoka, September 1–3, 1988.     

Decidual cells in the human ovary at term. I. Incidence,gross anatomy and ultrastructural features of merocrine secretion

Decidual tissue occurring within the human ovarian cortex was examined by light and electron microscopy. Of 21 ovarian specimens obtained at term (36–42 weeks of gestation), decidual cells were confirmed in each. Decidual cells were found within the tunica albuginea as single cells, in nodules, in polyps or in confluent sheets. Decidual cells exhibited several characteristics of cells engaged in secretory activity: abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous profiles of the Golgi complex and a large, euchromatic nucleus devoid of heterochromatin and displaying a prominent fibrous lamina. Peduncular protrusions at the periphery of the cell contained numerous dense bodies 0.4–0.9 μm in diameter. These dense bodies were bounded by a single membrane and contained granular subunits 30–60 nm in diameter. These granular subunits were observed in the process of apparent exocytosis, as well as free in the extracellular space. Secretory bodies and their granular content also were observed both in the region of the Golgi complex and partially extruded into peduncular processes. By far the greatest number of secretory bodies occurred within peduncular processes where they may be stored prior to release. Migration of a secretory body into a peduncular process and exocytosis from such a process appears to be an unusual mode of meocrine secretion, perhaps unique to decidual cells.     

The structure of Schwann cells in unmyelinated fibres. A qualitative and quantitative electron microscope study

The structure, size and distribution of many cytoplasmic components of Schwann cells associated with unmyelinated axons in lizard thoracic spinal roots were analysed under the electron microscope. The percentages of Schwann cell cytoplasmic area occupied by the following cytoplasmic components were determined: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipofuscin granules, peroxisome-like bodies, autophagic vacuoles, dense bodies and lipid droplets. A linear correlation was found between the sectional areas of the mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of the Schwann cell and both length of Schwann cell plasma membrane profile and size of the related axoplasm. The structure of Schwann cells associated with unmyelinated axons and that of Schwann cells associated with myelinated axons were compared in the same species and in the same region of the peripheral nervous system using the same fixative and the same preparation technique. Some differences were detected in the organization of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, in the presence of cilia and in the percentages of cytoplasm occupied by various components. The hypothesis that Schwann cell mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the production and storage of proteins for the plasma membrane of this cell as well as the hypothesis that these organelles are involved in the production and storage of protein metabolites which are subsequently transferred to the related axons seem applicable not only to Schwann cells associated with myelinated axons (Pannese et al., in press), but also to those associated with unmyelinated ones.     

柚皮素对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠PI3K/AKT信号通路和内质网应激及其相关凋亡通路的影响

目的:观察柚皮素对缺血/再灌注(I/R)大鼠心脏损伤的影响,并探讨柚皮素的作用是否涉及PI3K/AKT信号通路和内质网应激及其相关凋亡通路.方法:48只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分成假手术组(sham组)、模型组(I/R组)、柚皮素处理组(NAR组)和柚皮素处理+LY294002组(NL组).结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30 ...     

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus--ultrastructural and hormonal study

A clear of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus combined with early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was reported. The adenocarcinoma was found to be in histologic continuity with the squamous cell carcinoma as well as with the cervical glandular epithelium. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells of the adenocarcinoma showed junctional complexes, well developed microvilli, parallel stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulums and twisted rope-like nucleoli, all of which were in accord with the cytologic characteristics of endometrial carcinoma. Hormonal study of the tumor suggested the presence of estrogen receptor and a lack of endocrine productibility. These findings provide an additional support for the Müllerian duct origin of uterine clear cell adenocarcinoma.     

抑郁模型大鼠杏仁核神经元凋亡及Bax/Bcl-2的变化

目的:探讨抑郁模型大鼠杏仁核神经元凋亡现象。方法:将成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(15只)和模型组(15只)。采用慢性强迫游泳(4周)制备慢性强迫游泳应激抑郁模型。采用TUNEL和流式细胞术检测杏仁核神经元凋亡和凋亡率,WesternBlot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2的表达变化。结果:模型组和对照组凋亡细胞阳性率分别为24.08±4.30和3.08±0.91,凋亡率分别为17.14±2.71和3.34±0.80,Bax/Bcl-2比值分别为1.73±0.15和0.92±0.07,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:抑郁模型大鼠杏仁核存在明显的神经元凋亡,这可能是抑郁患者杏仁核体积异常的原因之一。