急性脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白分子表达分析

目的 观察急性脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白分子表达变化,探讨脑梗死患者的血小板活化程度的临床意义.方法 用流式细胞术检测84例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者及61例对照者全血血小板膜糖蛋白PAC-1、CD62P阳性率,分析其与脑梗死的病程、病灶部位及大小的关系.结果 与对照组相比,急性脑梗死组PAC-1、CD62P阳性率均显著增高(P＜0.05);发病3d内PAC-1、CD62P阳性率＞15d以上者,且与梗死灶大小密切相关,与梗死的部位无关.结论 急性脑梗死患者血小板活化程度明显提高,与病情严重性有一定的关系,宜早期加强抑制血小板活化的治疗.     

血小板活化特异性标志物PAC-1和CD62p与急性脑梗死病情严重程度的相关性

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(acute cerebral irlflarction,ACI)患者血小板膜糖蛋白(glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa,GPⅡb/Ⅲa)纤维蛋白原受体PAC-1和P选择素(P-Selectin,CD62p)与ACI患者病情严重程度的相关性.方法 采用流式细胞仪技术分别检测58例ACI患者急性期(<7d)外周血PAC-1和CD62p含量,同时采用Barthel指数和NIHSS量表评分法对ACI患者进行神经功能学评分,并选取20名健康人作为对照组进行参考值测定.结果 与对照组(0.22±0.13;4.21±1.11)相比,ACI患者PAC-1含量(0.92±0.40)和CD62p含量(7.07±3.07)在急性期(<7 d)显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.05),且与ACI患者病情严重程度成正相关(P<0.05;P<0.01).结论PAC-1和CD62p与ACI患者病情严重程度呈正相关.早期检测PAC-1和CD62p水平对于预防ACI发生、评估病情轻重以及判断预后有着重要的意义.     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者血小板膜糖蛋白的表达水平与临床伤残严重程度的相关性及其临床意义

目的 分析急性缺血性脑卒中患者血小板膜糖蛋白的表达水平与临床伤残严重程度的相关性及其临床意义。方法 选取本院神经内科2018年1月-2019年3月收治的120例急性缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,将其设定为观察组。另选取60例健康者为对照组,通过流式细胞术检测方法来检测2组研究对象的血小板膜糖蛋白CD31、CD62p、CD63以及PAC-1的表达水平,分析其与临床伤残严重程度的相关性。结果 观察组患者的血小板膜糖蛋白CD31、CD62p、CD63、PAC-1表达水平均高于对照组(P<0.05); 观察组患者血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p与PAC-1表达水平和临床伤残严重程度评分呈正相关(Pearson相关系数分别为0.178和0.241,P<0.05); CD31、CD62p和CD63的表达水平与不同神经功能缺损程度有关,其中中度和重度急性缺血性脑卒中患者的CD31、CD62p与CD63表达水平高于轻型患者(P<0.05)。结论 在急性缺血性脑卒中患者体内血小板的活化程度较健康者来说明显升高,血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p与PAC-1的表达水平对临床伤残程度有显著影响,可作为反映急性缺血性脑卒中患者病情变化和预测康复效果的指标。     

伴颈动脉粥样硬化脑梗死血小板膜糖蛋白分子表达研究

目的 探讨活化血小板在伴颈动脉粥样硬化(CA)脑梗死发病中的作用.方法用流式细胞术检测76例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者及53例健康体检者全血血小板膜糖蛋白PAC-1、CD62P阳性率,同时行颈动脉彩色多谱勒超声检查.结果伴CA脑梗死组PAC-1、CD62P阳性率最高(分别为15.1±5.9、16.2±7.3);无论伴或不伴CA的脑梗死组PAC-1、CD62P阳性率均显著高于相应的对照组(P<0.05);不管在脑梗死组还是对照组中,有CA组PAC-1、CD62P阳性率显著高于无CA组(P<0.05).在伴CA的脑梗死组中,有粥样斑块组PAC-1、CD62P阳性率显著高于无斑块组(P<0.05);在有颈动脉粥样斑块的脑梗死患者中,伴不稳定斑块的脑梗死组PAC-1、CD62P阳性率显著高于稳定斑块组(P<0.05).结论伴CA脑梗死患者血小板活化程度增高,有粥样斑块尤有不稳定斑块者者血小板活化程度更高,血小板活化与CA及脑梗死均有关,推测活化血小板在伴CA脑梗死发病中及梗死后病程发展中均可能起着重要的作用.     

西洛他唑对急性脑梗死患者血小板活化功能的作用

目的探讨西洛他唑对急性脑梗死患者血小板活化标志物P-选择素(CD62P)、血小板膜糖蛋白纤维蛋白原受体(PAC-1)的作用。方法 52例急性脑梗死患者,口服西洛他唑胶囊每次100 mg,每日2次;分别于服药前、服药后3 d、1 w和2 w采集外周静脉血,运用流式细胞术检测其CD62P、PAC-1的水平。结果急性脑梗死患者在服用西洛他唑后1 w、2 w外周血CD62P、PAC-1的水平与用药前比较均有明显的下降(P<0.05),用药后3 d CD62P、PAC-1与用药前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),用药后1 w CD62P、PAC-1和用药后2 w比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论西洛他唑对急性脑梗死患者血小板活化功能具有良好的抑制作用,用药1 w可达到较稳定的状态。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者血小板活化程度及其临床意义

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者血小板活化程度及其临床意义.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声仪检测72例TIA患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度;应用流式细胞仪检测血小板活化因子PAC-1与P-选择素(CD62P)水平,并与正常对照组(30例)进行比较.结果 TIA组PAC-1和CD62P水平显著高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);TIA组中,颈动脉粥样硬化程度越高,PAC-1和CD62P水平越高;颈动脉斑块亚组PAC-1和CD62P水平明显高于颈动脉IMT增厚亚组(均P<0.05);不稳定斑块亚组显著高于稳定斑块亚组(均P<0.01).结论 TIA患者血小板活化程度明显增高.检测TIA患者血小板活化程度有助于判断颈动脉粥样硬化的程度.     

血小板活化指标与短暂性脑缺血发作的转归

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者疾病转归与血小板活化指标α颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD62p)、溶酶体颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD63)、血小板膜表面糖蛋白(CD41)的关系.方法57例TIA患者随访2个月,分别在服药后1 d、1周、1个月和2个月时采用流式细胞仪检测血小板CD62p、CD63和CD41表达的百分率,同时监测病情发展趋向.结果TIA缓解组、TIA反复发作组与TIA进展为脑梗死组的血小板CD62p、CD63、CD41阳性百分率逐级升高(P＜0.05～＜0.001),尤其以进展为脑梗死组指标升高最为明显(P＜0.01～0.001).结论血小板活化CD62p,CD63及CD41可作为TIA发展演变的估测指标.     

抗血小板药对急性脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白CD62P CD63表达的调控作用

目的探讨抗血小板药对急性脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白P选择素(CD62P)、溶酶体膜蛋白(CD63)表达的调控作用。方法选取2013-03—2015-04我院收治的急性脑梗死患者86例为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为观察组和对照组各43例,对照组采取阿司匹林单药治疗,观察组在此基础上联合应用氯吡格雷治疗,同时选取健康志愿者43例纳入正常组,比较3组血小板膜糖蛋白CD62P、CD63表达水平,分析观察组与对照组血小板聚集达标率、不良反应。结果治疗前观察组CD62P阳性率、CD63阳性率分别为(26.92±2.06)%、(22.15±4.19)%,对照组分别为(26.91±2.07)%、(22.15±2.18)%,2组比较无显著差异(P0.05),但均明显高于正常组(P0.05);治疗半年内观察组血小板聚集达标率93.0%明显高于对照组76.7%(P0.05);2组不良反应发生率(9.3%、4.7%)比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论抗血小板药可有效抑制血小板活化,降低血小板膜糖蛋白表达,且不良反应轻,值得临床推广应用。     

同型半胱氨酸对脑梗死急性期血小板活化的影响

目的观察急性脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血小板活化指标物(CD61、CD62P、PAC-1)之间的相互关系,探讨Hcy与脑梗死急性期血小板活性的关系。方法选择急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)128例,分为HHcy组64例和非HHcy组各64例,另选择健康体检者62例为对照组。检测Hcy、CD61、CD62P、PAC-1,比较HHcy与血小板活化标志物的关系。结果与对照组比较,脑梗死组血浆Hcy、血小板活化标志物水平明显升高(P0.05);与非HHcy患者比较,HHcy患者CD61、CD62P、PAC-1水平明显升高(P0.05)。HHcy脑梗死组给予B族维生素药物干预的患者Hcy、血小板活化标志物均较前明显下降(P0.05),且干预组短期内神经功能缺损评分较非干预组明显改善(P0.05),但非Hcy脑梗死组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HHcy是脑梗死的危险因素,Hcy可能通过激活血小板活性促使脑梗死发生。     

奥扎格雷对急性脑梗死患者血小板CD62p和CD63表达的影响及其疗效

目的观察奥扎格雷对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血小板CD62p、CD63表达的影响及其疗效。方法将64例ACI患者随机分为奥扎格雷治疗组和血塞通治疗组(对照组),采用流式细胞术检测ACI患者治疗前后及正常人(正常组)血小板CD62p、CD63的表达;观察奥扎格雷治疗组和对照组的临床疗效并进行比较。结果ACI患者血小板CD62p、CD63表达水平明显高于正常组(均P<0.01);奥扎格雷治疗组与对照组治疗后血小板CD62p、CD63表达水平较治疗前均有明显下降(P<0.05～0.01),奥扎格雷治疗组又明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(均P<0.05)。奥扎格雷治疗组的基本痊愈率、显著进步率、总有效率明显高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论ACI发病后血小板CD62p、CD63表达水平显著增高;奥扎格雷有明显抑制血小板表达CD62p、CD63的作用,对ACI的治疗效果显著。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.