握力测量的研究进展

通过PubMed检索1954～2009年的有关文献,对握力评定的测量工具、测量方法、影响握力值的因素、握力耐力相关研究以及握力测量的信度研究进行综述。结果发现,握力测量受多种因素影响,在临床实践中需要采取标准化测量方法及过程,以得到更为准确的结果。     

两种标准化的握力测试方式对健康青年握力测试结果的影响

目的比较美国手部疗法协会和国民体质测定标准手册所推荐两种标准化的握力测试方式对健康青年握力测试结果的影响。方法采用Dynamometer G100型握力器,用两种方法分别测量32名右利手健康青年左手和右手的握力,各测试3次,取平均值。结果采用美国手部疗法协会标准测试方式所测得的左、右手的握力小于国民体质测定标准测试的左、右手的握力(P<0.05)。结论两种标准化测试方式有显著差异。建议临床研究握力需统一测试方式,并建议采用美国手部疗法协会推荐的测试方式。     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人握力水平现状及其影响因素分析

[目的]调查稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)病人握力水平,并探讨其影响因素。[方法]采用一般资料调查表、握力器、身体成分分析仪等对96例稳定期COPD病人进行相关检测。[结果]稳定期COPD病人握力水平较同龄正常老年人低,性别、年龄、吸烟史以及呼吸困难指数对握力水平有影响;控制变量年龄、性别后,握力水平与疾病相关指标[第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比、6min步行距离、体重指数、多因素分级系统(BODE)指数以及呼吸困难指数]相关(P0.05或P0.01),性别、年龄、6min步行距离可以解释握力水平的38.8%的变异量。[结论]稳定期COPD病人握力水平较正常老年人群低,其与疾病相关指标有一定相关性,临床工作者可参考握力测试结果快速评估病人的功能状态。     

维持性血液透析病人握力下降现状及影响因素分析

目的:了解维持性血液透析(MHD)病人握力下降情况及其影响因素.方法:采用便利抽样法选取某血液透析培训基地的198例MHD病人作为研究对象,应用一般情况调查表、握力测试器、Fried衰弱表型(FP)、透析客观营养评价法(OSND)对病人进行调查,应用单因素Logistic回归分析和多因素Logistic回归分析探索MHD病人握力下降的影响因素.结果:MHD病人握力水平为(23.11±9.26)kg,其中男性为(26.66±9.55)kg,女性为(18.40±6.33)kg,握力下降率为42.4％(84/198).多因素Logictic回归分析表明男性、透析不充分、营养不良、衰弱和活动量下降是MHD病人握力下降的主要危险因素(模型似然比χ2=150.560,P<0.001).结论:MHD病人握力水平不佳,男性病人更易发生握力下降,临床应加强病人透析充分性指标、营养情况和衰弱状态的监测,鼓励病人进行一定强度的运动.     

握力在维持性血液透析患者营养评定中的应用

目的测量血液透析患者的握力及相关因素,分析握力与其他营养指标之间的关联。方法测量109例血液透析时间大于3个月,非急性炎症、活动性肝脏病、肿瘤及恶液质患者握力,采用生化指标、人体测量指标、主观综合评估量表方法全面评价患者的营养状态,并与握力测量的结果进行比较。结果握力作为营养指标,与传统意义上的营养指标尤其是前白蛋白、C反应蛋白及炎症指标存在显著相关（P〈0.05）。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、性别是影响握力的主要因素。结论握力作为营养指标,测量快捷、准确,与其他营养指标密切相关,值得在血液透析患者的临床实践和研究中进一步推广和应用。     

恶性肿瘤患者握力的影响因素分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者握力的影响因素,以期为握力在恶性肿瘤患者营养评估中的应用奠定基础。方法采用横断面调查研究方法,收集广西省某三级甲等医院肿瘤内科156例恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,并测量其握力水平、人体测量学指标及实验室指标,使用营养风险筛查-2002(Nutritional Risk Screening-2002,NRS2002)进行营养风险评分,Pearson相关分析握力与营养相关人体测量学指标、实验室指标及NRS2002营养评分的相关性,采用多元线性回归分析恶性肿瘤患者握力的影响因素。结果 Pearson相关分析结果显示,恶性肿瘤患者握力水平与身高、体质量、体质指数、臂围、小腿围、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、血肌酐呈正相关(P0.05),与NRS2002营养评分呈负相关(P0.05);多元线性回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、血清白蛋白及NRS2002营养评分进入回归方程,共解释总变异的66.7%(P0.05)。结论性别、年龄、血清白蛋白及NRS2002营养评分情况是恶性肿瘤患者握力的影响因素。     

ICU老年机械通气患者握力现状与影响因素分析

目的 调查ICU老年机械通气患者握力现状,并探讨其影响因素。 方法 便利选取2020年1月—12月浙江省某三级甲等医院ICU收治的218例老年机械通气患者作为调查对象,采用一般资料调查表、电子握力器、营养风险评估量表2002对其进行横断面调查。采用多元线性回归分析老年机械通气患者握力的影响因素。 结果 ICU老年机械通气患者的握力为（13.8±4.7） kg。多元线性回归分析显示,性别、年龄、运动方式、镇静药物使用时间、营养风险评估量表2002评分是影响其握力的主要因素（P<0.05）。 结论 ICU老年机械通气患者的握力较低,女性、高龄、既往不运动、镇静药物使用时间>5 d、营养风险评估量表2002评分≥3分的机械通气患者握力较低。护理人员应加强其握力的动态评估,控制相关影响因素。     

138例住院老年慢性病病人握力及其影响因素的调查分析

[目的]探讨我国老年慢性病病人握力的状况,并分析其影响因素。[方法]运用一般资料调查表、CAMRY-1000电子握力计、中文版Tilburg衰弱指标对某老年医院138例老年慢性病病人进行调查。[结果]老年慢性病病人的握力为(19.54±8.9)kg。多元逐步回归分析显示,影响老年慢性病病人握力的因素有躯体衰弱、运动状况、文化程度、三酰甘油含量、血红蛋白5项,可解释握力总变异量的49.8%。[结论]老年慢性病病人握力水平相对较低,对老年慢性病病人进行握力测量,可以筛查肌肉力量下降,进而发现衰弱问题,通过提早干预,预防不良结局发生。     

握力测试在评估稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者活动能力中的应用研究

目的探讨握力测试对稳定期COPD患者活动能力评估的可靠性。方法对61例稳定期COPD患者进行握力测试、6 min步行测试,采用ROC曲线分析握力在稳定期COPD患者活动能力水平评估中的最佳截点值。结果稳定期COPD患者握力为(33.72±7.47)kgf,6 min步行距离为(437.06±97.96)m,握力与6 min步行距离呈中度正相关(r=0.404,P=0.001),以6 min步行距离≥350 m为截点进行等级划分,两组间握力水平有显著差异(P0.05)。ROC曲线下面积为0.722,最佳截点值为32.8 kgf。结论握力测试可用于稳定期COPD患者活动能力的快速评估。当握力水平≤32.8 kgf时,稳定期COPD患者出现活动受限。     

《护理学报》第6期继续教育思考题

正1作者卢婷等探讨恶性肿瘤患者握力的影响因素,以期为握力在恶性肿瘤患者营养评估中的应用奠定基础。结果显示恶性肿瘤患者握力的影响因素主要有:A性别B年龄C血清白蛋白D臂围E NRS2002营养评分2作者罗文平等研究报道,采用校院合作共建《外科护理学》游戏库进行教学可提高护生:A理论知识B临床应变能力C人际沟通能力D评判思维能力E团队合作能力3作者彭红等对肝癌术后患者灵性健康的影响因素进行分     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."