硫辛酸抑制脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞细胞因子及趋化因子的表达

目的探讨硫辛酸(LA)对脂多糖(LPS)激活的星形胶质细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10及相关趋化因子的影响。方法分离并鉴定新生C57BL/6小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞,1μg/mL LPS刺激第2代星形胶质细胞,100μg/mL LA进行干预,Griess法检测NO的分泌,ELISA检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10炎性因子的含量,反转录PCR检测炎症趋化因子CC亚族趋化因子配体20(CCL20),单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α(MIP-1α)mRNA的表达。结果与正常组比较,LPS刺激星形胶质细胞后,NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6分泌显著升高,IL-10分泌下调(P0.05);LA能抑制LPS诱导的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的分泌,增加IL-10的分泌,与LPS组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。LA能显著下调LPS所致的CCL20、MIP-1α、MCP-1 mRNA的分泌。结论 LA能抑制LPS激活星形胶质细胞所致的炎性反应,其作用与抑制炎性因子及趋化因子的分泌有关。     

4天香烟烟雾暴露联合poly(I:C)刺激对小鼠肺部免疫应答及干扰素表达的影响

目的：探讨短期香烟烟雾暴露联合poly(I:C)刺激对小鼠肺部免疫应答及干扰素表达的影响。方法：BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组：对照组、熏烟组、poly(I:C)组和熏烟联合poly(I:C)组。检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中总细胞数及细胞分类计数;普通光镜下观察各组细胞形态;荧光定量PCR检测肺组织细胞因子、趋化因子和干扰素及干扰素刺激基因表达。结果：与对照组相比,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组总细胞数计数、巨噬细胞与中性粒细胞计数明显升高（P<0.05）,且熏烟联合poly(I:C)组巨噬细胞计数高于poly(I:C)组;与poly(I:C)组比较,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组小鼠气道灌洗液巨噬细胞体积较大,呈圆形或不规则形,细胞质较多空泡;与对照组相比,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组小鼠肺组织中性粒细胞趋化因子CXCL1(P<0.05)、CXCL2(P<0.01)和淋巴细胞趋化因子CCL2(P<0.01) mRNA表达升高,肺组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA表达明显升高（P<0.01）,肺组织IFN-β(P<0.01)、IFN-γ(...     

白细胞介素-13对肾小球系膜细胞炎症反应的拮抗作用

目的:探讨白细胞介素-13(IL-13)对肾小球系膜细胞(MC)炎症反应的调节作用。方法:ELISA法测定体外培养MC上清中TNF-α浓度。流式细胞术检测MC膜表面ICAM-1表达。逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)评估MCTNF-αmRNA及ICAM-1mRNA表达。结果:未受刺激的MC无TNF-αmRNA及其蛋白表达。经脂多糖(LPS)(10mg/L)刺激后,MC可高表达TNF-αmRNA及其蛋白。IL-13浓度为1μg/L、10μg/L时显著抑制LPS诱导MC表达TNF-αmRNA及其蛋白。IL-13(0.1μg/L)无抑制作用,IL-13(100μg/L)时完全抑制LPS诱导MC分泌TNF-α。无任何刺激时,MC低表达ICAM-1。TNF-α(100μg/L)诱导MC高表达ICAM-1mRNA及其蛋白。IL-13(10μg/L)和TNF-α(100μg/L)共作用MC,各时点均显示IL-13对TNF-α诱导MC表达ICAM-1mRNA及蛋白有抑制作用。结论:IL-13既抑制LPS刺激MC分泌TNF-α,也抑制TNF-α诱导MC表达膜糖蛋白ICAM-1。提示IL-13能从多个环节抑制MC的炎症反应。     

聚肌胞苷酸刺激的上皮细胞对成纤维细胞活化的影响及EMMPRIN的作用

 目的：探讨聚肌胞苷酸［poly(I:C)］作用上皮细胞后对气道成纤维细胞增殖和转分化的影响及细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)的作用。方法：以poly(I:C)作用于人肺泡上皮细胞,将细胞上清刺激人气道成纤维细胞或种植在胶原凝胶中的成纤维细胞,观察后者增殖、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和EMMPRIN表达及凝胶收缩;以EMMPRIN刺激成纤维细胞,检测细胞增殖、α-SMA表达及MMP-2、-9活性水平;应用p38 MAPK和ERK1/2抑制剂,观察对α-SMA表达及EMMPRIN分泌的影响。结果：Poly(I:C)作用的上皮细胞上清诱导成纤维细胞增殖、α-SMA和EMMPRIN表达及凝胶收缩;EMMPRIN剂量依赖性增强细胞增殖、α-SMA表达及MMP-2、-9活性;poly(I:C)作用的上皮细胞上清激活成纤维细胞p38 MAPK和ERK1/2信号通路,两者特异性阻断剂减弱成纤维细胞α-SMA和EMMPRIN表达。结论：Poly(I:C)作用上皮细胞后诱导成纤维细胞增殖、α-SMA表达和凝胶收缩,p38 MAPK和ERK1/2信号通路介导了上述过程,EMMPRIN是其中重要介质。     

CCN1在脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤中的表达调控和在炎症反应中的作用

目的:体内观察富半胱氨酸蛋白61(CYR61/CCN1)在正常肺组织中的表达定位和在脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠急性肺损伤中的表达变化,体外研究LPS调控CCN1表达的分子机制和CCN1在LPS诱导炎症介质表达中的作用。方法:分别通过免疫组化(IHC)染色及免疫荧光法观察CCN1在小鼠肺组织和气道上皮细胞16HBE中的表达定位;气道滴注LPS建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,IHC观察CCN1在肺组织中的表达变化;体外研究中,分别予气道上皮16HBE细胞以ERK1/2、JNK、P38和PI3K信号通路特异性抑制剂预处理2 h后加入LPS刺激,通过RT-qPCR和Western blot检测CCN1的mRNA和蛋白表达变化;分别通过CCN1-siRNA和重组CCN1蛋白刺激16HBE细胞,qPCR检测炎症介质白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-8、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的mRNA水平。结果:CCN1在正常肺组织中以气道上皮表达为主,在LPS诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠气道上皮细胞中CCN1表达升高;LPS可刺激16HBE细胞中CCN1的表达水平升高,其中ERK1/2、JNK、P...     

Ficolin通过激活补体加重poly(I:C)联合LPS诱导的急性肺脏损伤北大核心CSCD

目的:探究纤维胶凝素(ficolin)在poly(I:C)联合LPS刺激诱导的急性肺损伤中的作用及机制。方法:6~8周龄SPF级C57BL/6小鼠和ficolin基因敲除小鼠分别随机分组,连续2 d滴鼻50μg/d poly(I:C),然后50μg/d滴鼻LPS 1 d,构建poly(I:C)和LPS联合刺激诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠模型,单独刺激或滴鼻PBS为对照组;HE染色检测肺组织病理变化;流式细胞术检测每组小鼠肺组织中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的比例变化;Western blot检测每组小鼠肺组织和RAW264.7细胞中C3的表达变化和活化情况。结果:成功建立了poly(I:C)联合LPS刺激诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠模型。联合刺激组小鼠肺脏病理损伤加重,肺泡融合和弥漫性损伤,大量炎症细胞浸润;其中中性粒细胞和间质巨噬细胞比例显著提高,肺泡巨噬细胞比例显著降低。联合刺激增加小鼠肺组织和RAW264.7细胞中补体C3的表达和酶解活化,而敲除ficolin可明显降低联合刺激诱导的C3活化,并减少间质巨噬细胞募集和肺泡巨噬细胞耗竭,改善急性肺损伤。结论:Ficolin可通过激活补体加重poly(I:C)联合LPS刺激介导的肺脏炎症和急性肺损伤,是重症肺炎潜在的治疗靶点。     

脂多糖及IL-1β诱导人肾小管上皮细胞hBD-2表达及抗菌活性研究

目的观察脂多糖(1ipopolyssac-chafide,LPS)及促炎症细胞因子IL-1β诱导人肾小管上皮细胞株(HK-2)β防御素-2(hBD-2)的表达及抗菌活性,探索肾脏的先天性防御病原体机制。方法给予不同质量浓度的LPS(0.1、1、10μg/ml)及IL-1β(0.1、1、10 ng/ml)刺激HK-2细胞12 h,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测HK-2细胞hBD-2 mRNA的表达,Western印迹及ELISA法检测hBD-2蛋白的表达。菌落计数法检测细胞上清对尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UTI89)和克雷白杆菌(TOP52)临床分离株的抗菌效果。结果1)HK-2细胞有微量hBD-2 mRNA表达,不同质量浓度的LPS、IL-1β刺激HK-2细胞后,hBD-2 mRNA表达呈剂量依赖性,与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);2)不同质量浓度LPS及IL-1β刺激细胞后,均可诱导HK-2细胞分泌hBD-2,并在该实验质量浓度范围内呈剂量依赖性,与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);3)1μg/ml的LPS及1 ng/ml的IL-1β刺激HK-2细胞12 h后,细胞浆中均可见hBD-2蛋白表达;4)LPS(1μg/ml)及IL-1β(1 ng/ml)刺激HK-2细胞24 h后的细胞上清对UTI89和TOP52有杀菌作用。结论一定剂量的LPS及前炎症细胞因子可诱导HK-2细胞hBD-2表达,hBD-2的表达可能是肾小管最初防御反应,起着发挥防御病原微生物及免疫重要作用。     

p38 MAPK 和STAT3参与CCK-8抑制LPS诱导的大鼠促炎症细胞因子生成

 目的：观察八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）是否改善脂多糖（LPS）引起的大鼠细胞因子的变化,并探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)和信号转导子及转录激活子3(STAT3)的信号转导作用,以及CCK受体（CCK-R）的作用。方法：4组大鼠尾静脉分别注入生理盐水（对照）、LPS (8 mg/kg)、CCK-8(40 μg/kg)和CCK-8(40 μg/kg)+LPS (8 mg/kg), 酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清、肺脏及脾脏中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和IL-6的变化,Western blotting和免疫荧光双标激光共聚焦显微镜检测肺脏和脾脏磷酸化p38 MAPK和磷酸化STAT3的表达,RT-PCR检测脾脏CCK-R亚型的mRNA表达。结果：CCK-8可显著抑制LPS诱导的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的增加。CCK-8可增加LPS诱导的大鼠肺脏和脾脏磷酸化p38 MAPK和磷酸化STAT3的表达。LPS有诱导CCK-AR及CCK-BR mRNA表达量增加的作用。结论：CCK-8对LPS刺激的大鼠促炎症细胞因子过量产生有抑制作用,p38 MAPK和STAT3可能参与了其信号转导机制。LPS刺激时,CCK-R受体发生正向调节,CCK-8有可能用于治疗全身性感染及其它的炎症性疾病。     

脂多糖对人近端肾小管上皮细胞IL-18及其受体复合物表达的影响

观察脂多糖(LPS)对体外培养人近端肾小管上皮细胞IL-18及其受体表达的影响,以初步探讨IL-18在肾小管-间质炎症损伤过程中的作用。以不同浓度LPS(0.01、0.1、1、5、10μg/ml)处理人近端肾小管上皮细胞株(HK-2)24 h、36 h及48 h,然后应用RT-PCR及ELISA测定IL-18及其受体α链(IL-18Rα)和β链(IL-18Rβ)mRNA及蛋白的表达水平变化。静息培养的HK-2细胞表达IL-18 m RNA和蛋白、IL-18Rα和IL-18Rβm RNA,LPS促进HK-2细胞IL-18 mRNA和蛋白的表达及IL-18Rα和IL-18RβmRNA的表达,并呈剂量和时间依赖趋势。肾小管上皮细胞可能既是IL-18的产生者,又是IL-18的靶细胞之一,炎症状态下肾小管上皮细胞通过IL-18自分泌方式参与肾小管-间质的炎症损伤过程。     

白细胞介素17通过激活p38MAPK信号通路调控人牙周膜成纤维细胞RANKL和OPG的表达

目的使用p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路抑制剂确定白细胞介素17(IL-17)是否通过该通路参与调控人牙周膜成纤维细胞(HPDLF)核因子κB受体激活蛋白配体(RANKL)和护骨因子(OPG)的表达。方法组织块法分离培养HPDLF, 20 ng/mL IL-17分别刺激0、 20、 40、 60、 80 min,Western blot法检测HPDLF磷酸化的p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)蛋白水平。HPDLF随机分为空白对照组、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)组、 p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580组、 IL-17组、 IL-17联合DMSO组、 IL-17联合SB203580组。IL-17及联合处理组,分别添加10μmol/L SB203580、 20 ng/mL IL-17。实时定量PCR检测HPDLF的RANKL、 OPG mRNA水平, Western blot法检测RANKL蛋白水平、 ELISA检测OPG蛋白含量。结果 p-p38MAPK蛋白水平在IL-17刺激后的0～60 min内随时间增加,在60 min时达到最高,在80 min时下降。IL-17可上调HPDLF中RANKL mRNA及蛋白表达,下调OPG mRNA和蛋白表达。较单纯使用IL-17刺激,添加SB203580通路抑制剂后, RANKL mRNA和蛋白水平均降低, OPG的mRNA水平升高。结论 IL-17通过激活p38MAPK信号通路,上调HPDLF的RANKL表达,抑制OPG mRNA表达。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.