亮菌多糖抗小鼠辐射损伤作用的研究

目的观察亮菌多糖（ATS）对辐射损伤的保护作用。方法将小鼠随机分为空白对照组（0．9％生理盐水）、辐射模型组、阳性对照组（参芪片）和ATS多糖不同剂量实验组（80、160和320mg／kg）。以γ射线照射小鼠全身，引起辐射损伤后观察各组小鼠30d存活率、白细胞（WBC）数、精子畸变率、骨髓微核（MN）细胞数、骨髓DNA含量和免疫器官重量及血清和肝组织中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）含量等。结果ATS能提高受照小鼠存活率（P〈0．05）及SOD活性（P〈0．05）、升高WBC数（P〈0．05）和骨髓DNA含量（P〈0．05），抑制小鼠精子畸变率（P〈0．05）和骨髓MN细胞数的增加（P〈0．05），并使受照小鼠胸腺、脾脏重量回升（P〈0．05），还能增加内源性脾结节数（P〈0．05），降低MDA含量。结论ATS对γ射线所致小鼠辐射损伤有较好的保护作用。     

香菇多糖注射液对慢性低剂量辐射损伤小鼠的防护作用

目的研究香菇多糖对辐射损伤小鼠各脏器的防护作用并探讨其作用机制。方法 5周龄小鼠直线加速器辐射40 d制备慢性低剂量辐射损伤模型,同时用香菇多糖注射液低剂量(SPLE)、高剂量(LPLE)腹腔注射作为实验组。用病理切片法观察小鼠各脏器的病理变化;用试剂盒法检测各组小鼠肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性;生化分析法检测各组小鼠血液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量;血细胞分析仪进行血细胞计数;用外源性脾结节法测脾结节数;取小鼠股骨检测骨髓有核细胞数。结果经辐射后部分小鼠出现脱毛现象;模型组小鼠的肝、脾、胸腺系数,骨髓有核细胞数、脾结节数,肝脏MDA含量,SOD、GSH-Px活性以及血液AST、ALT与香茹多糖低、高剂量组比较均存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论香菇多糖具有一定的抗慢性辐射作用,能有效的保护辐射损伤小鼠的脏器。     

含金属硫蛋白蛋奶粉对辐射损伤的防护作用

目的研究含金属硫蛋白（metallothionein，MT）蛋奶粉对小鼠电离辐射损伤的防护作用。方法受试小鼠连续灌胃含MT蛋奶粉14d后给予2．5GyX射线照射，24h后处死小鼠，检测其外周血白细胞数、淋巴细胞增殖率、股骨骨髓细胞DNA含量、胸腺细胞周期进程以及血液、肝脏和肾脏丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT和GSH—Px）活性。结果受照射小鼠给予含MT蛋奶粉后，外周血白细胞数、淋巴细胞增殖率、股骨骨髓细胞DNA含量和肝脏、肾脏、血浆SOD、CAT和GSH—Px活性明显高于辐照对照组，而血液、肝脏和肾脏MDA含量明显降低。含MT蛋奶粉加照射组明显减轻了胸腺细胞G1期阻滞，促进其DNA合成。结论含MT蛋奶粉对小鼠辐射损伤具有防护作用。     

鱼腥草总黄酮与利血生抗辐射功效的对比研究

目的：比较鱼腥草提取物鱼腥草总黄酮与利血生对X射线辐射损伤大鼠骨髓造血功能和免疫功能的影响。方法建立模型：给予大鼠剂量为4 Gy、剂量率为2 Gy／min的X射线照射,成功制备了X射线损伤模型。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为4个组：分别为对照组（模型组）、全成分提取液组（全成分,A组）、鱼腥草总黄酮水提醇溶部位（含总黄酮20.15％,B组）、利血生组（12.6 mg／kg的利血生混悬液,C组）,每组各8只。分别给予等体积的蒸馏水、鱼腥草的全成分提取液（100 g鲜药／kg）、总黄酮水提醇溶部位（5.23 gk／g ）、12.6 mgk／g 的利血生混悬液,正常对照组大鼠8只,给予等体积的蒸馏水灌胃。给药期间,每周对大鼠眼眶取血检测血常规,给药63天后,处死大鼠,检测免疫系统、骨髓造血系统以及抗氧化的相关指标。结果给予鱼腥草不同成分提取物与利血生灌胃63天后,观察到：①A组鱼腥草全成分提取液可提高大鼠的胸腺和脾脏指数;增加大鼠外周血网织红细胞数;降低外周血网织红细胞微核率;降低骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率;提高CAT和GSH－Px含量。②B鱼腥草总黄酮组能显著提高辐射损伤大鼠的免疫力,增强辐射损伤大鼠的骨髓造血功能,并能增加SOD及GSH－Px的含量,增强机体的抗氧化作用;增加白系细胞数和网织红细胞数,升高脾脏指数,增加骨髓DNA含量,降低外周血和骨髓微核率。③C组利血生可提高大鼠的胸腺和脾脏指数;对射线损伤大鼠白细胞数和中性粒细胞数的影响与鱼腥草总黄酮相近;不能显著升高辐射损伤大鼠的骨髓DNA含量、SOD含量及GSH－Px含量,抗辐射氧化损伤的作用较弱。结论鲜鱼腥草全成分提取液在一定程度上可提高辐射损伤大鼠的免疫力,保护辐射损伤大鼠的骨髓造血系统;鱼腥草总黄酮可显著提高辐射损伤大鼠的免疫力,增强辐射损伤大鼠的骨髓造血系统功能;利血生有一定的提高X射线损伤大鼠白细胞数和中性粒细胞数作用,但综合比较利血生的抗辐射作用明显弱于鱼腥草总黄酮。鱼腥草可以部分替代利血生的作用。     

礁膜多糖的辐射防护及其机制的研究

目的 研究礁膜多糖对小鼠的辐射防护作用及其机制。方法 将昆明种小鼠随机分为正常对照组、照射对照组和3个礁膜多糖组(6、12和24 mg/kg),腹腔给药15d后进行一次性X射线照射,照射剂量为6.0Gy/只,照射后继续给药10d。观察小鼠30d存活率,检测礁膜多糖对小鼠外周血白细胞总数(WBC)、血小板(PLT)、红细胞数(RBC)、脾脏指数、脾脏淋巴细胞增殖能力、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果 礁膜多糖组小鼠30 d存活率比照射对照组明显提高,而且礁膜多糖能加速小鼠外周血WBC、PLT和RBC的恢复,显著增高抗氧化物酶GSH-Px 和SOD活性(P<0.01),降低脂质过氧化产物MDA含量,并且明显提高脾脏指数和增强脾脏T淋巴细胞的增殖能力(P<0.01)。结论 礁膜多糖对受照射小鼠有明显的辐射防护作用,其作用机制可能与其保护造血组织、提高机体免疫功能和抗氧化作用有关。     

辐射损伤后不同阶段细胞内外抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量变化的研究

目的 观察不同辐射损伤阶段细胞内外SOD、GSH-PX、CAT 和MDA的改变。方法 36只SD大鼠分为正常对照组和模型组。模型组大鼠采用 ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4 Gy诱导辐射损伤模型。受照后1和21 d对大鼠血清和肝细胞内SOD、GSH-PX、CAT 活性和MDA含量进行检测。结果 与对照组比较,照射后1 d细胞内外SOD、GSH-PX、CAT 活性明显降低和MDA含量明显增高,其变化幅度与受照剂量有关。照射后21 d,0.4～0.8 Gy组与照射后1 d比较,细胞内外SOD、GSH-PX、CAT 活性和MDA含量明显恢复,接近正常对照组水平。但受照剂量超过1.6 Gy组抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量与正常对照组比较仍在异常水平。受照剂量超过3.2 Gy的大鼠在照射后7 d死亡。结论 电离辐射可诱发机体细胞内外抗氧化酶活性损伤,其变化幅度与受照剂量有密切的关系。受照剂量在0.8 Gy以下,辐射损伤恢复期抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量可明显改善。     

小肠RNA对受照射小鼠粒系和巨核细胞系损伤的恢复作用

目的 探讨小肠RNA在促进肠道辐射损伤恢复的同时对受照射小鼠粒系和巨核细胞系损伤的恢复作用。方法 BALB／c雄性小鼠接受1150cCy^60COγ射线一次性腹部照射，于照射后1～3h内分别采用局部肠腔扩张注入法和肌肉注入法给受照射小鼠体内注入小肠RNA。照射后小同时间眼球取血，测定外周血细胞数变化；小平皿琼脂双层培养法测定股骨骨髓细胞CFU-GM形成能力和脾／体比。结果 (1)小鼠在接受一次性腹部照射后，除有肠道损伤外还存在着严重的造血损伤。其损伤在照射后6h即以外周血WBC和PLT数减少，脾／体比下降和骨髓CFU-GM集落形成能力降低等形式表现出来，照后1-8d最为严重，15d时开始恢复。(2)小肠RNA可促进受照射小鼠外周血wBc和PLT数的升高，提高脾／体比，增强骨髓细胞CFU-GM集落形成能力。(3)小鼠受照射后一次注入小肠RNA即可起到很好的疗效，多次给药并不能增加疗效。结论 小肠RNA在促进肠道辐射损伤恢复的同时也能促进粒系、巨核细胞系损伤的恢复。     

芦荟对运动训练小鼠肝组织自由基代谢及超微结构影响的实验研究

通过建立小鼠游泳训练模型 ,测试小鼠肝组织超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH -Px)活性、总抗氧化能力 (TAC)、丙二醛 (MDA)含量、肝指数 (LW/BW)和血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)活性以及对肝组织超微结构的电镜观察 ,旨在研究芦荟对运动训练小鼠肝组织自由基代谢及其超微结构的影响。结果显示 ,芦荟可增加安静状态下小鼠肝组织SOD、GSH -Px活性、TAC和肝指数的值 ,其中TAC和肝指数增加具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。运动后即刻芦荟组小鼠肝组织SOD、GSH -Px活性、TAC和肝指数比其对照组增加显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;芦荟组MDA含量和ALT活性显著低于其对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。运动后 2 4h各指标均有所恢复 ,但大部分仍未恢复到安静时水平 ,恢复芦荟组小鼠SOD活性、TAC和肝指数显著高于其对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;MDA含量和ALT活性显著低于其对照组(P <0 0 5 )。对小鼠肝组织超微结的观察表明 ,芦荟可显著减轻运动对肝组织超微结构的损伤和促进损伤组织的修复。结论 :芦荟可显著提高小鼠肝组织抗自由基氧化的功能 ,对运动造成的肝组织超微结构的损伤有明显的保护作用 ,对小鼠运动能力的提高有良好的作用。     

冬凌草提取物对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的影响

目的探讨冬凌草提取物对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的影响。方法给予小鼠不同剂量的冬凌草提取物灌胃,连续15d,小鼠腹腔注射CCl4油溶液造模急性肝损伤,16h后测定血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果与模型组相比,不同剂量的冬凌草提取物粉末给药组小鼠的血清AST,ALT活性显著降低,MDA的含量减少,SOD活性显著升高。结论冬凌草提取物对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有很好的保护作用,其作用机制可能与冬凌草提取物提高抗氧化酶活性和抗自由基有关。     

低强度He-Ne激光照射对大鼠肝GSH-PX活性、SOD活性及MDA含量的影响

目的观察不同能量密度的He-Ne激光照射大鼠肝区后,大鼠肝GSH-PX活性、SOD活性及MDA含量的变化,以探讨低强度He-Ne激光照射对肝组织活性氧自由基和与之相关酶的影响。方法分别用能量密度为2.98、5.97和8.96J/cm2的He-Ne激光照射大鼠肝区,每日照射1次,共照射10次。照射10次后观察大鼠肝组织中GSH-PX活性、SOD活性及MDA含量的变化,并与对照组进行对比。结果He-Ne激光照射组大鼠肝组织中GSH-PX活性、SOD活性较对照组均有不同程度增高,MDA含量有不同程度降低。尤以5.97J/cm2和8.96J/cm2最显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论He-Ne激光照射可以增强肝组织清除活性氧自由基的能力,减轻自由基对组织细胞的损害。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.