位图在动态绘制肌电信号中的应用

鉴于常见的动态绘制肌电曲线时出现的屏幕闪烁和抖动问题，设计了在面向对象的VisualC 6.0开发平台上，利用MFC(Microsoft Foundation Classes)类库中的位图类Cbitmap来绘制肌电曲线图像，解决肌电数据的动态回放和实时监测中的屏幕闪烁和抖动问题。     

男子下蹲式抓举技术动作的生物力学特征分析

目的研究不同抓举重量下男子抓举技术动作的生物力学特征。方法利用8通道EMG测量系统、三维测力平衡系统和数码摄像机,对上海市举重队现役男子举重运动员在不同重量下抓举过程中的8块具有代表性的浅层骨骼肌的表面肌电、足底反力和抓举视频做同步采集。结果不同抓举重量下举重运动员的足底反力变化曲线趋势一致,基于足底反力曲线中的特征点对抓举技术动作阶段可划分为7个阶段,预备阶段、伸膝提铃阶段、引膝提铃阶段、发力阶段、惯性上升阶段、下降定铃阶段和起立阶段。抓举过程中肌群活动的时间顺序为:背阔肌、竖脊肌、肌直肌、三角肌、肱三头肌、胫骨前肌、肱二头肌和斜方肌。其中,斜方肌的积分肌电值最大,背阔肌的积分肌电值最小。随着抓举重量的增加,肱三头肌和三角肌的积分肌电值增加最大。结论为提高举重运动员抓举项目的比赛成绩,运动员应该重视斜方肌、肱三头肌和三角肌的训练。     

一种呼吸信号的检测方法

探讨呼吸波形的检测方法,针对现有方法的不足,提出了从肌电提取呼吸信号的检测方法—肌电频谱法。该方法首先利用FastICA算法消除胸部肌电信号中的心电信号成分,再对处理后的信号进行短时傅立叶变换,提取平均平移曲线得到呼吸波形。通过仿真及对实际信号的处理,表明该方法简单有效,可以准确地从肌电信号中提取呼吸信号。     

肌电生物反馈仪放松反馈信号提取的方案设计及实现

目的在不干扰目标设备的条件下提出一种基于视频图像处理的技术方案,从而实现肌电生物反馈仪实时视觉反馈状态信息的数据提取。方法在不对原装备作任何改动的情况下通过视频图像实时采集,对每一帧图像中肌电生物反馈仪放松信号灯的点亮位置进行目标自动识别及动态跟踪,完成放松状态反馈信息数据的采集。结果该方案用于识别并跟踪肌电生物反馈仪中视觉反馈灯点亮位置的准确率达到100％,可全程记录整个实验过程中的肌电生物反馈仪放松反馈状态信息。结论利用图像动态跟踪识别技术提取目标设备状态信息是一种对目标设备无干扰的一种新方法,具有较好的应用前景。     

肌电生物反馈的非线性机制

目的探讨肌电生物反馈中肌电与脑电活动间的相关联系及其机制。方法动态同步采集肌电生物反馈中肌电和脑电信号后,在评价肌电幅值和频率的基础上,利用非线性动力学参数——近似熵(ApEn)和互近似熵(Cross-ApEn),分析肌电信号内部以及肌电-脑电信号间的非线性改变。结果随生物反馈次数的增加,对照组及生物反馈组实验前后肌电振幅的最大值、最小值和平均值都明显降低(F=3.85~25.59,P<0.05),生物反馈组实验前及实验后肌电频率明显上升(F=6.71、8.67,P<0.05);同时,肌电信号的ApEn明显降低(F=5.42、2.81,P<0.05),肌电与脑电信号间的互近似熵也明显升高(F=13.77~19.52,P<0.05)。最后2次反馈中上述指标均明显不同于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肌电生物反馈中肌电变化的机理,可能与生物反馈加强了大脑的有意识的调控作用而减弱了大脑对下运动神经元-肌肉系统的非线性易化有关。     

采用广义似然比检测的肌肉收缩起始时刻判断算法

肌电假肢利用残肢残存肌肉的肌电信号实行对假肢的控制。对于低信噪比的残肢表面肌电,本研究采用广义似然比检测方法判断肌肉收缩起始时刻,其中判别阈值与肌电信号信噪比有关。针对不同信噪比的模拟肌电信号,采用离线仿真方法得到肌肉收缩起始时刻检测误差最小的判别阈值,得到信噪比-经验阈值拟合曲线,确定信噪比与阈值的对应关系;根据肌电信噪比由阈值拟合曲线得到判别阈值,采用似然比检测算法在线分析肌肉收缩的起始时刻。与传统算法比较,对于模拟肌电信号,本算法误差均值和标准差分别减小35%和43%;对于真实肌电信号,误差均值和标准差分别减少29%和23%。可见在小信噪比条件下广义似然比检测算法判断肌肉收缩起始时刻较传统算法更为准确。     

基于低频电刺激诱发表面肌电信号的肌肉疲劳度研究

目的 通过对肌肉疲劳过程中非诱发表面肌电(surface electromyography,sEMG)信号和诱发表面肌电信号的研究分析,寻找有效评价肌肉疲劳的分析测量方法.方法 对7名受试者进行自主运动和电刺激两种致肌疲劳的实验,并在两组实验中分别记录电刺激诱发与非诱发肌电信号,然后对每组信号进行傅里叶变换求取功率谱和近似熵.结果 随着疲劳的产生,两组实验诱发信号的频谱曲线左移效果优于非诱发信号,近似熵分析中电刺激组诱发信号出现先上升后下降的变化,自主运动组诱发信号则呈现单调递减的趋势.结论 低频电刺激诱发表面肌电信号更适于测量肌疲劳的动态变化.相对于传统功率谱,近似熵分析方法更适于处理电刺激诱发的表面肌电信号.     

便携式心电监护中实时信号处理方法研究

针对心电信号处理过程中的心电信号数字滤波、心电波形的动态显示、心电数据存储等问题,阐述了3个可用于心电信号实时处理的方法:一是运用滤波器频谱的周期性减少了滤波器系数个数,提高了运算速度,并根据卷积公式特点实现了数字滤波的实时性;二是运用基于内存虚拟屏幕技术实现心电波形动态显示,解决了屏幕闪烁和绘图不连续问题;三是采用嵌入式数据库SQLITE实现了心电数据存储.所有方法均考虑实时性要求,并已成功用于课题组开发的便携式心电监护仪,效果较为理想,具有很强的实用价值.     

用VB5.0实现连续显示和屏幕测量

本文介绍了一种应用VB5.0编程实现连续显示和屏幕测量的方法 ,探讨了多窗口显示和滚动条控件的设置技术 ,可用于科研和计算机辅助教学中的实验曲线连续显示和屏幕测量     

基于骨肌模型的肌肉力计算方法及其面临的若干问题

肌肉力计算已经成为骨肌损伤防护、关节假体设计等研究的重要组成部分,目前基于骨肌系统模型的肌肉力计算方法有:静态优化、动态优化以及基于力-肌电关系的肌肉力计算。本文分析了肌肉力计算方法和骨肌系统建模的研究现状以及面临的若干问题。个性化建模、计算方法的改进和计算结果的实验验证将是今后的研究重点。     

Inverse relations in the patterns of muscle and center of pressure dynamics during standing still and movement postures

The aim of this study was to investigate the postural center of pressure (COP) and surface muscle (EMG) dynamics of young adult participants under conditions where they were required to voluntarily produce random and regular sway motions in contrast to that of standing still. Frequency, amplitude and regularity measures of the COP excursion and EMG activity were assessed, as were measures of the coupling relations between the COP and EMG outputs. The results demonstrated that, even when standing still, there was a high degree of regularity in the COP output, with little difference in the modal frequency dynamics between standing still and preferred motion. Only during random conditions was a significantly greater degree of irregularity observed in the COP measures. The random-like movements were also characterized by a decrease in the level of synchrony between COP motion on the anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) axes. In contrast, at muscle level, the random task resulted in the highest level of regularity (decreased ApEn) for the EMG output for soleus and tibialis anterior. The ability of individuals to produce a random motion was achieved through the decoupling of the COP motion in each dimension. This decoupling strategy was reflected by increased regularity of the EMG output as opposed to any significant change in the synchrony in the firing patterns of the muscles examined. Increased regularity across the individual muscles was accompanied by increased irregularity in COP dynamics, which can be characterized as a complexity tradeoff. Collectively, these findings support the view that the dynamics of muscle firing patterns does not necessarily map directly to the dynamics at the movement task level and vice versa.     

Compensation for interaction torques during single- and multijoint limb movement

During multijoint limb movements such as reaching, rotational forces arise at one joint due to the motions of limb segments about other joints. We report the results of three experiments in which we assessed the extent to which control signals to muscles are adjusted to counteract these "interaction torques." Human subjects performed single- and multijoint pointing movements involving shoulder and elbow motion, and movement parameters related to the magnitude and direction of interaction torques were manipulated systematically. We examined electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder and elbow muscles and, specifically, the relationship between EMG activity and joint interaction torque. A first set of experiments examined single-joint movements. During both single-joint elbow (experiment 1) and shoulder (experiment 2) movements, phasic EMG activity was observed in muscles spanning the stationary joint (shoulder muscles in experiment 1 and elbow muscles in experiment 2). This muscle activity preceded movement and varied in amplitude with the magnitude of upcoming interaction torque (the load resulting from motion of the nonstationary limb segment). In a third experiment, subjects performed multijoint movements involving simultaneous motion at the shoulder and elbow. Movement amplitude and velocity at one joint were held constant, while the direction of movement about the other joint was varied. When the direction of elbow motion was varied (flexion vs. extension) and shoulder kinematics were held constant, EMG activity in shoulder muscles varied depending on the direction of elbow motion (and hence the sign of the interaction torque arising at the shoulder). Similarly, EMG activity in elbow muscles varied depending on the direction of shoulder motion for movements in which elbow kinematics were held constant. The results from all three experiments support the idea that central control signals to muscles are adjusted, in a predictive manner, to compensate for interaction torques-loads arising at one joint that depend on motion about other joints.     

大腿截肢患者的残肢肌电运动识别

目的研究利用大腿残肢肌电信号进行下肢运动模式识别的方法,探讨肌电信号控制下肢假肢的可能性。方法采集15名大腿截肢者残肢侧股直肌、股外侧肌、阔筋膜张肌、股二头肌、半腱肌、臀大肌6块肌肉的表面肌电信号,提取肌电信号的6种时域、频域特征,利用支持向量机对平地行走、上楼梯、下楼梯、坐下、起立5种下肢运动模式进行识别。结果利用残肢肌电信号可以实现5种下肢运动模式的在线识别,对同一受试者同次测试数据识别率为94%,同一受试者的多次混合数据识别率为85%,对不同受试者混合数据识别率为74%。通过特征优化,仅利用3块肌肉的2个特征,对同一受试者的同次测试数据识别率仍可达92%。对平地行走、上楼梯、下楼梯3种动作的识别,同一受试者同次测试数据识别率为100%,同一受试者的多次混合数据识别率为98.33%,对不同受试者混合数据识别率为93.33%。结论仅仅利用残肢肌电信号能够实现运动意图的在线识别,通过对同一患者使用前的多次数据训练,有望达到较高的识别率。研究结果为肌电运动识别用于下肢假肢控制奠定了基础。     

Muscle motion and EMG activity in vibration treatment

The aim of this study is to highlight the relationship between muscle motion, generated by whole body vibration, and the correspondent electromyographic (EMG) activity and to suggest a new method to customize the stimulation frequency. Simultaneous recordings of EMG and tri-axial accelerations of quadriceps rectus femoris from fifteen subjects undergoing vibration treatments were collected. Vibrations were delivered via a sinusoidal oscillating platform at different frequencies (10–45 Hz). Muscle motion was estimated by processing the accelerometer data. Large EMG motion artifacts were removed using sharp notch filters centred at the vibration frequency and its superior harmonics. EMG–RMS values were computed and analyzed before and after artifact suppression to assess muscular activity. Muscles acceleration amplitude increased with frequency. Muscle displacements revealed a mechanical resonant-like behaviour of the muscle. Resonance frequencies and dumping factors depended on subject. Moreover, RMS of artifact-free EMG was found well correlated (R² = 0.82) to the actual muscle displacement, while the maximum of the EMG response was found related to the mechanical resonance frequency of muscle.Results showed that maximum muscular activity was found in correspondence to the mechanical resonance of the muscle itself. Assuming the hypothesis that muscle activation is proportional to muscle displacement, treatment optimization (i.e. to choose the best stimulation frequency) could be obtained by simply monitoring local acceleration (resonance), leading to a more effective muscle stimulation. Motion artifact produced an overestimation of muscle activity, therefore its removal was essential.     

Neural control of superficial and deep neck muscles in humans

Human neck muscles have a complex multi-layered architecture. The role and neural control of these neck muscles were examined in nine seated subjects performing three series of isometric neck muscle contractions: 50-N contractions in eight fixed horizontal directions, 25-N contractions, and 50-N contractions, both with a continuously changing horizontal force direction. Activity in the left sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidus muscles was measured with wire electrodes inserted at the C(4)/C(5) level under ultrasound guidance. We hypothesized that deep and superficial neck muscles would function as postural and focal muscles, respectively, and would thus be controlled by different neural signals. To test these hypotheses, electromyographic (EMG) tuning curves and correlations in the temporal and frequency domains were computed. Three main results emerged from these analyses: EMG tuning curves from all muscles exhibited well-defined preferred directions of activation for the 50-N isometric forces, larger contractions (25 vs. 50 N) yielded more focused EMG tuning curves, and agonist neck muscles from all layers received a common neural drive in the range of 10-15 Hz. The current results demonstrate that all neck muscles can exhibit phasic activity during isometric neck muscle contractions. Similar oscillations in the EMG of neck muscles from different layers further suggest that neck motoneurons were activated by common neurons. The reticular formation appears a likely generator of the common drive to the neck motoneurons due to its widespread projections to different groups of neck motoneurons.     

Shaping appropriate locomotive motor output through interlimb neural pathway within spinal cord in humans

Direct evidence supporting the contribution of upper limb motion on the generation of locomotive motor output in humans is still limited. Here, we aimed to examine the effect of upper limb motion on locomotor-like muscle activities in the lower limb in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). By imposing passive locomotion-like leg movements, all cervical incomplete (n = 7) and thoracic complete SCI subjects (n = 5) exhibited locomotor-like muscle activity in their paralyzed soleus muscles. Upper limb movements in thoracic complete SCI subjects did not affect the electromyographic (EMG) pattern of the muscle activities. This is quite natural since neural connections in the spinal cord between regions controlling upper and lower limbs were completely lost in these subjects. On the other hand, in cervical incomplete SCI subjects, in whom such neural connections were at least partially preserved, the locomotor-like muscle activity was significantly affected by passively imposed upper limb movements. Specifically, the upper limb movements generally increased the soleus EMG activity during the backward swing phase, which corresponds to the stance phase in normal gait. Although some subjects showed a reduction of the EMG magnitude when arm motion was imposed, this was still consistent with locomotor-like motor output because the reduction of the EMG occurred during the forward swing phase corresponding to the swing phase. The present results indicate that the neural signal induced by the upper limb movements contributes not merely to enhance but also to shape the lower limb locomotive motor output, possibly through interlimb neural pathways. Such neural interaction between upper and lower limb motions could be an underlying neural mechanism of human bipedal locomotion.     

Independent coactivation of shoulder and elbow muscles

 The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of independent muscle coactivation at the shoulder and elbow. Subjects performed rapid point-to-point movements in a horizontal plane from different initial limb configurations to a single target. EMG activity was measured from flexor and extensor muscles acting at the shoulder (pectoralis clavicular head and posterior deltoid) and elbow (biceps long head and triceps lateral head) and flexor and extensor muscles acting at both joints (biceps short head and triceps long head). Muscle coactivation was assessed by measuring tonic levels of electromyographic (EMG) activity after limb position stabilized following the end of the movements. It was observed that tonic EMG levels following movements to the same target varied as a function of the amplitude of shoulder and elbow motion. Moreover, for the movements tested here, the coactivation of shoulder and elbow muscles was found to be independent – tonic EMG activity of shoulder muscles increased in proportion to shoulder movement, but was unrelated to elbow motion, whereas elbow and double-joint muscle coactivation varied with the amplitude of elbow movement and were not correlated with shoulder motion. In addition, tonic EMG levels were higher for movements in which the shoulder and elbow rotated in the same direction than for those in which the joints rotated in opposite directions. In this respect, muscle coactivation may reflect a simple strategy to compensate for forces introduced by multijoint limb dynamics. Received: 7 July 1998 / Accepted: 28 July 1998     

运动神经元病的MEP、EMG、NCV与临床

目的：探讨联合应用运动诱发电位(MEP)、肌电图(EMG)和神经传导速度(NCV)对运动神经元病(MND)的诊断和鉴别诊断及分型的价值。方法：对47例MND患做MEP、EMG及NCV检查，EMG检查三个阶段以上的肌肉，其电生理变化与临床病程、分型进行比较。结果：47例MND患中，MEP异常34型，占72．3％，以中枢传导时间(CMCT)延长和波幅降低最多，占44．7％；EMG出现不同电生理变化的神经原性损害依次为运动单位时限增宽93．6％，运动单位减少89．4％，波幅增高74.5％，有纤颤、正相电位68．1％，且随病程延长纤颤、正相电位检出率逐渐降低；运动神经传导速度(MCV)测定，异常7例，占14．9％，感觉神经传导速度(SCV)测定，1条神经轻度减慢，1条波幅降低，异常率占3．3％。结论：MEP、EMG和NCV联合检查，可为MND的诊断、分型与颈椎病的鉴别诊断，提供客观依据。     

EMG activity during whole body vibration: motion artifacts or stretch reflexes?

The validity of electromyographic (EMG) data recorded during whole body vibration (WBV) is controversial. Some authors ascribed a major part of the EMG signal to vibration-induced motion artifacts while others have interpreted the EMG signals as muscular activity caused at least partly by stretch reflexes. The aim of this study was to explore the origin of the EMG signal during WBV using several independent approaches. In ten participants, the latencies and spectrograms of stretch reflex responses evoked by passive dorsiflexions in an ankle ergometer were compared to those of the EMG activity of four leg muscles during WBV. Pressure application to the muscles was used to selectively reduce the stretch reflex, thus permitting to distinguish stretch reflexes from other signals. To monitor motion artifacts, dummy electrodes were placed close to the normal electrodes. Strong evidence for stretch reflexes was found: the latencies of the stretch reflex responses evoked by dorsiflexions were almost identical to the supposed stretch reflex responses during vibration (differences of less than 1 ms). Pressure application significantly reduced the amplitude of both the supposed stretch reflexes during vibration (by 61 ± 17%, p < 0.001) and the stretch reflexes in the ankle ergometer (by 56 ± 13%, p < 0.01). The dummy electrodes showed almost no activity during WBV (7 ± 4% of the corresponding muscle’s iEMG signal). The frequency analyses revealed no evidence of motion artifacts. The present results support the hypothesis of WBV-induced stretch reflexes. Contribution of motion artifacts to the overall EMG activity seems to be insignificant.     

Three-dimensional spatial tuning of neck muscle activation in humans

The complex structure of the neck musculoskeletal system poses challenges to understanding central nervous system (CNS) control strategies. Examining muscle activation patterns in relation to musculoskeletal geometry and three-dimensional mechanics may reveal organizing principles. We analyzed the spatial tuning of neck muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity while subjects generated moments in three dimensions. EMG tuning curves were characterized by their orientation (mean direction) and focus (spread of activity). For the four muscles that were studied (sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis and trapezius), EMG tuning curves exhibited directional preference, with consistent orientation and focus among 12 subjects. However, the directional preference (orientation) of three of the four neck muscles did not correspond to the muscle's moment arm, indicating that maximizing a muscle's mechanical advantage is not the only factor in determining muscle activation. The focus of muscle tuning did not change with moment magnitude, demonstrating that co-contraction did not increase with load. Axial rotation was found to have a strong influence on neck muscle spatial tuning. The uniform results among subjects indicate that the CNS has consistent strategies for selecting neck muscle activations to generate moments in specific directions; however, these strategies depend on three-dimensional mechanics in a complex manner. Electronic Publication