B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎

目的：评价B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PC)治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎的效果。方法：18例重症胆囊炎的老年患者接受了在局部麻醉下经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流。结果：所有患者穿刺置管成功，无一例发生并发症，且症状及体征均于术后24～48h明显改善。结论：PC是一种微创、有效、廉价、可靠的治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎的方法。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流在老年急性胆囊炎患者中的应用

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流在老年急性胆囊炎患者中的应用孙家邦康骅刘家峰贾建国姜文华有报道认为经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流是治疗高危老年急性胆囊炎的一项简单、安全和有效的方法（１）。本文对１１例老年急性梗阻性胆囊炎患者施行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（Ｐｅｒｃｕ－ｔ...     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗合并肝硬化的急性胆囊炎

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗对合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的急性胆囊炎患者的安全性及疗效。方法〓回顾性分析于2013年9月到2014年12月进行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗的合并肝硬化高压症急性胆囊炎患者12例。其中,肝功能Child-pugh A级7例,Child-pugh B级5例,分析12例患者经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流术后并发症发生情况、术后炎症消退情况、术前后肝功能变化情况。结果〓12例患者均通过皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗后胆囊炎症消退,并择期成功行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术。其中,有2例患者因穿刺出现腹腔内出血,后经保守治疗后出血停止。无胆瘘发生。术后部分患者肝功能有所改善。结论〓经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流治疗对合并肝硬化的急性胆囊炎是一种安全的治疗方法,可作为后续安全地施行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的过渡。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗高龄高危急性胆囊炎

目的探讨B超定位下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗高龄高危急性胆囊炎的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2016年8月期间接受经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术118例高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 118例均穿刺置管成功,106例获得有效的胆囊引流并治愈,10例术后1~3个月后行择期LC,有8例引流效果不佳予以手术治疗,4例出现导管滑脱后予以保守治疗症状缓解。结论经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗高龄高危急性胆囊炎是一项安全、有效的方法。     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊造瘘治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎

目的探讨超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（percutaneous transhepatic gallb ladder catheterizing drainage,PTGCD）治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效。方法18例有急诊胆囊切除禁忌的老年急性重症胆囊炎患者,在超声引导下行PTGCD。其中,结石性胆囊炎14例,非结石性胆囊炎4例。结果均一次性置管成功,未出现并发症;14例结石性胆囊炎患者中,11例择期行胆囊切除术,3例不能耐受手术患者无症状长期置管。4例非结石性胆囊炎患者于引流后3~4周行胆道造影示无梗阻后拔管康复。结论超声引导下PTGCD治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎是一种简单、安全而有效的方法。     

经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流在急性重症胆囊炎的治疗体会

目的评价经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效及临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析本院2013年1月至2015年1月间进行经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗不适宜行胆囊切除术的急性重症胆囊炎患者共25例的临床资料及随访资料,探讨本方法的疗效和应用价值。结果 25例患者均一次置管成功,术后1~3天内症状缓解率为100%,其中9例患者引流至痊愈后拔管,11例患者于情况好转后行Ⅱ期胆囊切除术,5例患者长期置管,其中3例死于恶性肿瘤进展。结论经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗急性重症胆囊炎能够安全、快速地缓解症状,具有一定的治疗作用,并且可以为后续治疗提供时间。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管药物冲洗引流治疗老年急性化脓性胆囊炎

目的 总结经皮经肝囊穿刺置管药物冲洗引流治疗老年急性化脓性胆囊炎的治疗经验。方法 采用F8PTRO套管针穿刺，经肝经路；经腹腔经路。结果 对186例病人采用本方法治疗均获得穿刺成功，无出血、胆汁漏胆汁性腹膜炎等合并症。药物冲洗1周，胆囊炎症即完全控制。本组有4例2d内脱管给予重新置管，12例3d后脱管，因胆囊炎症基本控制未再置管，7例合并黄疸的病人胆囊炎症控制后黄疸亦随之消退，7例做了择期胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石，3例因合并有胆总管结石出现中毒性休克，自动出院，1例死于心衰。结论 经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管药物冲洗引流是治疗老年急性化脓性胆囊炎的一种安全、微创、有效方法。     

CT引导胆囊穿刺引流在高龄急性重症胆囊炎治疗中的作用

目的分析CT引导下胆囊穿刺置管引流在治疗高龄急性重症胆囊炎病人中的临床效果及价值。方法回顾性分析2014年2月至2015年8月共38例高龄急性重症胆囊炎病人,经CT引导下胆囊穿刺置管引流,观察并分析此干预方法在病人临床转归中的作用和价值。结果 38例病人均经急诊行CT引导胆囊穿刺引流成功且效果明显,术后2天体温恢复正常,术后当天腹痛缓解率84.2%(32/38)。其中28例(73.7%)病人术后1~8周顺利实施二期手术治疗,无1例死亡。结论 CT引导胆囊穿刺引流作为一种安全有效的高龄急性重症胆囊炎的急症干预手段,不仅能缓解病人的急症病情,而且能为二期手术治疗创造有利准备条件。     

PTGD术后择期LC治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎应用体会

总结B超引流下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTGD)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎的临床经验。回顾分析2008年1月—2013年10月接受PTGD治疗的140例老年急性重症胆囊炎患者的临床资料,其中124例择期在PTGD术后1~3个月行LC。140例患者肝穿刺置管成功,置管后1~3 h腹痛明显减轻,体温24~48 h降至正常,术后发生胆汁漏2例。16例非结石性胆囊炎患者愈后3~6周拔管;124例结石性胆囊炎患者术后1~3个月择期行LC,5例中转开腹。LC术后患者恢复顺利,无严重并发症。老年急性重症胆囊炎宜先行PTGD缓解炎症,以免发生胆囊穿孔,择期LC可明显改善预后。     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石梗阻性胆囊炎

目的 探讨和分析超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石梗阻性胆囊炎的临床效果。方法 将我院2015年1月至2016年1月收治的急性结石梗阻性胆囊炎患者90例,按数字随机法分为对照组（n=45）和观察组（n=45）。经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流联合二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术应用于观察组的治疗,急诊腹腔镜下胆囊切除术应用于对照组患者的治疗。对比两组患者术中及术后差异。结果 观察组经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管的一次性置管成功率为100%。观察组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后拔管时间、术后排气时间、术后腹腔引流量、住院时间等指标上均比对照组要低（P<0.05）。观察组无中转开腹病例,术后发生胆汁漏1例,无术后死亡病例;对照组中转开腹3例,发生胆管损伤2例、出血1例、胆汁漏2例,术后死亡1例;两组比较均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论 经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术时间少,简单,安全性较高,值得在临床工作中开展和运用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.