锰对接触工人肝功能的影响

对５５名锰粉加工工人和５６名对照工人的某些肝功能指标进行了测定。结果表明,作业环境空气中锰尘ＭｎＯ２浓度几何均值为１．９６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３（０．１７～２２．２４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）,样品超标率８８．７％,接触组头晕头痛、睡眠障碍、容易疲劳和记忆不良的主诉率比对照组高（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１）,血清谷丙转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）活性和麝香草酚浊度（ＴＴＴ）了明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示锰毒性早期不仅蚴及工人的神经系统     

低浓度锰暴露对工人心血管功能的影响

为明确低水平锰暴露是否损害工人心血管功能,对３６名锰作业工人和３６名对照工人的心率、心电图和血压进行了调查。结果表明,作业环境空气中ＭｎＯ２几何平均浓度为０．０７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３（０．０２～０．２９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,样品超标率１１．１％）;接触组及其女工亚组心率明显加快,Ｐ－Ｒ间期明显缩短（Ｐ〈０．０５）。与５年前的体检资料相比较（自身对照）,接触组ＱＲＳ波明显变宽,Ｔ波明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示低水     

锰对男工性机能及其生殖结局的影响

为明确职业性接触锰是否损害男性生殖机能，采用生殖流行病学的方法，对３１４名锰作业男工和３１４名对照男工的性机能及其生殖结局进行了调查。结果发现，７４个作业点的２０９个空气ＭｎＯ２样品的几何平均浓度为０．１４５ｍｇ／ｍ３（０．００２～９．３４０ｍｇ／ｍ３），作业点和样品的超标率分别为４７．３％和４０．２％；锰作业男工生殖结局与对照组相比差异无显著性；其性机能障碍、阳萎和性欲减退发生率分别为８．９％、５．４％和１８．８％，均明显高于对照组（对照组上述异常发生率相应为４．８％、１．９％和１１．８％；ＲＲ＝１．９，２．８和１．６，９５％ＣＩ＝１．０～３．６，１．１～７．３和１．０～２．５，Ｐ＜０．０５），而且在不同工龄亚组间的分布差异亦有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１），有随锰作业工龄增加而增高的趋势。提示：低浓度锰暴露对男性性机能障碍有病因学意义。     

交通警察作业环境职业危害因素及其对健康的影响

重庆市区８个交通路段空气中的ＣＯ浓度为５．８５￣３８．２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，ＮＯｘ为０．２６￣１．０３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，ＳＯ２为０．１９￣１．０４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，均超过国家标准。噪声为６０￣９０ｄＢ（Ａ），等效连续声级为７０．５￣７５．７ＬｅｑｄＢ（Ａ），亦超过标准。且符合Ⅲ级高温作业。神经衰弱症候群、消化道及呼吸道症状等交警组明显多于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５和Ｐ〈０．０１）。高血压、心电图描记和Ｂ超异常出现率也     

锰作业工人心电图,血压变化的调查研究

研究了锰对工人心血管功能的影响。作业场所空气中ＭｎＯ＿２浓度几何均值为０．１３ｍｇ／ｍ￣３（０．１０～０．９７ｍｇ／ｍ￣３）。接触组心电图异常和舒张压偏低检出率与对照组相比无显著性差异，但其舒张压均值显著比对照组低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；舒张压偏低检出率在不同接锰工龄和年龄组间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；接锰女工舒张压偏低检出率显著比男工高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明锰对血管作用明显，且以女工更为敏感。     

化工厂环氧丙烷作业工人外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体互换率的调查

为了解接触环氧丙烷工人的遗传毒理学效应的改变,采用外周血淋巴细胞培养的方法检测了５０名接触环氧炳烷工人（其中包装车间２０人,车间空气ＰＯ浓度１２２．８ｍｇ／ｍ＾３;酸化等车间３０人,车间空气ＰＯ浓度１６．６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）和４２人对照者的外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）率,并对结果进行分析。接触组ＳＣＥ（５．６８次／细胞）略高于对照组（５．３９次／细胞）,两组结果差异,Ｐ〈０．０５。接触组的     

油毡工肺癌病因学研究

对全国１５个省市２０家油毡厂工人的肺癌发病作了连续１７例的队列研究。结果表明，男性油毡人工肺癌发病率超出对照人群和全国城市居民，ＳＭＲ分别为３３７和１８１。按工作场所沥青烟浓度平均为０．８８ｍｇ．ｍ＾３，９６ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，６．２８ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，分成低、中、高３层接触水平后，与对照人群肺癌相比的ＳＭＲ为１９９（Ｐ〉０．０５），３１９（Ｐ〈０．０１），４１５（Ｐ〈０．０１）；与全国城市居民相比的ＳＭＲ     

铅性肾病的流行病学分析

我们检查了铅接触人员１０２３名，发现铅性肾病８４例，患病率８．２％。女性３４例（７．２％），男性５０例（９％），男女铅性肾病患病率无显著性差异。印刷厂空气铅浓度平均０．００６９ｍｇ／ｍ３，蓄电池厂为０．１００５ｍｇ／ｍ３，铅矿为０．５ｍｇ／ｍ３。铅性肾病患病率分别为４．７３％，８．３％和２８．５７％（Ｐ＜０．００５）。分析铅性肾病患病率与年龄和铅接触年限的关系。年龄小于３０岁，～４０岁，～５０岁和大于５０岁者，铅性肾病患病率分别为５．５％，８．６％，１２．１％，和１５．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。铅接触年限小于１０年，～２０年和大于２０年者，铅性肾病患病率分别为６．６％，９．９％和１３．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

臭氧对大鼠和小鼠血液中某些生化指标的影响

观察低浓度臭氧（Ｏ３）对大鼠血液中某些生化指标的影响。结果表明，碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）随着染毒浓度的增加呈下降趋势，ＡＫＰ和ＡＣＰ较敏感，在０．２０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３时与对照比较有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。同时对大鼠和小鼠血液中磷酸肌酸激酶（ＣＰＫ）进行了比较，发现ＣＰＫ呈双相性变化，０．０５～０．１０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３可使该酶活性升高，０．１０～０．２０ｍｇ／ｍ＾     

丁苯橡胶作业女工自然流产与染色体异常

对丁苯橡胶作业１７２对夫妻的自然流产情况进行了观察和染色检查，并以包装工１５４对夫妻做对照组。自然流产率分别为９．３％和３．４％，Ｐ〈０．１；染色体异常率分别为５．８％和０．６％，Ｐ〈０．１；对接触组流产胚胎９例、对照组５例的绒毛进行检查，染色体异常率分别为６７％及未检出，Ｐ〈０．０１。另对橡胶车间空气中主要毒物苯、苯乙烯的浓度做了测定，苯浓度为１２．３－４２．４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，苯乙烯为２９．４－７     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.