脑卒中后癫痫160例临床分析

目的 探讨脑卒中后癫痫的临床特征及发病机制。方法 对1860例脑卒中患中的160例继发癫痫的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 卒中后癫痫总发生率为8．6％，其中早发型癫痫占64％，迟发型癫痫占36％。早发型癫痫多见于脑出血，而迟发型癫痫多见于脑梗死。卒中后癫痫的发生率因病灶部位(皮质／皮质下)的不同存在显性差异。皮质病灶中,位于额叶、颞叶、顶叶好发癫痫。皮质下区病灶在基底节、内囊易发生癫痫。结论 脑卒中后癫痫以早发型为多,早期癫痫多见于脑出血,而迟发型癫痫多见于脑梗死。病灶位于皮质发生癫痫的危险性高,皮质下结构在癫痫活动的调节中也起着重要的作用。     

蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫痫发作

目的　探讨蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫痫的临床特点。方法　回顾性分析近 2 0年来经腰穿及CT证实的 2 84例蛛网膜下腔出血患者中 3 6例继发性癫痫的临床资料。结果　蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫痫的发病率为 12 68% (3 6/2 84) ,其中全身性强直 -阵挛发作占 61 11% (2 2 /3 6) ,简单部分性运动发作占 19 44(7/3 6) ,复杂部分性运动发作占 19 44% (7/3 6) ;2周内癫痫发作 3 3例 ,其中以癫痫为首发症状 16例 ,18例临时用过抗癫痫药 ;2周后癫痫发作的 3例 ,需长期服抗癫痫药。结论　蛛网膜下腔出血较易继发癫痫 ,且与出血量及出血部位密切相关 ;早期发作较易控制 ,晚期发作较难控制 ,需长期服用抗癫痫药。     

Ischemic Heart Disease in Patients with Epilepsy

It has been suggested that patients with epilepsy and particularly those on long-term anticonvulsant medication may have a lower than expected risk of ischemic heart disease. The records of a cohort of patients with epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota were reviewed to ascertain their rates of occurrence of ischemic heart disease. The results did not show any relative decrease in the incidence or mortality rates due to ischemic heart disease among men or women with epilepsy. The numbers of ischemic heart disease incidence and mortality cases were 25 and 15, respectively, relative to corresponding expected values of 15.0 and 15.7 new and fatal events. The use of anticonvulsant medications did not appear to influence the rates of ischemic heart disease among the patients with epilepsy. Subgroups of the epilepsy patients, by etiology and types of epilepsy, were not found to account for a disproportionate share of the ischemic heart disease. The survivorship of epilepsy patients after the initial manifestations of ischemic heart disease was comparable to that expected among all ischemic heart disease patients.     

Risk Factors for Developing Seizures After a Stroke

Summary: We evaluated development of seizures in 219 consecutive patients who had ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Subjects with transitory ischemic attacks, sub-arachnoid, subdural, and epidural hemorrhages or those with previous history of epilepsy were excluded. Mean follow-up time was 11.5 months (range 1–72 months). Twenty-two of 219 stroke patients (10.04%) had seizures. Twelve (54.55%) were of early onset (<1 month after the stroke), and 10 (45.45%) were of late onset. No statistically significant differences were evident between the early- and late-onset seizure group in comparisons of type of stroke, localization, and size of the lesion. Six of 22 patients (27%) had seizure recurrence. Seizures developed in (a) 13 of 183 patients with ischemic stroke (7.1%) and 9 of 36 patients with hemorrhagic stroke (25%) (p = 0.01); (b) 16 of 93 patients with cortical lesions (17%) and 6 of 126 patients with subcortical lesions (4.7%) (p = 0.01); and (c) 14 of 66 patients with a lesion comprising more than one lobe (21.2%) and 8 of 153 patients with a lesion comprising less than one lobe (5.2%) (p < 0.01). We conclude that patients with hemorrhagic stroke, cortical lesions, and lesions involving more than one lobe are at higher risk of developing seizures.     

Adjunctive Therapy in Resistant Epilepsy

Summary: : It is now established that the overall prognosis for epilepsy is good and that remission will occur in at least 75% of patients following adequate treatment with monotherapy. Patients who fail to respond to monotherapy, who are not suitable for surgery, and who continue to have frequent seizures may have to be considered for an alternative drug regimen. A review of the literature indicates that complete seizure control with adjunctive treatment is rare, but improved seizure control can be obtained in up to 40% of patients. In a study of clobazam as adjunctive treatment, 60% (N = 20) of our patients responded to treatment initially and 33% maintained an improvement over an 18-month period. In 31 patients who failed to respond to carbamazepine as monotherapy, primidone (N = 16) or valproate (N = 15) were prescribed as adjunctive treatment. One patient obtained complete freedom from seizures and 14 (45%) had a > 50% reduction in seizure frequency. Suggested indications for the use of additive treatment in epilepsy are discussed.     

出血性卒中的脑血流自动调节研究进展

脑血流自动调节 （cerebral autoregulation, CA） 是人体在一定血压或脑灌注压波动范围内维持脑血流量 （cerebral blood flow） 相对稳定的能力, 可避免脑组织发生高灌注或低灌注。 CA在出血性卒中中存在不同程度受损, 且与临床因素及预后密切相关。 对出血性卒中患者行CA监测不仅可评估临床预后, 还可为动脉血压及脑灌注压的管理提供参考信息。 本文主要就脑出血 （intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH） 和蛛网膜下腔出血 （subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH） 的CA相关进展做一综述, 旨在探讨CA在上述疾病中的改变及其临床应用价值。     

卒中后癫患者的安全护理

目的探讨卒中后癫患者的安全护理,以减少并发症。方法对卒中后癫患者45例进行针对性的护理,观察患者临床护理效果及并发症情况。结果 45例卒中后癫患者中除出现2例舌咬伤,1例下肢静脉血栓外,其余患者在住院期间无意外发生。结论对卒中后癫患者在住院期间加强抽搐及预防并发症的护理,临床效果满意。     

卒中后癫痫研究进展

卒中与癫痫为神经系统最常见疾病,二者关系密切。卒中后癫痫（post-stroke epilepsy,PSE） 为卒中常见并发症,是老年人首发癫痫最常见病因,发作类型多样,其发生与卒中类型、部位密切相关, 严重影响患者生活质量及预后。目前研究发现离子通道、神经递质、遗传等多个因素参与PSE的发生 发展。本文就PSE定义、流行病学、发病机制、临床特点及治疗的最新进展做一综述。     

脑卒中后早期癫痫发作的发生率及其相关因素分析

目的研究脑卒中后2周内癫痫发作的发生率及其相关因素。方法回顾性分析1062例急性脑卒中患者发病后2周内癫痫发作的发生率、发作类型、病死率及癫痫与脑卒中类型、病灶部位的相关性。结果急性脑卒中发病后2周内早期癫痫发作的发生率为5．7%,其中以蛛网膜下腔出血后癫痫发作的发生率最高(9．6%);部分性癫痫发作多发生于缺血性卒中,而出血性卒中以全面性癫痫发作好发。无论病变性质如何,皮质损害的患者易导致早期癫痫发作。结论脑卒中后早期癫痫发作很常见,其发生率与卒中类型及病变部位相关。     

急性卒中患者住院期间感染的临床特征及危险因素分析

目的 探讨急性卒中患者住院期间感染的临床特征及危险因素,为制订感染预防策略提供思路。      

中风后癫痫的临床研究

本文报告３６例中风后癫痫发作的临床和ＣＴ资料。通过回顾性病历复习和随访发现，中风后癫痫的发生率占同期住院中风患者的５．２６％，以蛛网膜下腔出血和脑栓塞发生癫痫比率最高，分别为１５％和１２．５％。癫痫发作与ＣＴ所见病灶分布密切相关，皮质病灶较皮质下病灶更易发生病病。癫痫发作可发生于中风后任何时期，但早期癫痫以出血性中风多见，而迟发性癫痫则更多见于脑梗塞患者。     

脑电图在卒中患者管理中的应用

脑电图（electroencephalography,EEG）长期以来在癫痫的诊断和治疗中被广泛应用,但在缺血性卒中治疗中较少使用。最近,不少研究提示：脑电图信息具有反映缺血皮层血流灌注、监测溶栓治疗、预测卒中与癫痫发生相关性以及判断病情预后等潜在应用价值,并具有实时、动态、便捷等优点,为缺血性卒中患者的治疗和管理提供了新视野。     

De Novo Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures After Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: Purpose: The occurrence of de novo nonepileptic seizures (NES) after epilepsy surgery have been reported only twice in the literature (one article and one abstract).
Methods: We report three patients whose de novo NES were documented by video-EEG telemetry after epilepsy surgery. These patients were drawn from a sample of 166 consecutive patients who underwent epilepsy surgery at our center between 1989 and 1996.
Results: Two patients became seizure free after surgery, and one had significant improvement of her seizures. The interval between the date of surgery and the development of the symptoms was variable (8, 10, and 47 months, respectively). The clinical phenomena of NES differed from those of the epileptic seizures preceding surgery. Their diagnosis had not been suspected in two patients before the diagnostic video-EEG monitoring study. After the diagnosis of NES, spells stopped in two patients and recurred rarely in one.
Conclusions: We conclude that de novo NES appears to occur rarely after epilepsy surgery. Given that the possibility of NES was suspected in only one patient, its incidence after surgery may be higher than so far reported. Physicians should therefore consider NES in the differential diagnosis of recurrent seizures after a seizure-free period after epilepsy surgery.     

Risk of recurrence after first unprovoked tonic-clonic seizure in adults

The likelihood of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure has profound social, vocational and emotional implications for the patients. Recurrence rates have varied between 27% and 71% in various studies, and the management of patients with a single unprovoked seizure is a controversial topic. In this prospective study we investigated the influence of age, sex, family history, EEG patterns, and anticonvulsant drug (ACD) therapy on seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked tonic-clonic seizure in adults. For this purpose, between October 1988 and January 1991, we studied adult patients who had experienced their after unprovoked tonic-clonic seizure within last 2 months before neurological consultation, and followed them until June 1993. There were 147 patients who met the criteria for inclusion. Overall cumulative recurrence rates were 31.8% by 6 months, 41.3% by 1 year, 44.1% by 2 years, 42.2% by 3 years, and 45.2% by 4 years. Among the risk factors that were evaluated, the time of the day at which the initial seizure occurred was associated significantly (P < 0.05) with seizure recurrence. In our series, 62 patients received ACD and 85 did not. We did not find a significant difference in recurrence rate with regard to ACID therapy. Our results are comparable with those of studies reported preeviously and suggest that the majority of recurrences after a first unprovoked seizure were seen in the first year (in our series 89% of all recurrences). In our study there was no significant predictor of seizure recurrence, except the time of day at which the initial seizure occurred.Presented in part at the XVth World Congress of Neurology, Vancouver, Canada, 5–10 September 1993     

Early Seizures After Acute Stroke: A Study of 1,640 Cases

Summary: We evaluated prospectively the occurrence of seizures within 15 days of a first stroke or transient ischemic episode in 1,640 patients to study relation between seizures and type of stroke. Seizures occurred in 90 patients (5·4%), including 36 (4·4%) of 814 with infarct owing to atheroma, 21 (16·6%) of 126 with infarct owing to cardiogenic embolus, 3 (1%) of 273 owing to lacunar infarct, 5 (1·9%) of 259 owing to transient ischemic attack (TIA), 21 (16·2%) of 129 owing to supratentorial he matoma, and 4 (16·6%) of 24 owing to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thirteen (14·6%) of 89 subcortical infarcts were associated with seizures. Seizures were the initial sign of stroke in 80 (89%) of 90 cases and were usually single and partial. Seizure symptoms were most often motor, sensory, or visual.     

Neuroinflammation responses after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A review

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important cause of stroke mortality and morbidity, especially in the young stroke population. Recent evidences indicate that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in both early brain injury and the delayed brain deterioration after SAH, including cellular and molecular components. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) can lead to death after SAH and independently correlated with poor outcome. Neuroinflammation is evidenced to contribute to the etiology of vasospasm. Besides, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) commonly occurs in the SAH patients, with the presence of non-infectious fever and systematic complications. In this review, we summarize the evidences that indicate the prominent role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of SAH. That may provide the potential implications on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.     

EEG and Seizure Outcome After Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The significance of the EEG after epilepsy surgery is not fully understood. We investigated the as- sociation between postoperative EEG abnormalities and persistent seizures after epilepsy surgery as they relate to pathologic lesions. Among 254 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery between 1987 and 1991, we identified 78 patients who had mesiotemporal sclerosis (MTS) and 47 patients who had low-grade brain tumors, all of whom had 6-to 18-month postoperative follow-up including EEG. Patients who had other pathology, multiple operations, callosotomy, or hemispherectomy, or who were aged <18 years or who had insufficient EEG data, were excluded. Patients were classified as having persistent seizures or being seizure-free since operation. EEG abnormalities were abstracted from EEG reports 6–18 months postoperatively. Seizures persisted in 24% of the MTS group and in 27% of the tumor group. Of those with normal EEGs, none of the MTS patients and only 1 of the tumor patients had persistent seizures (p = 0.03 for MTS and p = 0.42 for tumor). Epileptiform discharges and focal slowing were associated with seizure persistence in both groups, but to a significant extent only in the MTS group. In the MTS group, patients who had both epileptiform discharges and focal slowing were more likely to have persistent seizures than were those with either abnormality alone.