单中心腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的 研究分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹原因. 方法 对1994年4月至2001年6月410例LC中转开腹原因进行统计和分析. 结果 410例开腹病例中(转开腹率5.75%),胆囊三角处理困难136例(33.2%),胆总管结石或异常134例(32.7%),胆囊与周围脏器严重粘连54例(13.2%),胆道损伤28例(6.8%),术中出血11例(2.7%),腹腔严重粘连9例(2.2%),胆囊炎症严重10例(2.4%),胆囊管增粗13例(3.2%),怀疑胆囊癌9例(2.2%),异常发现6例(1.5%). 结论 转开腹重要原因依次为胆囊三角处理困难,胆总管结石,胆囊与周围脏器粘连,胆道损伤;胆囊三角处理困难仍是LC中转开腹的首要原因,胆总管结石和胆囊与周围脏器严重粘连有较高的比例,胆道损伤率相对较低.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的临床分析：附39例报告

目的:分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹的原因及相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月—2015年12月3 849例行LC患者的临床资料。结果:3 849例患者中,中转开腹39例(1.01%),且中转开腹率在2010—2015年的各年度间差异无统计学意义(P=0.982)。中转开腹原因包括胆囊三角解剖结构不清16例,腹腔或胆囊周围粘连严重14例,Mirrizi综合征3例,胆囊动脉出血2例,胆汁漏、胆总管损伤、胆囊十二指肠瘘、胆囊癌各1例。早期中转开腹33例,中晚期中转开腹6例,后者中5例的中转开腹均因发生术中并发症而实施,包括2例胆囊动脉出血,1例因粘连紧密致胆囊破裂后胆囊三角结构不清,1例胆总管损伤,1例胆汁漏。性别、年龄、病程均为LC中转开腹的影响因素(均P0.05)。高年资术者实施的LC中转开腹术后近期并发症发生率明显低于低年资术者(P=0.043)。结论:LC中有一定的中转率,胆囊三角处理困难,腹腔或胆囊周围粘连严重是中转开腹的主要原因,存在相关影响因素者应选择早期中转开腹以确保手术安全。     

基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的 探讨基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中转开腹手术的原因.方法 回顾分析2005年10月～2013年3月胆囊疾病患者行LC中转开腹手术的病例资料.结果 1650例LC中转病例31例,中转率为1.88％,术后患者均顺利出院,无死亡病例.结论 胆囊炎行LC中转开腹手术的主要原因为发生胆囊三角致密性粘连、解剖不清、胆囊周围严重粘连、出血及胆道损伤.及时中转开腹,把握中转开腹时机是降低并发症的有效措施.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因分析

回顾性分析近6年来腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术中转开腹患者的临床资料。780例LC中，中转开腹25例（3.2％）。中转开腹的原因：胆囊与周围组织粘连紧密10例（1.28％），胆囊严重急性炎症4例（0.51％），Calot三角“冰冻样”粘连4例（0.51%），不能处理嵌顿结石3例（0.39%），肝外胆管变异2例（0.25%），脐下第一穿刺孔周围广泛粘连1例（0.12%），胆囊床出血不止1例（0.12%）。中转开腹者无1例死亡，无术后并发症。提示LC中转开腹原因主要是胆囊周围粘连及腹腔粘连，术中发现有特殊情况，完成LC有困难者，应及时中转开腹。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆道解剖异常的防范

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中肝外胆道异常的诊断及处理。方法1999年10月～2008年6月1216例LC中，发现15例（1．2％）胆道解剖异常。3例胆囊管异常粗、短，开口在左右肝管汇合部；1例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿，胆总管较细，向上牵拉胆囊使胆总管走行移位；1例胆囊管与肝总管并行后低位开口，1例胆囊管在胆总管右侧回旋扭曲，开口于右肝管侧壁，2例胆囊壶腹部粘连严重，覆盖于胆总管及肝总管前方；3例在胆床附近见迷走胆管走行；3例在分离胆囊管时发现右后肝管开口于肝总管；1例Mirizzi综合征解剖不清。仔细分离，丝线结扎或上钛夹处理，解剖不清者中转开腹。结果13例顺利完成LC；2例（13．3％）中转开腹，其中1例副右肝管损伤，1例Mirizzi综合征。无腹腔内出血、腹腔感染、肠道损伤及死亡等严重并发症。15例随访3个月～4年，其中〉1年11例，无胆道狭窄及残余结石。结论LC术中精细解剖胆囊三角，确切辨认各管道关系，是预防胆道异常情况下肝外胆道损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因及意义探讨(附5260例报告)

目的 了解目前我国腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因。方法 对1994年－1999年期间有关献报道腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的病例数及原因进行统计和分析。结果 5260例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中，中转开腹169例，中转手术率为3．21％。中转手术的主要原因为：胆道损伤22例（13％）、出血25例（14．8％），腹腔内粘连81例（48％），急性胆囊炎16例（9．5％），胆漏3例（1．8％），术中发现胃癌1例（0．6％），胆囊癌及“瓷”胆囊10例（6％），胆总管增宽及结石4例（2．4％） 胆囊内瘘2例（1．2％），胃及肠管损伤4例（2．4％），因气腹不满意无法完成手术1例（0．6％）。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的主要原因依次为腹腔内严重粘连、胆道损伤及血管损伤。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹21例原因分析

我院自1999年10月至2005年5月期间共进行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）547例，中转开腹21例（3．84％）。其中胆囊结石17例，胆囊息肉1例，胆囊结石合并胆囊息肉1例，先天性胆囊缺如2例；主动中转开腹15例，被动中转开腹6例。中转开腹主要原因依次为粘连11例，肝外胆管损伤4例，先天性胆囊缺如2例，胃十二指肠损伤、出血、结石嵌顿于胆囊管与胆总管交界处及胆囊癌各1例。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的临床分析（附43例报告）

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中转开腹的原因、时机及如何预防、减少LC并发症的发生。方法：回顾分析2002年9月至2009年12月1 036例LC中43例中转开腹患者的临床资料。结果：本组LC中转开腹率4.15%,原因包括胆囊周围及Calot三角严重粘连,术中无法控制的出血,十二指肠损伤,迷走胆管漏和胆道损伤。结论：术中把握中转开腹时机及处理方法,可减少LC并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹的原因。方法 回顾性分析1998年4月～2002年3月本院LC术中转开腹病例的临床资料。结果 1368例LC中，中转开腹60例，中转率4．39％。中转开腹的原因：腹腔内及Calot三角粘连17例，急性胆囊炎或急性胆囊炎恢复期14例，胆囊癌2例，胆肠内瘘5例，胆总管结石2例，萎缩性胆囊炎6例，出血2例，胆道损伤2例，Minizi综合征2例，胆漏1例，黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎1例，其它原因6例。结论 Colat三角解剖不清是LC中转开腹的主要原因，也与手术的技术水平和经验有关。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹25例临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC)中转开腹的原因并探讨其防治措施。方法1998年7月-2004年8月共行462例LC，中转开腹21例(14．5％)，回顾性分析其临床特点及治疗效果。结果术中发现右肝管被夹闭1例，胆漏3例，术野不清出血明显17例，予中转开腹进一步处理，均痊愈出院。结论熟悉各种解剖变异、规范精细操作、适时中转开腹是预防LC并发症的关键；胆囊周围粘连严重、解剖困难、出血不易控制、损伤周围脏器、胆囊癌变等情况是中转开腹手术的适应证。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术450例临床分析

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的经验教训,以减少手术并发症的发生。方法:回顾分析2012~2015年共450例LC患者的临床资料。结果:450例LC中,432例(96%)手术获得成功,18例(4%)中转开腹,其中胆囊三角充血水肿、解剖不清12例,胆囊床渗血3例,胆管损伤2例,右肝管畸形1例。手术时间35~130 min,平均(51.0±21.2)min。术后并发症包括:胆囊动脉钛夹松动出血2例,胆漏6例,肺部感染1例,心率失常1例,均通过相应手段治愈。无手术死亡病例。平均住院(4.2±1.2)d。结论:LC具有损伤小、痛苦少、康复快等优点,但也应重视其并发症,术前全面评估,根据术者的经验个体化选择,术中耐心仔细地操作,适时中转开腹,以减少并发症的发生。     

Comparative analysis of iatrogenic injury of biliary tract in laparotomic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background

Iatrogenic injury to the bile ducts is the most feared complication of cholecystectomy and several are the possibilities to occur.

Aim

To compare the cases of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tract occurring in conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, assessing the likely causal factors, complications and postoperative follow-up.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study with analysis of records of patients undergoing conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All the patients were analyzed in two years. The only criterion for inclusion was to be operative bile duct injury, regardless of location or time of diagnosis. There were no exclusion criteria. Epidemiological data of patients, time of diagnosis of the lesion and its location were analyzed.

Results

Total of 515 patients with gallstones was operated, 320 (62.1 %) by laparotomy cholecystectomy and 195 by laparoscopic approach. The age of patients with bile duct injury ranged from 29-70 years. Among those who underwent laparotomy cholecystectomy, four cases were diagnosed (1.25 %) with lesions, corresponding to 0.77 % of the total patients. No patient had iatrogenic interventions with laparoscopic surgery.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to laparotomy, had a lower rate of bile duct injury.     

3606 cholecystectomies under celioscopy. The Register of the French Society of Digestive Surgery]

Early results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy must be evaluated. In this way, the "Société Fran?aise de Chirurgie Digestive" started to collect records of laparoscopic cholecystectomies from December 1989. 119 surgeons from 67 departments of surgery have been included in this study. By February 1992, 3,606 procedures were collected. The mean age of these patients was 51 years. Sex ratio was 0.29. 21.5% of patients had a history of acute cholecystitis. An operative cholangiogram was performed in 6.4% of cases. The mean operating time was 80 minutes. An immediate laparotomy was required in 7.1% of cases including 12 common bile duct injuries. Postoperative complications were detected in 4.3% of patients. Among these, 51 patients needed a second operative procedure including 13 common bile duct injuries. Two patients died in the postoperative period (mortality: 0.056%). The mean hospital stay was 4.8 days. History of acute cholecystitis increased significantly the immediate laparotomy required (p less than 0.01) and the incidence of postoperative complications (p less than 0.01). The mortality of laparoscopic cholecystectomy seems to be equivalent to that of open cholecystectomy. On the other hand, the incidence of common bile duct injury seems to be increased. However, the absence of controlled study prevents us from comparing the results with the open cholecystectomy. Furthermore, the incomplete nature of this register prevents us from concluding whether it reflects the real dangers of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A more rigorous evaluating method should be considered in the future.     

Laparoscopic cholecystostomy with delayed cholecystectomy as an alternative to conversion to open procedure

Background: Acute cholecystitis carries the highest incidence of conversion from planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery due to unclear anatomy, excessive bleeding, complications, or other technical reasons. Methods: Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy was performed instead of immediate conversion to laparotomy in 9 patients with acute cholecystitis after unsuccessful attempts at laparoscopic dissection. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done 3 months later. Results: Following this approach eight patients were treated successfully. After 3 months the acute process had subsided sufficiently to allow a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy. One additional patient died of acute leukemia 6 weeks after cholecystostomy. Before adopting this technique we subjected 171 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis to laparoscopic cholecystectomy; there was an 11% (19 cases) rate of conversion. Since cholecystostomy has begun to be offered as an alternative to conversion, 121 patients with acute cholecystitis have had laparoscopic cholecystectomy and only 2 cases (1.5%) have been converted to immediate open cholecystectomy. Conclusions: We recommend the alternative of performing a cholecystostomy with delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy instead of conversion to open procedure when facing a case of acute cholecystitis not amenable to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy— how does it work and how long does it take?

Summary In the present paper we report on our experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 145 patients. The success rate was 95.2%; during the procedure, seven cases had to be converted to conventional laparotomy. During the study period, the duration of laparoscopic cholecystectomy decreased from 180 to 45 rain.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊管结石120例分析

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊管结石的临床经验。方法回顾性分析1995年12月至2009年12月胆囊管结石的腹腔镜胆囊切除术120例的临床资料。结果 120例中,112例手术成功,占93.3%;中转开腹8例。全组无并发症发生。术后随访8～12个月,无胆囊切除术后综合征。结论胆囊管结石的病例绝大多数可在腹腔镜下完成胆囊切除术;疑有胆囊管结石,胆囊管游离要充分,操作切忌粗暴,避免胆管损伤。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An analysis of the reasons for a conversion to conventional surgery in an elective surgery department]

BACKGROUND: To assess which factors determined conversion to laparotomy in patients undergoing laparoscopic elective cholecystectomy. Setting: department of General Surgery. University of Genoa. Italy. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-four consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed in our Department. Interventions: laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed according to Dubois's technique. Duration of the procedure was not considered a reason for conversion. RESULTS: 121 patients showed "difficult intraoperative situations" with further conversion risk factor. Conversion to laparotomy was necessary in 11 patients (4.16%). Five patients underwent conversion in the first 50 cases (10%), while six in the last 214 (2.8%). We had to convert to open cholecystectomy only in eleven patients, despite the high rate of technical difficulties and anatomic anomalies even in cases which, in the past, represented a contraindication to this kind of technique. The use of new instruments and new surgical techniques has reduced to only factors of increased risk in those situations that in the past were considered as contraindications to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Conversion to open cholecystectomy is based on the surgeon's decision and the safety should be the main consideration in performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The use of a careful dissection could avoid the conversion in many patients.     

OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY: A CONTROL GROUP FOR COMPARISON WITH LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is rapidly becoming accepted as the best method for the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis. Randomized clinical trials comparing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with open cholecystectomy are unlikely to be performed. In order to compare these two operations, surgeons need an historical control group of patients who have undergone a conventional open cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to document a control group of patients having an open cholecystectomy and compare them with patients having a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This was achieved by a retrospective study of all patients who had an open cholecystectomy from January 1985 to December 1989. Four hundred and fifty-seven patients, 345 women and 112 men, had a cholecystectomy. Exploration of the common bile duct (ECBD) was performed in 59 (12.5%) cases. The mean operative duration was 73 min for cholecystectomy and 118 min for cholecystectomy and ECBD. The shortest mean postoperative stay was for an elective cholecystectomy (5.3 days) and the longest mean postoperative stay was for urgent admissions requiring ECBD (12.0 days). Operative dissection was difficult in 14.1% of elective cases and 51.8% of urgent cases. Ninety-seven (19.5%) patients had an additional procedure, unrelated to cholelithiasis, at the same operation; 44 did not require laparotomy, 31 had interval appendicectomies, and 22 other cases required laparotomy in order to perform the additional procedure. All but one patient required postoperative narcotic analgesia. The mean duration of narcotic analgesia was 2.3 days. The complication rate was 35.2% for cholecystectomy and 62.5% for ECBD. If pulmonary atelectasis is excluded as a complication, these complication rates fell to 6.8% and 20.1%, respectively. There was one right hepatic duct injury and no postoperative deaths. Comparison of these results with the published results for laparoscopic cholecystectomy revealed that although open cholecystectomy takes less time to perform, it is associated with a longer postoperative stay, greater narcotic analgesic requirements and more respiratory complications.     

急性结石性胆囊炎行急诊与延期腹腔镜胆囊切除术的疗效分析(附74例报告)

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎急诊行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的利弊。方法:回顾分析2015年3月至2016年3月为74例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料。根据手术时机分为急诊组(12 h,n=37)与延期组(12 h～1周,n=37)。结果:66例成功施行LC,8例中转开腹。急诊组术后发生肺部感染2例、切口感染1例,其中1例肺心病患者术后肺部感染较重,住院时间长,费用较高。延期组术后肺部感染1例、切口感染1例。两组患者术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。急诊组术前住院时间、术前费用、腹腔粘连、中转开腹、术中出血量、手术时间、总住院时间及住院总费用均少于延期组(P0.05)。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎行急诊LC虽然可降低费用,缩短住院时间、手术时间,减少术中出血量,但手术风险较大。可选一般情况较好、不能耐受急性胆囊炎症状、急诊手术愿望强烈的患者酌情行急诊LC。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及对策

为探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及预防措施,提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术成功率。本文回顾分析了我院1991年9月至1998年8月6000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中723例胆囊动脉出血病例,详细阐述了腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因、预防措施及处理方法。本组病人545例术中成功止血,174例中转开腹,4例术后胆囊动脉再出血,第二次开腹手术,全部患者均痊愈出院。本结果提示腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血是中转开腹的重要原因之一,防止胆囊动脉出血是提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术成功率的关键。