Hypervascular renal transitional cell carcinoma with extension into the renal vein and inferior vena cava

A rare case of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) with extension into the renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) is presented. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography successfully delineated tumor thrombus in the right renal vein and IVC. TCC should be included in the differential diagnosis of renal tumors that can cause IVC thrombosis.     

Horseshoe kidney associated with anomalous inferior vena cava

Horseshoe kidney associated with anomalous inferior vena cava is a rare congenital anomaly. Radiological demonstration of this combined anomaly is also uncommon, with only two cases of preisthmic inferior vena cava with horseshoe kidney in the imaging literature. We report a case of simultaneous horseshoe kidney and inferior vena cava lying anterior to the right renal moiety diagnosed by ultrasound and computed tomography. Received: 14 May 1998; Revision received: 24 July 1998; Accepted: 14 August 1998     

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: Embryogenesis and MR features

This article describes the MR appearances of the six most common congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava. As a basis for understanding those anomalies, it describes the embryology of the inferior vena cava, based on an actual study of embryos and fetuses. The article takes a fresh look at the original research in this area, discusses the possible embryogenesis of the relevant anomalies, and describes different opinions on that subject, where different opinions exist.     

Multisegmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis of the left inferior vena cava

We present a rare case of an extensive venous thrombosis associated with a multisegmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC), double IVCs, a hypoplastic right IVC, an aneurysm arising at the distal portion of the right IVC, and a severe stenosis between the prerenal and the hepatic segments of the IVC.     

经皮穿刺下腔静脉滤器置入术

目的 评价下腔静脉滤器预防肺动脉血栓栓塞的作用。方法 ２８例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者实施了经皮穿刺下腔静脉小 置入术,２６例置入岛巢式滤器,２例置入Ｓｉｍｏｎ Ｎｉｔｉｎｏｌ滤器。结果 滤器全部置入肾静脉下方的下腔静脉内。２７例随访２￣３４个月,滤器无移位,１５例不伴有肺动脉血栓栓塞者无肺栓塞发生。结论下腔静脉滤器用于预防肺动脉血栓栓寒是一种安全有效的方法。     

下腔静脉滤过器的临床应用(附20例报告)

目的 评价置入下腔静脉滤过器预防各种因素所致静血栓脱落引起肺动脉栓塞的效果和安全性。方法：２０例下肢深静脉、盆腔静脉及下腔静脉血栓患者经布销骨下静脉或股静脉置入钛质Ｂｉｒｄ’ｓ ｎｅｓｔ ｆｉｌｔｅｒ（ＢＮＦ）２例,Ｖｅｎａ Ｔｅｃｈ－ＬＧＭ Ｆｉｌｔｅｒ（ＶＴＦ）１８例;滤器置于肾静脉开水平上方３例、下方１７例;术后立即摄腹部平处及血管造影,观察滤器位置、形态及血流情况,并积极进行局部或全身溶栓     

Asymptomatic membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava due to large intrahepatic collaterals

This paper presents a case of asymptomatic membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava with a rare hemodynamic pattern consisting of large intrahepatic venous connections between the right inframembranous and the middle supramembranous hepatic vein. These remarkably large collaterals obviated significant enlargement of the azygous venous system and the development of a Budd-Chiari syndrome.     

下腔静脉畸形的64层螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT下腔静脉畸形的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析6986例受检者的腹部64层螺旋CT增强扫描资料,共发现25例下腔静脉先天畸形.分析下腔静脉畸形的影像表现.结果 25例下腔静脉畸形中包括左下腔静脉6例,CT表现为肾下段腹主动脉左侧上行的下腔静脉.双下腔静脉10例,CT表现为肾下段腹主动脉两侧上行的下腔静脉.左肾静脉畸形5例,CT增强扫描横断面显示腹主动脉后和环主动脉走行的左肾静脉.肝下段下腔静脉中断伴奇静脉延续2例,胸腹部CT增强扫描显示肝段至肾上段下腔静脉缺如,肾段下腔静脉由奇静脉延续回流人上腔静脉,而肝静脉直接回流右心房.腔静脉血管造影见对比剂经增粗的奇静脉和半奇静脉通过上腔静脉回流右心房.肝下段下腔静脉中断伴门静脉延续1例,增强CT显示下腔静脉直接与门静脉在肝门部连接,肝门部门静脉呈瘤样扩张.左下腔静脉伴半奇静脉延续1例,增强CT可见左下腔静脉与半奇静脉连接,上行汇入奇静脉.结论 64层螺旋CT可清晰显示下腔静脉及其属支的畸形,可成为下腔静脉畸形的重要诊断方法.     

Postlaminectomy arteriovenous fistula masked by stenosis of the inferior vena cava

Discovery of a postlumbosacral discectomy fistula between the right iliac artery and vein was obscured by an associated severe stricture of the infrarenal inferior vena cava in a 49-year-old man. During venous stenting for treatment of peripheral edema, the fistula was suspected because of faint pulsatile right iliac vein flow and increased O₂ saturation of the venous blood. The suspicion was confirmed on subsequent iliac arteriography. Surgical closure of the fistula with arterial interposition grafting was then performed. The patient improved substantially.     

原发性肝癌致下腔静脉阻塞的介入治疗

目的研究介入治疗肝癌所致下腔静脉梗阻的疗效及方法。方法6例患者,临床主要症状有腹胀、腹壁静脉曲张和下肢浮肿等。均为肝右叶病变压迫侵蚀下腔静脉所致的狭窄阻塞。治疗方法采用先溶栓,而后球囊扩张和内支架植入。结果6例患者狭窄阻塞的下腔静脉均开通成功,下腔静脉血流通畅,压力由术前的4.0kPa(1kPa=7.5mmHg)降至2.1kPa,无严重并发症。结论采用介入方法开通由于肝癌所引起的下腔静脉狭窄阻塞,疗效肯定,可提高患者的生活质量,延长患者的生存时间。     

Incidental discovery of duplicated inferior vena cava in a septuagenarian: the radiologist's viewpoint

Duplication of the inferior vena cava is a rare malformation, normally without clinical impact, explained by abnormal development and regression of certain segments of the venous system during embryonic life. However, its presence and type should be systematically reported in the radiological report because of its potential implications for diagnostic and interventional procedures. This observation describes the case of a 77-year-old man with a complete asymmetric duplication of the inferior vena cava (type III IVC according to Natsis) that was incidentally discovered on CT-scan.     

Demonstration of inferior vena cava patency by retrograde azygous venography

Gaining access for vena cavography may be difficult in patients with multiple venous occlusions. We report the use of selective azygous venography to demonstrate potency of the proximal inferior vena cava (IVC) when no alternative route was available and noninvasive techniques were not applicable. The proximal superior vena cava and the distal IVC were occluded.     

上腔静脉及其主要属支静脉狭窄或闭塞介入治疗的研究

目的 探讨上腔静脉及其主要属支静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗方法和疗效.方法 搜集2000年10月至2010年10月期间因上腔静脉及其主要属支狭窄或闭塞接受介入治疗的患者60例,男38例、女22例,年龄15～72岁,平均(58±4)岁.17例患者给予单纯球囊扩张,43例给予球囊扩张加支架置入术.治疗前后测量梗阻流入侧血管内压力,结果的比较用配对t检验.结果 60例患者血管成形后,梗阻流入侧测得静脉压力在狭窄开通前为(24.8±2.3)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),开通后为(7.1±1.5)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(t=3.232,P＜0.01);临床症状完全缓解27例,部分缓解28例,无效5例;无严重并发症发生.随访6个月,出现再狭窄10例,经再次介入后再通6例,4例转外科手术.结论 对上腔静脉及其属支静脉狭窄或闭塞行介入治疗可以迅速解除梗阻,恢复血流通畅,降低梗阻远端静脉的压力,缓解临床症状.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the different methods and their outcomes of interventional therapy for stenosis or occlusion in superior vena cava and its branches. Methods Sixty patients with stenosis or occlusion of SVC and its branches were retrospectively analyzed after interventional therapy. Among them, 38 were males and 22 were females, with age range from 15 to 72 years old(mean age 58). Seventeen patients were treated by thrombolysis, and the rest 43 patients accepted percutaneous angioplasty and stenting. Before and after that, the pressures within the vein were measured at the inflow side. The paired-t test was used for statistical analysis. Results After treatment, the pressure at the inflow side dropped from (24.8±2.3)mm Hg to (7.1±1.5)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), with a significant difference(t=3.232,P＜0.01). The clinical outcomes included complete relief in 27 patients, partial relief in 28 patients and non-relief in 5 patients. No major complications occurred. During 6 months follow up, restenosis occurred in 10 patients, among whom 6 received repeat intervention with good results. The other 4 patients turned to surgery .Conclusion Interventional therapy for stenosis or occlusion in SVC and its branches could recanalize the vessels, restore the blood flow and relief the clinical symptoms.     

扁平下腔静脉相关临床及 MSCT 测量初步分析

目的：探讨仰卧位扁平下腔静脉(fIVC)与相对于腰椎肾脏下垂指数(K)和腹主动脉前凸指数(A)及相关临床的关系。方法随机选取100例无低血容量指征的腹部 MSCT 影像资料,在肾静脉入口平面计算 K 和 A,并在此层面上下各1.5 cm 以下腔静脉(IVC)长短径比值(R)>3定义 fIVC。对不同组别间指数大小行 t 检验,fIVC 与年龄、性别关系行χ2检验。结果100例中男57例,女43例,fIVC 分别为14例和20例(χ2=5.26,P <0.05);老、中、青3组分别为56例、38例、6例,fIVC 构成比分别为44.64%(25/56)、23.68%(9/38)和0(0/6);K+A 均值分别为：2.57±0.25、2.15±0.14、2.05±0.11,前二者老年组均显著大于青年组(χ2=6.40,t=5.06,P 均<0.05)。fIVC 和非 fIVC 组 K+A 均值分别为：2.67±0.25和2.03±0.18(t =3.89,P <0.05)。结论仰卧位 K 和 A 增大或为 fIVC 形成及其好发于肾静脉入口附近的原因,与年龄、性别相关。     

左位下腔静脉的MSCT表现及临床意义

目的 探讨左位下腔静脉的多层螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral CT, MSCT)表现及临床意义。方法 选取腹部MSCT多期增强扫描发现的11例左位下腔静脉患者,结合文献讨论其影像学表现。结果 11例左位下腔静脉MSCT表现为3种类型。Ⅰ型1例（9.09%）,表现为右侧下腔静脉缺失,左右髂总静脉于第5腰椎左前方汇合成下腔静脉主干后,沿腹主动脉左侧垂直上行,沿途先后有右肾静脉和左肾静脉汇入,然后与半奇静脉连接,经上腔静脉汇入右心房。Ⅱ型6例（54.55%）,表现为肾下右侧下腔静脉残余,肾下左位下腔静脉位于腹主动脉左侧,于左肾静脉汇入后从前方跨越腹主动脉向右上走行,与右肾静脉汇合后移行为正常的下腔静脉。Ⅲ型4例（36.36%）,表现为肾下右侧下腔静脉缺失,而左位下腔静脉的起止、位置、走行及属支汇入与Ⅱ型完全相同。结论 左位下腔静脉MSCT表现为3种类型,左位下腔静脉的存在对临床及介入治疗而言具有重要的意义。     

下腔静脉过滤器的临床应用及进展

深静脉血栓形成是常见病,有较高的发病率和死亡率。下腔静脉过滤器可有效减少致命性肺栓塞的发生。本文综述下腔静脉过滤器的历史、适应证、在不同类型深静脉血栓治疗中的应用情况,展望了未来趋势。     

自制下腔静脉滤器的体外实验

目的 评估自制的下腔静脉滤器(DDIVCF)捕获猪血栓子的效果及其定位稳定性.方法 ①将DDIVCF滤器和进口Antheor临时性下腔静脉滤器分别置入于直径为20和25 mm的下腔静脉(IVC)血液循环模型中,观察模型处于水平位时滤器对3 mm×20 mm,3 mm×30 mm,6 mm×20 mm,6 mm×30 mm 4种大小不同的猪血栓子的捕获效果,并计算其捕获率.②测量滤器捕获大量6 mm×30 mm栓子后相对位移的距离,观察滤器的定位稳定性.结果 ①DDIVCF滤器在直径20和25 mm的IVC模型中对4种猪血栓子的捕获率分别为34%,56%,82%,94%和26%,38%,56%,86%;Antheor的捕获率分别为54%,64%,86%,96%和38%,44%,68%,90%.对3 mm×30 mm,6 mm×20 mm,6 mm×30 mm猪血栓子的捕获率两者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②在直径20和25 mm的IVC模型中DDIVCF滤器捕获猪血栓子后相对位移距离分别为(0.6±0.3)cm和(1.0±0.1)cm.Antheor的相对位移距离分别为(0.4±0.1)cm和(0.8±0.3)cm,两者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 DDIVCF在体外模型实验中具有较高的血栓捕获率和定位稳定性,可与进口Antheor临时性下腔静脉滤器媲美,其体内应用情况尚需进一步动物实验研究.     

Cardiovascular CT in the diagnosis of pericardial constriction: Predictive value of inferior vena cava cross-sectional area

BackgroundThe diagnosis of pericardial constriction remains challenging.PurposeWe sought to evaluate the predictive value of cardiovascular CT-based measurements of inferior vena cava (IVC) parameters in the diagnosis of pericardial constriction.MethodsForty-two consecutive patients referred for assessment of pericardial constriction by 64-slice CT were evaluated. The diagnosis of pericardial constriction was confirmed by clinical history, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, intraoperative findings, histopathology, or a combination. Diameter and cross-sectional area of the suprahepatic IVC and cross-sectional area of the aorta were measured on a single-axial CT image at the level of the esophageal hiatus. Maximum pericardial thickness was measured. Logistic regression and receiver operating curve analyses were performed.ResultsTwenty-two patients had pericardial constriction. Mean age of the 42 patients was 57.1 ± 16.4 years, 57.1% were men. IVC diameter, IVC area, the ratio of IVC to aortic area, and pericardial thickness were all significantly greater in patients with constriction than in patients without (P < .05 for all). IVC-to-aortic area ratio had the highest odds ratio (51; 95% CI, 2.8–922) for the prediction of constriction and remained a significant predictor in multivariable analysis. In nested models, IVC-to-aortic area ratio had incremental value over pericardial thickness for the diagnosis of constriction. IVC-to-aortic area ratio discriminated between patients with and without constriction with an area under the curve of 0.88 on receiver operating curve analysis, with a value ≥1.6 having a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 76%, respectively. Interobserver agreement for IVC-to-aortic area ratio was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.98).ConclusionAssessment of IVC-to-aortic area ratio on CT aids with the diagnosis of pericardial constriction and has independent and incremental value over pericardial thickness alone.     

Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a predictor of shock in trauma patients

Detecting and monitoring blood loss is always a challenging dilemma in emergency settings. The diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in trauma patients may be useful in this way. This has been classically done with computed tomography (CT); however, doing it with ultrasound as a bedside easily available modality is a relatively novel approach. Between January 2006 and March 2006, 88 injured patients referred to our center were investigated. The patients were divided in to two groups: a shock group (n = 11, 12.5%) and a control group (n = 77, 87.5%) who were trauma patients with normal blood pressure. The maximum anteroposteroir diameter of IVC was measured ultrasonographically both in inspiration (i) and expiration (e) by M-mode in the subxyphoid area. The difference between the diameters of IVCe and IVCi was regarded as collapsibility, and collapsibility index was defined as IVCe - IVCi/IVCe. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U test and correlation analysis. The average diameters of IVCe and IVCi in the shock group at arrival were significantly smaller than in the control group (5.6 +/- 0.8 mm, 4.0 +/- 0.7 mm versus 11.9 +/- 2.2 mm, 9.6 +/- 2.0 mm; P < 0.0001). The maximum diameter of IVC in the shock group was in a 30-year-old male patient with an IVCe and IVCi of 7.0 and 5.3 mm, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the diameter of IVCe (r = 0.72) and IVCi (r = 0.73) and the presence of shock. Regarding the collapsibility index, the mean collapsibility index of IVC was significantly higher in the shock group compared to patients in the control group (27% versus 20%; P < 0.001). The diameter of IVC was found to correlate with shock in trauma patients. The measurement of the IVC may be an important addition to the ultrasonographic evaluation of trauma and other potentially volume-depleted patients and can be added to the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) of the trauma patient with minimum additional time.