Corneal thickness in glaucoma.

The central corneal stromal thickness of patients with open angle glaucoma, secondary glaucoma (the majority aphakic), or a history of unilateral acute angle closure glaucoma were measured and compared with the stromal thickness of a group of normal patients. In open angle glaucoma, there was a small but significant increase in the average stromal thickness. This thickness increase was, in all likelihood, due to an abnormal function of the endothelium in this disease since the level of the intraocular pressure did not seem to be a factor. There was no correlation between stromal thickness and duration of the glaucoma or type of anti-glaucomatous medication. Most cases of secondary glaucome, controlled medically or not, had markedly increased corneal thickness, again, most likely, due to endothelial damage rather than to level of intraocular pressure. After an angle closure attack, permanent damage to the cornea was found to be rare.     

Laser Iris Retraction for Angle-closure Glaucoma after Retinal Detachment Surgery

Twelve patients with retinal detachment with postoperative angle closure due to ciliary body edema, refractory to topical cycloplegics and corticosteroids, were managed by peripheral iris retraction with argon laser photocoagulation. This gonioscopic procedure results in immediate visualization of angle structures and prompt reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). Routine tonometry and appropriate gonioscopy are essential to diagnose this form of glaucoma, which does not have a pupillary block component. Timely use of laser iris retraction reduces the risk of chronic glaucoma secondary to synechial closure. In this series, only two of ten patients, not previously known to have glaucoma, require long-term medication to control IOP.     

Bilateral angle closure glaucoma induced by sulphonamide-derived medications

BACKGROUND: Sulphonamide-derived medications are widely used, although not always recognized as such. We report the occurrence of bilateral angle closure glaucoma with sulphonamide-derived medications and highlight features of the presentation and treatment to assist in early diagnosis and management. METHODS: The clinical records of three cases with bilateral angle closure glaucoma induced by three sulphonamide-derived medications, sulfasalazine, oral acetazolamide, and hydrochlorothiazide, were reviewed. RESULTS: All three cases identified presented with bilateral angle closure glaucoma and persistent elevated intraocular pressure despite patent iridotomy. Patients may be pseudophakic (2) or phakic (1).Cessation of the suspected medication is necessary to reverse the mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed mechanism of angle closure glaucoma induced by sulphonamide medication involves an idiosyncratic reaction in the uveal tissues to these systemic drugs that is associated with expansion of the extracellular tissue of the ciliary body and choroid. Management identification of sulphonamide-derived medications and immediate cessation of suspected sulphonamide-derived medication, refraction and ultrasound B scan or ultrasound biomicroscopy may aid in the proper diagnosis and can also be helpful for confirmation.     

Surgical management of secondary angle closure glaucoma after trauma

Medical and surgical treatment of secondary angle closure glaucoma has often been disappointing. Therefore the visual prognosis of these eyes is mostly restricted. Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is a relatively safe method for the treatment of advanced refractory glaucoma and represents the method of choice in secondary angle closure glaucoma due to anterior peripheral synechiae. In younger glaucoma patients and patients with traumatic glaucoma, long-term reduction of the intraocular pressure is only partially achieved. New surgical techniques will increase the possibilities of an effective reduction of the intraocular pressure in secondary angle closure glaucoma. On the other hand, data concerning the clinical efficacy and safety are still limited. These new procedures are endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation, retinectomy and the implantation of drainage devices via the pars plana. Further evaluation and modifications of these surgical techniques should markedly improve the visual prognosis of eyes with secondary angle closure glaucoma.     

A statistical comparison study of glaucoma in the Third Affiliated Hospital of China Medical College and Kyushu University

We classified 331 glaucoma patients who visited the eye clinic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of China Medical College during the 2 year period from January 1985 to December 1986 according to the type of glaucoma. The results were compared with those obtained from 275 glaucoma patients who visited the eye clinic of Kyushu University during an overlapping period of 2 years, from January 1986 to December 1987. Patients with glaucoma were found to comprise 1.5% of the 22,869 outpatients in the Third Affiliated Hospital of China Medical College, and 1.8% of the 15,585 outpatients in Kyushu University. The distribution of various types was as follows: primary angle closure glaucoma (76.4%), primary open angle glaucoma (4.8%), secondary glaucoma (11.8%), exfoliation glaucoma (0) and congenital glaucoma (5.7%) in the Third Affiliated Hospital of China Medical College, and primary angle closure glaucoma (34.5%), primary open angle glaucoma (12.7%), secondary glaucoma (22.2%), exfoliation glaucoma (14.9%) and congenital glaucoma (10.9%) in Kyushu University. The present results suggest that the incidence of primary angle closure glaucoma in China is higher than in Japan, and that the incidence of primary angle closure glaucoma is higher than that of primary open angle glaucoma in these two countries. It is of interest that the high incidence of primary angle closure glaucoma in China and Japan coincides with the study in Canadian Eskimos. The incidences of secondary glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma in Japan are higher than in China. This might be due to differences in diagnostic facilities in the two countries.     

Acute angle closure glaucoma secondary to a choroidal melanoma.

PURPOSE: Report a case of acute angle closure glaucoma secondary to a choroidal melanoma. METHODS: Case report of a 75-year-old woman who presented with acute angle closure glaucoma with bilateral narrow angles. After medical management with drops and peripheral laser iridotomies in both eyes, the pressure was controlled and the angles were noted to be open. This allowed safe dilation of the pupils to perform funduscopic examination. A large choroidal melanoma was noted in the eye with the acute angle closure attack. RESULTS: Dilated fundus exam after peripheral laser iridotomies revealed a choroidal melanoma as the cause for the acute angle closure glaucoma. CONCLUSION: It is important to do a thorough eye examination to rule out secondary causes of angle closure, such as a potentially life-threatening tumor, when a patient presents with acute angle closure glaucoma.     

Bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma in a young patient receiving oral topiramate: case report

This paper reports a clinical case of uveal effusion in both eyes causing bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma in a young patient after oral administration of topiramate, a new anticonvulsant medication. Rarely, some drugs have produced uveal effusions, forward shift of the iris-lens diaphragm, transient myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma. A 40-year old white woman was seen at the emergency department of the "Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre (RS)"--Brazil, with severe headaches and blurry vision in both eyes. Her medications included topiramate, started 10 days before. Slit lamp examination revealed conjunctival injection, chemosis and shallow anterior chambers. Intraocular pressure measured 40 and 38 mmHg. Fundoscopic examination findings were normal. Ultrasound scan was performed and demonstrated separation between the choroidal layer and the sclera. A diagnosis of bilateral uveal effusion associated with the use of oral topiramate was made. Topiramate was then discontinued. The patient reported symptomatic improvement by the third day after initial examination. Symptoms were resolved and visual acuity returned to normal. Topiramate may cause ciliary body edema and relaxation of zonules, which induces a forward shift of the lens-iris diaphragm with acute myopia and angle closure. As the mechanism of angle closure does not involve pupillary block, peripheral iridectomy and topical miotics are not useful in the treatment of this type of secondary angle-closure glaucoma. Drug-induced uveal effusions occur rarely. The patient improved after topiramate discontinuation.     

Cyclocryotherapy: a review of cases over a 10-year period.

There are conflicting reports on the value of cyclocryotherapy in the management of glaucoma. This retrospective study was carried out to assess the efficacy and complication rate of this procedure. The case notes of all patients undergoing cyclocryotherapy at a single centre over a 10-year period were reviewed. Case records were available for 68 eyes of 64 people. Thirty-eight eyes had neovascular glaucoma, nine had aphakic glaucoma, nine had angle closure glaucoma, three had primary open angle glaucoma, and nine had secondary open angle glaucoma. The mean follow-up periods for these groups varied from 2.0-6.3 years. The mean reduction in intraocular pressure following treatment varied from 7.9 mm Hg in the secondary open angle glaucoma group to 24.3 mm Hg in those with angle closure glaucoma. Pressure was controlled in 29.4% overall, ranging from 66.7% in the angle closure and primary open angle groups to 0% in the secondary open angle group. Of the painful eyes 71% were rendered comfortable, indicating that pain relief from cyclocryotherapy is not due solely to pressure control. 30% of the patients lost their vision following the procedure, phthisis occurred in 11.8% and four eyes (5.9%) went on to enucleation. Our results indicate that cyclocryotherapy affords good pain relief, without good pressure control, in various types of glaucoma. While there is an apparent high complication rate, visual loss and phthisis cannot be ascribed directly to the procedure, since these are eyes with a poor prognosis.     

Traumatic glaucoma--a survey

Traumatic glaucomas represent a very heterogeneous group of entities due to a variety of pathomechanisms which increase the intraocular pressure in the early or late phase after traumatic injury (blunt or penetrating injury, acid or alkali burn). Little is known about the real prevalence of traumatic glaucoma. Angle recession, hyphema-associated and lens-associated mechanisms are the most common causes of traumatic glaucoma after blunt ocular trauma. Secondary angle closure due to peripheral anterior synechiae is the most common pathomechanism leading to glaucoma in patients with penetrating eye injury or acid or alkali burn. Early anti-inflammatory therapy for eye injuries is the most important step in the prevention of traumatic glaucoma. Although no general recommendations exist, topical potent corticosteroids significantly decrease the risk of glaucoma development. Medical and surgical treatment of traumatic glaucoma has often been disappointing. Therefore the visual prognosis of these eyes is often restricted. Antiglaucomatous drugs that reduce the secretion of aqueous humor (e. g., beta-blockers) should be preferred. Mitomycin-augmented trabeculectomy is the surgical method of first choice in patients with open angle traumatic glaucoma. Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation represents the method of first choice in secondary angle closure glaucoma due to anterior peripheral synechiae. New surgical techniques will increase the possibilities of an effective reduction of the intraocular pressure in secondary angle closure glaucoma. These new procedures are endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation, retinectomy, and the implantation of drainage devices via the pars plana. Further evaluation and modifications of these surgical techniques should markedly improve the visual prognosis of eyes with secondary angle closure glaucoma. For a few types of traumatic glaucoma (e. g., after epithelial ingrowth) no effective treatment modality is available at present.     

应用闭角型青光眼新的分类和定义指导临床治疗

用国际上新的闭角型青光眼分类和定义指导临床治疗具有简捷和可操作性的优点。对可疑原发性房角关闭除了密切随访外，有选择性地行周边虹膜切除术；对急性和慢性原发性房角关闭可根据发生机制和临床特征对患者进行不同的临床处理；对原发性闭角型青光眼可根据视神经损害程度和靶眼压选择药物、激光或滤过性手术等治疗。（眼科,2007,16：12-13）     

联合激光治疗大范围前房角粘连慢性闭角型青光眼

目的探讨联合激光治疗前房角粘连范围大于180°的慢性闭角型青光眼的疗效。方法对43例（56只眼）前房角粘连范围大于180°的慢性闭角型青光眼,先行激光周边虹膜切除术,2d后再行激光周边虹膜成形术,对手术前后的眼压、前房角、视野进行对比观察。术后随访18个月。结果治疗后前房角粘连范围减小,眼压降低,视野无改变。随访18个月后30只眼（53．6％）眼压在21mmHg以下（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,19只眼（33．9％）局部加用1-3种降眼压滴眼液,眼压可以控制;7只眼（12．5％,7／56）加滴2～3种降眼压药物,眼压仍高,行青光眼滤过手术。结论联合激光治疗前房角粘连大于180°的慢性闭角型青光眼可降低滤过手术的比例。     

晶状体摘出联合前房角分离术治疗继发性闭角型青光眼

目的 观察晶状体摘出联合前房角分离术治疗继发性闭角型青光眼术后前房角形态的改变,并评价其疗效.方法 对36例(36眼)手术前后的视力、眼压、中央前房深度、前房角形态进行对照观察.结果 术后随访6个月～3年,36眼视力均较前有明显提高.36眼前房深度变深,术前前房深度(1.612±0.354)mm,术后前房深度(3.214±0.277)mm.术后眼压降低,术前眼压(28.69±4.12) mmHg,术后眼压(14.07±3.48) mmHg.术后1个月和6个月前房角镜检查,前房角全部开放31眼(86.11％),部分开放5眼(13.89％).随访至少6个月以上均未见前房角再次关闭或粘连范围扩大.结论 晶状体摘出联合前房角分离术可有效治疗继发性闭角型青光眼.     

Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI): an update

Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty is a useful procedure to eliminate appositional angle closure resulting from mechanisms other than pupillary block. For those eyes with angle closure originating at an anatomic level posterior to the iris, such as plateau iris, lens-induced angle closure, or posterior segment processes (malignant glaucoma, central retinal vein occlusion, etc.), laser iridotomy by itself may be insufficient to treat the underlying disease mechanism. Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty is often useful in these cases to further open the angle. It can be used to break an acute attack of angle-closure glaucoma and relieve appositional angle closure secondary to plateau iris syndrome, or lens-related angle closure, and to widen the angle prior to argon laser trabeculoplasty. Peripheral location of long-duration, low-power, large spot size laser burns is essential for optimal success.     

Angle-closure glaucoma in association with orbital pseudotumor

PURPOSE: To describe the pathophysiology of angle-closure glaucoma secondary to idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. DESIGN: Retrospective, small noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Three patients with angle-closure glaucoma and orbital pseudotumor. METHODS: The pathophysiology of this entity was investigated using magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Clinical features, anterior chamber angle configuration, and intraocular pressure. RESULTS: Angle closure from anterior rotation of the ciliary body caused by choroidal effusions secondary to pseudotumor was demonstrated using MRI and UBM. Two of the three cases resolved after treatment for orbital pseudotumor. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic orbital pseudotumor is a cause of secondary angle-closure glaucoma. The mechanism of angle closure is anterior rotation of the ciliary body secondary to choroidal effusions resulting from the orbital inflammation.     

Incisional surgery for angle closure glaucoma

Angle closure glaucoma remains a major challenge for ophthalmologists. The three main challenges in the treatment of angle closure glaucoma are, firstly, to achieve rapid reduction of intraocular pressure in acute angle closure glaucoma, secondly, to prevent progression to chronic angle closure glaucoma, and thirdly, to manage established chronic angle closure glaucoma. Incisional surgery for angle closure glaucoma is typically required when laser surgery and/or medical therapy fail to control the intraocular pressure or control progressive synechial closure. The role for surgical iridectomy and emergency trabeculectomy in the modern management of acute angle closure glaucoma is diminishing. Trabeculectomy, goniosynechialysis, cyclodestructive procedures, and glaucoma implant are effective surgical options for chronic angle closure glaucoma, but none of them have been shown to be more effective than the others with proper comparative clinical trials. Trabeculectomy and goniosynechialysis are often combined with cataract extraction, which appears to offer additional pressure-control benefits to patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma.     

Incisional surgery for angle closure glaucoma

Angle closure glaucoma remains a major challenge for ophthalmologists. The three main challenges in the treatment of angle closure glaucoma are, firstly, to achieve rapid reduction of intraocular pressure in acute angle closure glaucoma, secondly, to prevent progression to chronic angle closure glaucoma, and thirdly, to manage established chronic angle closure glaucoma. Incisional surgery for angle closure glaucoma is typically required when laser surgery and/or medical therapy fail to control the intraocular pressure or control progressive synechial closure. The role for surgical iridectomy and emergency trabeculectomy in the modern management of acute angle closure glaucoma is diminishing. Trabeculectomy, goniosynechialysis, cyclodestructive procedures, and glaucoma implant are effective surgical options for chronic angle closure glaucoma, but none of them have been shown to be more effective than the others with proper comparative clinical trials. Trabeculectomy and goniosynechialysis are often combined with cataract extraction, which appears to offer additional pressure-control benefits to patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma.     

Laser iridocystotomy for bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma secondary to iris cysts

PURPOSE: To report laser iridocystotomy for bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma secondary to peripheral iris cysts. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: In a 55-year-old man with increased bilateral intraocular pressure, gonioscopy revealed varied angle narrowing. Bilateral angle-closure glaucoma secondary to peripheral iris cysts was diagnosed by ultrasound biomicroscopy. The peripheral iris cysts could not be seen in mydriasis by gonioscopy. Therefore, we decided to perform laser iridocystotomy with argon and Nd:YAG laser. Collapse of the cysts after laser treatment was demonstrated by ultrasound biomicroscopy. At follow-up, 9 months after laser treatment, intraocular pressure had dropped below 20 mm Hg in both eyes without further therapy. The iris cysts did not recur, which was demonstrated by ultrasound biomicroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral iris cysts may produce angle closure and may cause secondary angle-closure glaucoma. If transpupillary laser cystotomy is not possible, laser iridocystotomy may produce collapse of the iris cysts and correction of secondary angle closure.     

小剂量激光睫状体成形术治疗急性闭角型青光眼的试点研究

目的 观察小剂量激光睫状体成形术（low dose trans-scleral cycloplasty,LDCP）治疗急性闭角型青光眼后前房深度和房角参数的变化。设计 前瞻性病例系列。研究对象 2018年5月至 2019年11月温州医科大学附属眼视光医院急性闭角型青光眼急性大发作患者12例15眼,年龄（54.7±14.1）岁。方法 LDCP是采用较少激光点数（能量1200~2000 mw,持续时间2 s）、仅对2个钟点范围睫状体光凝而达到睫状体重塑、松解睫状环阻滞的一种方法。分析治疗前和治疗后1周、1个月、3个月的临床资料。主要指标 眼压、中央前房深度、房角开放距离500 （angle opening distance 500,AOD500）、小梁网-虹膜夹角500 （trabecular iris angle 500,TIA500）、最大睫状突厚度（CBTmax）、小梁睫状突夹角（TCA）、降眼压药物使用情况。结果 15眼平均激光治疗点数为（13.3±2.3）（9~16个点）。治疗前眼压中位数（范围）为26.6（7.3~60.0） mmHg,治疗后1周为10.6（6.1~53.9） mmHg（Z=-2.726,P=0.006）。治疗前抗青光眼药数量中位数（范围）为3 （0~5）种,治疗后1周为0 （0~3）种 （Z=-3.078,P=0.002）。超声生物显微镜（ultrasound biomicroscopy,UBM）显示平均中央前房深度、AOD500和TIA500分别由治疗前的（1.44±0.48）mm、0.00（0~0.19） mm、0.00（0~20.1）°,增加至治疗后1周的（1.66±0.34）mm、0.04（0~0.28）mm、4.63（0~28. 5）°  （P均<0.05）;平均CBTmax和TCA分别由治疗前的（0.98±0.12）mm和（55.7±16.8）°,增加至治疗后1周的（1.05±0.09）mm和 （66.8±17.3）° （P=0.060,0.004）;13眼（86.7%）周边前房深度（Van Herick法）较治疗前有不同程度的增加。8眼在治疗后1个月内因不同原因行白内障手术,未行二次手术治疗的7眼治疗后3个月的中位数眼压和平均前房深度分别为15.5 mmHg和1.73 mm。结论 LDCP可明显加深急性闭角型青光眼的中央和周边前房,具有良好的即时降眼压效应,为闭角型青光眼急性期的治疗提供了一种新思路,但该治疗的安全性有待进一步观察。（眼科,2021,30： 30-35）     

超声乳化治疗白内障合并继发性闭角型青光眼

目的探讨单纯晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合后房型折叠人工晶状体植入术治疗合并有白内障的继发性闭角型青光眼的手术治疗效果。方法继发性闭角型青光眼45例（45眼），其中35例为继发性急性闭角型青光眼，10例为继发慢性闭角型青光眼，患者均有不同程度的晶状体浑浊。人院后均行透明角膜切口晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合后房型折叠人工晶状体植入术。术后随访3月～3年。对治疗效果进行临床分析。结果45例术中、术后没有出现严重的并发症。术后视力提两36例（80．00％），术后视力无明显提高者9例（20．00％）；术后眼压较手术前明显降低。结论单纯晶状体超声乳化吸出术联合人工晶状体植入术是治疗合并有白内障的继发性闭角型青光眼的一种有效的治疗方法。     

超声乳化晶状体摘除术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效观察

目的 观察及评估超声乳化晶状体摘除,联合囊袋内人工晶状体植人手术,治疗原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效.方法 对2005年6月至2006年12月,收治的34例34只眼原发性闭角型青光眼,行透明角膜切口超声乳化晶状体摘除,联合囊袋内人工晶状体植入手术.所有术眼晶状体均伴不同程度混浊.其中11只眼已在6个月至10年前行抗青光眼手术.本次术后随访至少6个月.观察术前、术后至6个月最佳矫正视力、眼压、前房深度变化.结果 术后除1只眼外,所有患眼视力均有不同程度提高,眼压均得到有效控制;与正常白内障对照组术后眼压比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后2周后不需要药物控制眼压.结论 超声乳化晶状体摘除联合囊袋内人工晶状体植入手术,可以作为急性原发性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的一种有效治疗手段.