Middle-ear pressure variations during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine

Purpose As the middle-ear cavity is one of the noncompliant gas-filled cavities, an increase in middle-ear pressure (MEP) instead of volume expansion is observed with inhalation of nitrous oxide (N₂O). Changes in MEP cause many complications, such as ear pain, temporary hearing impairment, and postoperative emesis. Therefore, we investigated changes in MEP during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine (PFK) and inhalation of N₂O. Methods Twelve patients were anesthetized with PFK until 60 min after the induction of anesthesia, and then N₂O (60%) inhalation was started. MEP was measured by impedance audiometry (ranging from −300 daPa to +200 daPa) at 10-min intervals during PFK, and at 2-min intervals after the inhalation of N₂O. Results MEP gradually but significantly increased from the preanesthetic value of 16±8 to 34±12 (SEM) daPa 50 min after the induction of PFK. However, MEP did not exceed the normal limit. The values of MEP in all patients were more than 200 daPa within 36 min after the start of inhalation of N₂O in oxygen. Conclusion PFK had a minimal effect on MEP, whereas addition of N₂O to PFK increased MEP dramatically. Therefore, TIVA, or at least PFK, would be a better choice for patients with middle-ear or upper-airway diseases.     

Ketamine–propofol versus ketamine fentanyl for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization: A prospective randomized study

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess, compare the safety and efficacy of continuous IV administration of a combination of ketamine–propofol versus ketamine fentanyl for anesthesia in children undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures with RT to Lt Shunt.MethodsThirty-six children aged from 1 to 8 years, with RT to Lt Shunt scheduled for Cardiac catheterization in Mansoura Children Hospital were included in this study. Patients in group KP (n = 18) received ketamine (1 mg/kg) and propofol (2 mg/kg) as induction agents followed by combination of ketamine (25 μg/kg/min) and propofol (25 μg/kg/min) for maintenance of anesthesia. On other hand, patients in group KF (n = 18) received ketamine (1 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) as induction agents followed by combination of ketamine (25 μg/kg/min) and fentanyl (0.75 μg/kg/min) for maintenance of anesthesia. Hemodynamic, oxygenation, recovery variables and side effects were recorded.ResultsThere were no statistical significant differences with age, sex, duration of anesthesia. There were statistical significant decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance ratio in KP group. Additionally, Sao₂ and Pao₂ after anesthesia in KF group were statistically significant higher than the other group. Also there was significant prolongation of time to full recovery in KF group compared with KP group.ConclusionWe concluded that a combination of ketamine–fentanyl is safer and more efficacious than ketamine–propofol for pediatric cardiac catheterization although it was associated with prolonged recovery time.     

Comparative effects of etomidate, ketamine, propofol, and fentanyl on myocardial contractility in dogs

Purpose. The present study was carried out to determine the direct effects of etomidate, ketamine, propofol, and fentanyl on myocardial contractility, and whether fentanyl would enhance the myocardial depression caused by propofol. Method. The anesthetics were injected directly into the circuit that supplied blood to the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Myocardial contractility was evaluated from measurements of percent segmental shortening (%SS). Results. Etomidate, ketamine, and propofol significantly reduced %SS in a dose-dependent manner. The %SS values with 1.6 and 3.2 mg of etomidate were similar to those with 3.2 and 6.4 mg of ketamine, respectively, and the %SS value with 6.4 mg of propofol was similar to those with 3.2 and 6.4 mg of ketamine. Fentanyl alone had no effects on myocardial performance and did not influence the effect of propofol on %SS. Conclusion. On the basis of clinical doses, the direct myocardial depressant effect of ketamine is more than twice as potent as that of etomidate and slightly more than that of propofol. Fentanyl has no inotropic effect and does not enhance the direct myocardial depressant effect of propofol. Received for publication on June 22, 1998; accepted on October 14, 1998     

七氟醚或氯胺酮麻醉诱导对法洛四联症患儿血流动力学的影响

目的采用压力记录分析法(PRAM)比较七氟醚或氯胺酮对法洛四联症患儿麻醉诱导期血流动力学的影响。方法选择拟在全麻下行法洛四联症矫治术的婴幼儿36例,年龄4~24个月,随机分为两组,每组18例。分别采用8mg/kg氯胺酮肌注(K组)和6%七氟醚吸入(S组)麻醉诱导,患儿意识消失后开放外周静脉并建立桡动脉监测,连接MostCare监测仪,采用PRAM监测血流动力学参数,依次静注咪达唑仑0.2mg/kg、哌库溴铵0.2mg/kg和舒芬太尼1μg/kg,气管插管后行机械通气。记录建立有创动脉测压后即刻(T_0)、静脉用药后1min(T_1)、2min(T_2)、5min(T_3)和气管插管后1 min(T_4)、2 min(T_5)、5 min(T_6)、10 min(T_7)的HR、SBP、DBP、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量指数(SVI)、体循环阻力指数(SVRI)和压力升支最大斜率(dp/dt),并计算心率-收缩压乘积(RPP)。结果与T_0时比较,T_1~T_7时两组HR明显减慢,RPP明显降低(P0.05);K组T_1~T_7时SBP、DBP、CI,T_1~T_4、T_6时SVI,T_2~T_7时SVRI和dp/dt明显降低(P0.05);S组T_4~T_7时SBP、T_7时DBP、T_4~T_7时CI、T_3~T_7时SVI明显升高(P0.05)。S组T_0、T_3~T_7时HR、RPP,T_0时DBP、CI,T_0、T_1时SBP和T_0~T_6时dp/dt明显低于K组(P0.05);S组T_7时DBP、CI,T_3~T_7时SVI均明显高于K组(P0.05)。结论与氯胺酮比较,七氟醚更有利于维持法洛四联症婴幼儿麻醉诱导期血流动力学稳定。     

全麻诱导气管插管时大脑皮层电活动与血流动力学的变化——比较异丙酚和硫喷妥钠的药理作用

目的：探讨数量化脑电图在反映麻醉诱导气管插管期间脑电的活动程度，以及ＥＥＧ和心血管反应相关性研究。方法：７０例ＡＳＡⅠ级病人，随机双盲分两组，组Ⅰ（ｎ＝３５）硫喷妥钠，组Ⅱ（ｎ＝３５）异丙酚。硫喷妥钠或异丙酚和琥珀胆碱行气管插管。分别于诱导前、诱导后、气管插管后１～２分和３～５分监测数量化脑电图、ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＳｐＯ２的变化。结果：诱导前，两组病人的ＥＥＧ及血流动力学参数无差异。诱导后，ＥＥＧ抑制，ＳＥＦ、ＭＦ、ＢＩＳ下降，δＲ升高，但两组之间无区别；异丙酚组ＭＡＰ降低程度大于硫喷妥钠组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＨＲ无差异。气管插管后，ＥＥＧ活化，ＳＥＦ、ＭＦ、ＢＩＳ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），δＲ降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），异丙酚组ＥＥＧ各参数的变化程度轻于硫喷妥钠组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；异丙酚组ＭＡＰ和ＨＲ升高程度小于硫喷妥钠组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：气管插管前，等效剂量的异丙酚和硫喷妥钠对中枢神经的抑制程度类似，气管插管后，异丙酚组的ＥＥＧ活化程度及血流动力学的变化明显轻于硫喷妥钠。     

芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉药代动力学和药效学的影响

目的 探讨芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉药代动力学和药效学的影响。方法 ２０例开胸手术患者随机分为异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉组（Ａ组,ｎ＝１０）异丙酚静脉麻醉复合胸段硬膜外阻滞组（Ｂ组,ｎ＝１０）。测定术中和术后病人异丙酚血清浓度。记录意识消失,术后睁眼和定向时间及术后行为评分。结果 Ａ组消除相药代动力学参数Ｔ１／２βＭＲＴ,ＡＵＣ显著高于Ｂ组（Ｐ〈０．０５或０．０１）,Ａ组ＣＬ显著低于Ｂ组（Ｐ〈０．０１）     

No psychological emergence reactions in schizophrenic surgical patients immediately after propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine intravenous anesthesia

Purpose. We attempted to determine the frequency of adverse psychological events after total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-fentanyl-ketamine (PFK) in surgical schizophrenic patients. Methods. PFK was used in 25 schizophrenic patients undergoing various surgical procedures from 1995 to 1997. Adverse events occurring during and after anesthesia were recorded. Psychiatric follow-up was also done during the first 3 postoperative weeks at least. Results. One patient died postoperatively of airway obstruction from concomitant severe malignant thyroid disease, but in the remaining patients neither respiratory nor cardiovascular states during or after anesthesia became unstable. None of the patients developed adverse psychological emergence reactions immediately after anesthesia. Two patients undergoing major surgical procedures exhibited delirium in the early postoperative days despite taking their routine antipsychotic drugs postoperatively. Conclusions. We suggest that PFK maintains stable respiratory and cardiovascular states, and causes no psychological emergence reactions in schizophrenic surgical patients. However, adverse psychological events may occur postoperatively, probably due to continued psychic stress. We therefore recommend appropriate perioperative management and further psychological studies for such patients. Received for publication on May 18, 1998; accepted on September 20, 1998     

不同剂量布托啡诺诱导对全麻患者脑电双频指数及气管插管反应的影响

目的评估不同剂量布托啡诺复合丙泊酚诱导对全麻患者脑电双频指数（BIS）及气管插管反应的影响。方法择期全麻手术患者100例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为五组,每组20例。B30、B40、B50、B60组分别给予布托啡诺30、40、50、60μg/kg,F组给予芬太尼4μg/kg。记录麻醉前3min（T0）、给阿片类药前即刻（T1）、给阿片类药后3min（T2）、插管前即刻（T3）、插管后即刻（T4）、插管后3min（T5）、6min（T6）各时间点血浆靶浓度（Cp）、BIS、HR及MAP。结果与F组比较,B40、B50、B60组在T2～T6时BIS下降明显（P〈0.05）。F组在T2、T3、T5、T6时HR、MAP下降明显;F、B30组在T4时HR、MAP上升明显,而B50、B60组变化不明显。结论布托啡诺复合丙泊酚诱导可进一步降低全麻患者的BIS,对丙泊酚镇静有较强的协同作用,静脉注射40～60μg/kg布托啡诺具有较好的镇静作用,可以较好地抑制气管插管反应。     

丙泊酚复合咪唑安定和/或芬太尼在胆道镜操作过程中的镇静作用

目的研究丙泊酚复合咪唑安定和/或芬太尼用于胆道镜操作过程中的镇静效果。方法选择18~65岁行胆道镜的患者90例,随机分为三组:PF组(n=31),首次静注芬太尼0.05 mg+丙泊酚1 mg/kg;PM组(n=29),首次静注咪唑安定2 mg+丙泊酚1 mg/kg;PMF组(n=30),首次静注芬太尼0.05 mg+咪唑安定2 mg+丙泊酚1 mg/kg。各组根据需要追加丙泊酚每次20~30 mg。记录心率、血压、脉搏血氧饱和度、镇静分级,观察患者症状及记忆缺失情况。结果用药后1 min三组患者都能达到满意的镇静效果(镇静分级2~3级);所有患者停药后17 min完全清醒,PF组恢复时间最短(P<0.01),但有21例(67.7%)对操作过程有记忆,只有15例(48.4%)患者对麻醉镇静的方法感到很满意。结论丙泊酚复合咪唑安定和/或芬太尼在胆道镜操作中镇静效果更好,无明显不良反应。     

两种麻醉方法用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间血流动力学的变化

目的观察丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼、七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼两种麻醉方法用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间血流动力学指标的变化。方法50例拟在气管插管全麻下择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的老年病人（年龄≥60岁）随机分为丙泊酚组（P组）和七氟醚组（S组）两组,每组25例。快速诱导后经口插入气管导管,麻醉维持P组采用0．1mg·kg^-1·min^-1丙泊酚和1μg·kg^-1·min^-1雷米芬太尼静脉泵入,S组采用3％～4％七氟醚吸入和1μg·kg^-1·min^-1雷米芬太尼静脉泵入。于麻醉诱导后10min、手术开始后30、45、60min以及术毕30min记录平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、心排血量（CO）、心脏指数（CI）和外周血管阻力（SVR）等血流动力学指标值。结果临床麻醉剂量的丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼、七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼对病人血流动力学指标的影响均较轻,两组间血流动力学指标的差异无统计学意义。结论两种麻醉方法对老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间心血管功能的影响程度相似。     

异丙酚麻醉诱导期间不同剂量瑞芬太尼对病人气管插管心血管反应的影响

目的比较异丙酚麻醉诱导期间不同剂量瑞芬太尼对病人气管插管心血管反应的影响，寻找瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚气管插管的合适剂量。方法择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人36例，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，年龄20～65岁，随机分为3组（n=12）：瑞芬太尼1、1．5、2μg／kg分别为复合异丙酚1．5μg／kg组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组）。依次静脉注射咪唑安定0．03mg／kg、异丙酚1．5mg/kg、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg以及瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导，2min后气管插管，进行机械通气，呼吸频率12次／min，潮气量8～10ml／kg，维持呼气末二氧化碳分压35～45mmHg。持续监测血压（平均动脉压、舒张压、收缩压）、心率（HR）以及听觉诱发电位指数（AAI），并记录病人有无气管插管时呛咳和肌肉强直、术中知晓等反应。结果与基础值比较，三组气管插管前即刻血压及Ⅲ组气管插管后即刻舒张压均降低，Ⅲ组气管插管后即刻血压低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）；HR组间及组内比较差异无统计学意义；三组间AAI差异无统计学意义。结论异丙酚1．5mg／kg麻醉诱导期间瑞芬太尼1或1．5μg／kg是病人气管插管时的合适剂量。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对丙泊酚诱导效应室靶浓度的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定在全麻患者气管插管时有效性和安全性及对丙泊酚效应室靶浓度(Ce)的影响。方法 60例全麻下行择期上腹部手术患者,随机均分为四组:D1、D2、D3、C组,分别在麻醉诱导前10min静脉泵注右美托咪定0.25μg/kg(D1组)、0.5μg/kg(D2组)和1.0μg/kg(D3组)及10ml生理盐水(C组)。麻醉诱导采用靶控输注丙泊酚,以BIS为靶控目标。丙泊酚初始Ce设为1.5μg/ml,递增梯度为0.5μg/ml,同时泵注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1。BIS≤60时推注罗库溴铵0.9mg/kg,BIS≤50并维持5s行气管插管。于输注右美托咪定前(T0)、诱导前(T1)、气管插管前(T2)、气管插管后1min(T3)、3min(T4)、5min(T5)、10min(T6)时记录SBP、DBP、HR、BIS、丙泊酚Ce。结果与T0时比较,T1时D2、D3组HR减慢、D3组SBP、DBP升高(P<0.05);与T1时比较,T2时D1组和C组SBP、DBP下降,HR减慢(P<0.05);与T2时比较,T3～T5时D1组和C组SBP、DBP升高,HR增快,T3时C组BIS升高(P<0.05)。T2～T6时丙泊酚CeD1、D2、D3组明显低于C组(P<0.05)。不同剂量右美托咪定各时点对丙泊酚Ce存在明显负相关关系。结论麻醉诱导前静脉输注不同剂量右美托咪定对丙泊酚诱导效应室浓度存在负相关关系。麻醉诱导前静脉输注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg心血管反应平稳并能显著减少诱导时所需丙泊酚Ce。     

内侧视前区毁损对异丙酚及氯胺酮麻醉作用的影响

目的 观察毁损前下丘脑的内侧视前区(mPOA)对静脉麻醉药异丙酚、氯胺酮诱发大鼠翻正反射消失潜伏期(RL)、恢复时间(RT)的影响,探讨mPOA在异丙酚、氯胺酮麻醉作用机制中的地位。方法 24只SD大鼠,随机分为两组,每组12只,即mPOA微量注射NS组(NS组),甲基天冬氨酸(NMDA)毁损组(NMDA-des组);7 d后再将其各分为两个亚组,即NS+异丙酚组,NS+氯胺酮组,NMDA-des+异丙酚组,NMDA-des+氯胺酮组。微量注射NMDA(5μg/0.2μl)毁损大鼠mPOA后,观察大鼠行为学和体重的变化;7 d后分别腹腔注射异丙酚(100mg·kg-1)和氯胺酮(100mg·kg-1),观察对大鼠翻正反射消失潜伏期和恢复时间的影响。结果 mPOA微量注射NS组大鼠行为学及体重无明显变化,NMDA毁损组与NS组比较体重显著减轻(P<0.01);腹腔注射异丙酚或氯胺酮后,毁损组大鼠RL较NS组均显著延长(P<0.01),RT显著缩短(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论 mPOA可能参与了对异丙酚、氯胺酮麻醉作用的调节。     

三种麻醉方法在维持期间血流动力学的变化

目的：观察异丙酚／阿芬太尼、七氟醚／笑气以及安氟醚／笑气等三种麻醉维持期间血流动力学指标的变化。方法：４５例病人随机分为三组，每组１５例，麻醉快速诱导后经气管插入特殊的ＴＴＤ导管，麻醉维持分别采用０．１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１异丙酚和１μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１阿芬太尼静脉泵入（Ｐ／Ａ组），１％七氟醚－６６％笑气（Ｓ／Ｎ组）或１％安氟醚－６６％笑气吸入（Ｅ／Ｎ组）。于麻醉诱导后３０分钟、手术开始后３０分钟、４５分钟、６０分钟以及术毕测定ＭＡＰ、ＣＶＰ、ＣＯ、ＣＩ和ＳＶＲ等血流动力学指标的变化。结果：在ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级的病人，临床麻醉剂量的异丙酚／阿芬太尼、七氟醚／笑气和安氟醚／笑气麻醉对血流动力学指标的影响轻微。结论：三种麻醉方法对心血管功能的影响程度相似。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼对麻醉诱导时病人异丙酚效应室靶浓度及气管插管反应的影响

目的 观察在脑电双频谱指数（BIS）监测下不同剂量舒芬太尼对麻醉诱导时病人异丙酚效应室靶浓度（Ce）及气管插管反应的影响，以探讨舒芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉诱导的合适用量。方法 择期全麻手术病人60例，ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级，年龄20-60岁，体重45-80 kg，随机分为3组（n= 20），均静脉注射咪达唑仑0．05 mg／kg后开始靶控输注异丙酚（初始靶浓度为2μg／ml），同时分别静脉注射芬太尼3μg／kg（F组）、舒芬太尼0．3μg／kg（S1组）、舒芬太尼0．45μg／kg（S2组）。待病人意识消失后或BIS降至75以下时静脉注射维库溴铵0．12 mg／kg，BIS降至55以下时进行气管插管，机械通气。调整异丙酚靶浓度维持BIS 40-60。记录入室时（基础值）、气管插管前即刻、插管后即刻、插管后3、5、10、15 min时BP、MAP、HR、BIS及Ce。结果 与F组和S1组比较，S2组插管后即刻和插管后3、5、10、15min时Ce降低（P〈0．05），但F组和S1组各时点比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与基础值比较，F组和S1组插管后即刻和插管后3 min时BP、MAP和HR增加（P〈0.05）。与S2组比较，F组和S1组插管后即刻和插管后3 min时BP、MAP和HR增加（P〈0．05）。F组和S1组各时点BP、MAP和HR比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 病人在靶控输注异丙酚麻醉诱导时，舒芬太尼抑制气管插管心血管反应的效价是芬太尼的7倍。     

异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的:研究异丙酚芬太尼静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用,效果,并与安氟醚吸入麻醉相比较,探索适于短效腹腔镜手术安全有效的静脉麻醉。方法:将22～78岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级胆囊择期手术120例,随机分为2组,静脉组和吸入组各60例,静脉组静脉注射异丙酚1.5mg/kg,芬太尼3～5ug/kg,维库溴铵0.06～0.1mg/kg。吸入组用2.5％硫贲妥钠5mg/kg。琥珀胆碱1.5mg/kg,气管内插管持续吸入0.5％～2.5％安氟醚,取出胆囊时均使用阿托品1mg,新斯的明2mg,拮抗残余肌松作用。结果:静脉酚组患者术后苏醒迅速且完全,苏醒后较吸入组患者安静,80％患者术后2h才感觉疼痛,只有20％患者感觉疼痛,术后无需应用镇痛药。结论:异丙酸诱导后心率明显低于吸入组,但大部分患者不用处理,3～5min后恢复正常。异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉可产生良好的麻醉效应,循环维持稳定,苏醒迅速完全,术后可产生良好的镇痛效果,恶心呕吐发生率低。     

格列苯脲对丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯及咪唑安定致兔离体气管平滑肌舒张作用的影响

目的：观察丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯及咪唑安定对乙酰胆碱预处理的离体气管条的作用，并探讨该作用与ATP敏感性钾通道的关系。方法：采用离体气管条模型，首先观察丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯及咪唑安定对乙酰胆碱预处理气管条肌张力的变化；然后用格列苯脲孵育，观察丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯及咪唑安定对肌张力的影响。结果：丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯及咪唑安定都可以舒张气管平滑肌，而用格列苯脲孵育后，可以部分阻断上述各药舒张气管平滑肌的效应（P＜0．01）。结论：丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯及咪唑安定对离体气管平滑肌的舒张作用与ATP敏感性钾通道有关。     

小剂量氯胺酮对抑郁大鼠异丙酚麻醉下电休克疗效的影响

目的 评价小剂量氯胺酮对抑郁大鼠异丙酚麻醉下电休克疗效的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠60只,体重200～250 g,采用慢性不可预见轻度应激建立抑郁模型.采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为6组(n=10):对照组(C组)、抑郁组(D组)、异丙酚组(P组)、异丙酚+电休克治疗组(PE组)、氯胺酮+异丙酚组(KP组)和氯胺酮+异丙酚+电休克治疗组(KPE组).C组不作任何处理;P组和PE组腹腔注射异丙酚100mg/kg,KP组和KPE组腹腔注射氯胺酮10 mg/kg和异丙酚80mg/kg,待翻正反射消失后,将电极夹在双侧鼠耳,P组和KP组不通电,PE组和KPE组通电治疗,1次/d,连续7 d.分别于建模前、建模后和治疗结束后,行糖水消耗(SFC)实验,计算SFC百分比;行Morris水迷宫实验,测试学习记忆功能.结果 与C组比较,建模后D组、P组、FE组、KP组及KPE组SFC百分比降低,逃避潜伏期延长,目标象限停留时间缩短(P＜0.05),治疗后KPE组SFC百分比、逃避潜伏期及目标象限停留时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与D组比较,治疗后KPE组SFC百分比升高(P＜0.05),逃避潜伏期及目标象限停留时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),FE组SFC百分比升高,逃避潜伏期延长,目标象限停留时间缩短(P＜0.05).与PE组比较,治疗后KPE组SFC百分比升高,逃避潜伏期缩短,目标象限停留时间延长(P＜0.05).结论 小剂量氯胺酮不仅可增强异丙酚麻醉下电休克治疗抑郁大鼠的效果,还可进一步减轻电休克所致认知功能损害.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of low-dose ketamine on the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) under propofol anesthesia in depressed rats. Methods Sixty adult male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were used in this study. The depression model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The animals were then randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10 each): control group (group C), depression group (group D), propofol group ( group P), propofol + ECT group ( group PE), ketamine + propofol group ( group KP), and ketamine + propofol + ECT group (group KPE). Groups P and KP received intraperitoneal propofol 100 mg/kg and ketamine 10 mg/kg + propofol 80 mg/kg respectively, and groups PE and KPE received ECT after intraperitoneal injection of propofol 100 mg/kg and ketamine 10 mg/kg + propofol 80 mg/kg respectively once a day for 7 consecutive days. All rats underwent sucrose fluid consumption and Morris water maze tests before CUMS, after CUMS, and after treatment. Results Compared with group C, the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly decreased, the escape latency was prolonged, and the time spent in the target quadrant (the original platform quadrant) was shortened after CUMS in D, P, PE, KP and KE groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group D,the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05), while no significant change in the escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant was found after treatment in group KPE ( P ＞ 0.05 ), and the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly increased, the escape latency was prolonged, and the time spent in the target quadrant was shortened after treatment in group PE ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group PE, the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly increased, the escape latency was shortened, and the time spent in the target quadrant was prolonged after treatment in group KPE ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Low-dose ketamine can not only enhance the efficacy of ECT under propofol anesthesia in depressed rats, but also reduce cognitive impairment induced by ECT.     

Appropriate method of administration of propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine for patient-controlled sedation and analgesia during extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Purpose. The aim of this study was to identify the appropriate method for administering propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine (PFK) for patient-controlled sedation and analgesia (PCSA) during extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Methods. Twenty-one unpremedicated patients were randomly assigned to three groups that received different drug administration regimens. (group 1: low loading dose and high demand bolus, group 2: high loading dose and demand bolus, group 3: high loading dose and low demand bolus). Results. The patients in all groups were hemodynamically stable during ESWL. Oxygen desaturation was recognized in all groups, but was avoided by 2 l·min⁻¹ of oxygen supply via a nasal prong. The total administration dose of the drugs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3. The median level of sedation was the same, but the episodes of oversedation were not recognized in group 3 (P < 0.05). A significant difference in the frequency of episodes of oversedation was found between groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). The results were good or excellent for almost all patients, and were assessed as fair by only one patient in group 2. Conclusion. We concluded that the method used for group 3 is the most appropriate for administering PFK for PCSA during ESWL. Received for publication on June 23, 1999; accepted on December 7, 1999     

丙泊酚-芬太尼麻醉置入喉罩时芬太尼的合适剂量

目的 探讨丙泊酚-芬太尼麻醉置入喉罩时芬太尼的合适剂量.方法 45例择期小手术患者随机分为F_(0.5)、F_(1.0)及F_(1.5)三组,分别给予芬太尼0.5、1.0、1.5μg/kg.丙泊酚剂量均为2.5mg/kg.记录喉罩插入完成时间、喉罩插入后自主呼吸恢复时间以及喉罩插入条件.监测HR、BP、SpO_2,以及自主呼吸恢复后RR、P_(ET)CO_2.结果 F_(1.0)组和F_(1.5)组喉罩置入条件优于F0.5.组(P<0.05).喉罩置入后自主呼吸恢复时间F_(1.5)组显著长于F_(0.5)组和F_(1.0)组(P<0.05).结论 丙泊酚2.5 mg/kg复合芬太尼1.0,μg/kg静脉诱导可以获得较佳的喉罩置入条件,较好地保留自主呼吸.